EP1681359A1 - Materiau de boulon haute temperature - Google Patents

Materiau de boulon haute temperature Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1681359A1
EP1681359A1 EP04772713A EP04772713A EP1681359A1 EP 1681359 A1 EP1681359 A1 EP 1681359A1 EP 04772713 A EP04772713 A EP 04772713A EP 04772713 A EP04772713 A EP 04772713A EP 1681359 A1 EP1681359 A1 EP 1681359A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
high temperature
bolt material
steel
ferrite
temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04772713A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1681359A4 (fr
Inventor
Toshio National Inst. for Materials Scien. OHBA
Kota National Inst. for Materials Scien. SAWADA
Kazuhiro National Inst. Materials Scien. KIMURA
Hirokazu National Inst. MaterialsScien. OKADA
Fujio National Inst. for Materials Scien. ABE
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
National Institute for Materials Science
Original Assignee
National Institute for Materials Science
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by National Institute for Materials Science filed Critical National Institute for Materials Science
Publication of EP1681359A1 publication Critical patent/EP1681359A1/fr
Publication of EP1681359A4 publication Critical patent/EP1681359A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/0093—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for screws; for bolts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/30—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
    • F01D25/243—Flange connections; Bolting arrangements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
    • C21D1/28—Normalising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a ferrite high temperature bolt material excellent in characteristics of resistance to stress relaxation at a high temperature, and more particularly to a heat treatment method for improving characteristics of resistance to stress relaxation, and a ferrite high temperature bolt material manufactured in this method.
  • Bolt materials used in steam turbine plant for thermal power generation include 12Cr steel mainly used in a low temperature region (500°C or less) and Ni base superalloy used in a high temperature region.
  • the 12Cr steel for a low temperature region is large in stress relaxation and it is hard to use in a high temperature region of 500°C or more, and Ni base superalloy is used in a high temperature region of over 500°C.
  • the turbine casing is manufactured of ferrite steel, coefficient of thermal expansion differs between casing and bolt, and design is complicated and difficult. If a ferrite high temperature bolt material usable at a high temperature is developed, it is not required to consider difference in coefficient of thermal expansion, and the steam turbine can be designed easily, and the structure can be simplified.
  • Ni base superalloy is always expensive, and its manufacture or processing is not necessarily easy. Accordingly, steel materials usable in a high temperature region of 500°C or more are desired.
  • ferrite steel is one-tenth of Ni base superalloy. If ferrite steel can be used as high temperature bolt material, the turbine design is easy and structure is simplified as discussed above. From the viewpoint of improvement of energy efficiency of power generation, steam temperature tends to elevate every year, demand for bolt material usable at a high temperature is strong. Therefore, necessity of ferrite high temperature bolt material usable at a high temperature is extremely high, and its economical effects will be tremendous.
  • the inventors have specifically investigated into conventional bolt material of 12Cr steel, and evaluated the prior art as follows.
  • tempering condition only the lowest temperature (593°C or 620°C) is specified. However, from the viewpoint of maintaining the strength characteristics such as proof stress, tempering is generally performed at a temperature of 700°C or less (non-patent document 3).
  • materials for thermal power plant boilers are tempered at 730°C or higher, that is, higher than in bolt materials, in consideration of microstructure stability for long time. If tempered at a high temperature of 730°C or more, stress relaxation is large in a short time of about several hours, and the residual stress is smaller than in conventional 12Cr high temperature bolt material. However, since microstructure stability is high, in a long time exceeding hundreds of hours, degree of stress relaxation is decreased, and a higher residual stress than in conventional 12Cr high temperature bolt material is shown stably for a long time.
  • Ni base superalloy Improvements are attempted in Ni base superalloy, and, for example, a high temperature bolt material composed of Ni base superalloy comprising Cr 18 to 21%, Ti 1.3 to 1.8%, and Al 0.7 to 1.3% has been proposed (patent document 1). But this is a superalloy, and is not intended to realize an inexpensive steel excellent in high temperature characteristics.
  • the invention is devised in the light of the above background, and it is hence an object thereof to present a ferrite steel high temperature bolt material usable in a high temperature region of 500°C or more and excellent in characteristics of resistance to stress relaxation, and a method of manufacturing the same.
  • a high temperature bolt material being a ferrite steel having a tempered martensite structure comprising 8 wt % or more of Cr, and usable in a high temperature region of 500°C or more
