EP1637806A2 - Bougie de préchauffage avec capteur de pression pour moteur diesel - Google Patents
Bougie de préchauffage avec capteur de pression pour moteur diesel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1637806A2 EP1637806A2 EP05015804A EP05015804A EP1637806A2 EP 1637806 A2 EP1637806 A2 EP 1637806A2 EP 05015804 A EP05015804 A EP 05015804A EP 05015804 A EP05015804 A EP 05015804A EP 1637806 A2 EP1637806 A2 EP 1637806A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plug body
- heating element
- pressure
- bellows
- pressure sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
- F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
- F23Q7/22—Details
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P19/00—Incandescent ignition, e.g. during starting of internal combustion engines; Combination of incandescent and spark ignition
- F02P19/02—Incandescent ignition, e.g. during starting of internal combustion engines; Combination of incandescent and spark ignition electric, e.g. layout of circuits of apparatus having glowing plugs
- F02P19/028—Incandescent ignition, e.g. during starting of internal combustion engines; Combination of incandescent and spark ignition electric, e.g. layout of circuits of apparatus having glowing plugs the glow plug being combined with or used as a sensor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
- F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
- F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
- F23Q2007/002—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines with sensing means
Definitions
- the invention relates to a Druckmessglühkerze for a diesel engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
- a seal between the heating element and the plug body is provided in such a pressure measuring glow plug, which is formed of a metal membrane or of an elastomeric seal.
- a metal diaphragm as a seal has the disadvantage of a stiff spring characteristic and a small spring travel, resulting in a component load.
- An elastomeric seal on the other hand, is temperature sensitive.
- a seal in the form of a bellows-type component is provided in the Druckmessglühkerze of the type mentioned between the heating element and the plug body.
- a bellows-type seal has the advantage that an absolute tightness of the Druckmessglühkerze is guaranteed in the range of the heating element to the