  • a manufacturing method of high temperature bolt material characterized by quenching or normalizing a steel material containing Cr by 8 wt % or more at a temperature of 1000°C or more, and then tempering at a temperature of 730°C or more.
  • high temperature bolt material of the invention is a bolt material usable in a high temperature region of 500°C or more, it is called "high temperature bolt material.”
  • the invention presents a ferrite steel high temperature bolt material excellent in characteristics of resistance to stress relaxation and usable in a high temperature region of 500°C or more, and a method of manufacturing the same.
  • the existing ferrite high temperature bolt material is low in characteristics of resistance to stress relaxation at a high temperature, and cannot be used at a high temperature of 500°C or more, and hence at a high temperature of 500°C or more, Ni base superalloy high in high temperature strength has been used.
  • the turbine casing is manufactured of ferrite steel, coefficient of thermal expansion differs between casing and bolt, and the design is complicated and difficult.
  • ferrite high temperature bolt material usable at a high temperature is realized, and difference in coefficient of thermal expansion is not taken into consideration, and the design of steam turbine becomes easy, and the structure is simplified.
  • the high temperature bolt material of the invention is presented at a cost of 1/10 or less of Ni base superalloy conventionally used as high temperature bolt material.
  • the present invention has features as described above, and one of its embodiments is explained below.
  • the high temperature bolt material of the invention is a ferrite steel comprising 8 wt% or more of Cr (chromium) in chemical composition, and having a tempered martensite structure as microstructure.
  • a more preferred chemical composition includes the following components.
  • C It forms carbide or carbonitride and effective to add by 0.04 wt% or more for improving strength, but if added by more than 0.2 wt %, strength is lowered in a long time range.
  • Si an important element for assuring resistance to oxidation, and 0.01 wt % or more is preferred, but if exceeding 0.9 wt %, toughness is lowered, and creep rupture strength is lowered.
  • Mn an element functioning as deoxidation agent, added preferably in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 wt %.
  • Mo effective for solid solution strengthening, but if exceeding 2.0 wt%, brittleness is promoted.
  • W effective for solid solution strengthening, but if exceeding 4.0 wt %, brittleness is promoted.
  • V effective by 0.02 wt % or more for forming carbonitride and enhancing strength, but if exceeding 0.35 wt %, undisolved precipitates increase and it is not effective for strength.
  • Nb effective by 0.01 wt % or more for forming carbonitride and enhancing strength, but if exceeding 0.2 wt %, undisolved precipitates increase and it is not effective for strength.
  • Co effective for assuring high temperature strength because generation of delta ferrite phase is suppressed, but if exceeding 4.0 wt %, long time strength is lowered.
  • Ni effective for assuring high temperature strength because generation of delta ferrite phase is suppressed, but not effective if exceeding 3.0 wt % because transformation temperatures of ferrite and austenite are lowered.
  • Al important as deoxidation agent, preferably contained by 0.01 wt % or less.
  • N 0.002 wt % or more is effective for forming carbide or carbonitride and improving strength, but if exceeding 0.15 wt %, manufacturing is difficult.
  • a quenching or normalizing temperature is 1000°C or more, and a tempering temperature is 730°C or more. That is, in quenching or normalizing, a temperature must be kept at 1000°C or more in order to form austenite single phase and form a solid solution of alloying elements such as V and Nb in base phase.
  • tempering heat treatment at 730°C or more is needed.
  • a general tempering temperature of conventional ferrite high temperature bolt material is 700°C or lower (see non-patent document 3), and in a thermal power plant boiler required to have enough high temperature stability of microstructure, a general tempering temperature of high Cr ferrite heat resistant steel is specified to be 730°C or more (Thermal Power Plant Standard, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002).
  • Sample materials were manufactured in a chemical composition as shown in Table 1.
  • the sample materials were heat treated in the condition specified in Table 2.
  • Tempering temperature of comparative material is 640°C
  • a tempering temperature of the steel of the invention is 800°C
  • Fig. 1 is a microscopic image of microstructure of the steel of the invention.
  • Grain size of martensite phase is about 50 ⁇ m.
  • the price of ferrite steel is less than 1/10 of Ni base superalloy.
  • the turbine design becomes easy, and the structure is simplified. From the viewpoint of improvement of energy efficiency in power generation, steam temperature tends to rise every year, and there is an increasing demand for bolt material usable at a high temperature. Therefore, ferrite high temperature bolt material usable at a high temperature is very much demanded, and its economical effect is tremendous.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
EP04772713A 2003-08-29 2004-08-27 Materiau de boulon haute temperature Withdrawn EP1681359A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2003306103A JP2005076062A (ja) 2003-08-29 2003-08-29 高温ボルト材
PCT/JP2004/012764 WO2005021806A1 (fr) 2003-08-29 2004-08-27 Materiau de boulon haute temperature

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1681359A1 true EP1681359A1 (fr) 2006-07-19
EP1681359A4 EP1681359A4 (fr) 2009-03-11

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Family Applications (1)

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EP04772713A Withdrawn EP1681359A4 (fr) 2003-08-29 2004-08-27 Materiau de boulon haute temperature

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20080216927A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1681359A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005076062A (fr)
WO (1) WO2005021806A1 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1988182A1 (fr) * 2006-02-06 2008-11-05 Babcock-Hitachi Kabushiki Kaisha Acier refractaire a base de ferrite
CN106555036A (zh) * 2016-12-07 2017-04-05 河池市技术开发中心 一种螺栓热处理工艺
CN106884074A (zh) * 2017-01-18 2017-06-23 抚顺特殊钢股份有限公司 一种控制高温螺栓用钢发纹缺陷的方法
EP3719163A1 (fr) * 2019-04-02 2020-10-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Moyen de fixation pour un logement de turbine ou de soupape
EP3719159A1 (fr) * 2019-04-02 2020-10-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Moyen de fixation pour un logement de turbine ou de soupape
RU2780970C1 (ru) * 2019-04-02 2022-10-04 Сименс Акциенгезелльшафт Крепежное средство для корпуса турбины или клапана

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102277540B (zh) * 2010-06-10 2013-11-20 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 抗高温pwht软化的正火型钢板及其制造方法
JP6388276B2 (ja) * 2013-05-22 2018-09-12 新日鐵住金株式会社 耐熱鋼及びその製造方法
CN108486343B (zh) * 2018-03-28 2020-06-23 贵州航天精工制造有限公司 一种低碳钢管状铆钉加工方法
CN110964884A (zh) * 2019-11-29 2020-04-07 徐州新兴达克罗科技有限公司 一种高强度螺栓热处理工艺

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS61217554A (ja) * 1985-03-20 1986-09-27 Toshiba Corp １２Ｃｒ耐熱鋼
JPS61217557A (ja) * 1985-03-22 1986-09-27 Toshiba Corp １２Ｃｒ耐熱鋼
JPS62218544A (ja) * 1986-03-20 1987-09-25 Hitachi Ltd ガスタ−ビン用スタツキングボルト
EP0384433A1 (fr) * 1989-02-23 1990-08-29 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Acier ferritique résistant à la chaleur et présentant une excellente résistance mécanique aux températures élevées
JPH04371552A (ja) * 1991-06-18 1992-12-24 Nippon Steel Corp 高強度フェライト系耐熱鋼
JPH05117814A (ja) * 1991-10-23 1993-05-14 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd １２Ｃｒ系高強度耐熱鋼及びその製造方法
JPH06306550A (ja) * 1993-04-28 1994-11-01 Toshiba Corp 耐熱鋼及びその熱処理方法
US5360318A (en) * 1992-08-06 1994-11-01 Hitachi Ltd. Compressor for gas turbine and gas turbine
EP0691416A1 (fr) * 1994-06-13 1996-01-10 The Japan Steel Works, Ltd. Aciers résistant aux températures élevées
EP0754774A1 (fr) * 1995-07-17 1997-01-22 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Matériau à applications à hautes températures pour rotor de turbine à vapeur
EP0881360A1 (fr) * 1996-02-16 1998-12-02 Hitachi, Ltd. Installation de production d'energie par turbine a vapeur et cette turbine
EP1275744A1 (fr) * 2001-01-31 2003-01-15 National Institute for Materials Science Alliage de martensite refractaire possedant une excellente resistance a la rupture en fluage a haute temperature et une excellente endurance et procede de production de ce dernier

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US5939018A (en) * 1984-10-10 1999-08-17 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Martensitic stainless steels for seamless steel pipe
JP4221518B2 (ja) * 1998-08-31 2009-02-12 独立行政法人物質・材料研究機構 フェライト系耐熱鋼
JP2001158943A (ja) * 1999-12-01 2001-06-12 Daido Steel Co Ltd 耐熱ボルト
US7294212B2 (en) * 2003-05-14 2007-11-13 Jfe Steel Corporation High-strength stainless steel material in the form of a wheel rim and method for manufacturing the same

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS61217554A (ja) * 1985-03-20 1986-09-27 Toshiba Corp １２Ｃｒ耐熱鋼
JPS61217557A (ja) * 1985-03-22 1986-09-27 Toshiba Corp １２Ｃｒ耐熱鋼
JPS62218544A (ja) * 1986-03-20 1987-09-25 Hitachi Ltd ガスタ−ビン用スタツキングボルト
EP0384433A1 (fr) * 1989-02-23 1990-08-29 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Acier ferritique résistant à la chaleur et présentant une excellente résistance mécanique aux températures élevées
JPH04371552A (ja) * 1991-06-18 1992-12-24 Nippon Steel Corp 高強度フェライト系耐熱鋼
JPH05117814A (ja) * 1991-10-23 1993-05-14 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd １２Ｃｒ系高強度耐熱鋼及びその製造方法
US5360318A (en) * 1992-08-06 1994-11-01 Hitachi Ltd. Compressor for gas turbine and gas turbine
JPH06306550A (ja) * 1993-04-28 1994-11-01 Toshiba Corp 耐熱鋼及びその熱処理方法
EP0691416A1 (fr) * 1994-06-13 1996-01-10 The Japan Steel Works, Ltd. Aciers résistant aux températures élevées
EP0754774A1 (fr) * 1995-07-17 1997-01-22 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Matériau à applications à hautes températures pour rotor de turbine à vapeur
EP0881360A1 (fr) * 1996-02-16 1998-12-02 Hitachi, Ltd. Installation de production d'energie par turbine a vapeur et cette turbine
EP1275744A1 (fr) * 2001-01-31 2003-01-15 National Institute for Materials Science Alliage de martensite refractaire possedant une excellente resistance a la rupture en fluage a haute temperature et une excellente endurance et procede de production de ce dernier

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO2005021806A1 *

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1988182A1 (fr) * 2006-02-06 2008-11-05 Babcock-Hitachi Kabushiki Kaisha Acier refractaire a base de ferrite
EP1988182A4 (fr) * 2006-02-06 2013-10-16 Babcock Hitachi Kk Acier refractaire a base de ferrite
CN106555036A (zh) * 2016-12-07 2017-04-05 河池市技术开发中心 一种螺栓热处理工艺
CN106884074A (zh) * 2017-01-18 2017-06-23 抚顺特殊钢股份有限公司 一种控制高温螺栓用钢发纹缺陷的方法
EP3719163A1 (fr) * 2019-04-02 2020-10-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Moyen de fixation pour un logement de turbine ou de soupape
EP3719159A1 (fr) * 2019-04-02 2020-10-07 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Moyen de fixation pour un logement de turbine ou de soupape
WO2020200634A1 (fr) * 2019-04-02 2020-10-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Moyen de fixation conçu pour un carter de turbine ou un carter de soupape
WO2020200608A1 (fr) * 2019-04-02 2020-10-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Moyen de fixation conçu pour un carter de turbine ou un carter de soupape
RU2780970C1 (ru) * 2019-04-02 2022-10-04 Сименс Акциенгезелльшафт Крепежное средство для корпуса турбины или клапана
RU2780967C1 (ru) * 2019-04-02 2022-10-04 Сименс Акциенгезелльшафт Крепежное средство для корпуса турбины или клапана

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2005021806A1 (fr) 2005-03-10
JP2005076062A (ja) 2005-03-24
EP1681359A4 (fr) 2009-03-11
US20080216927A1 (en) 2008-09-11

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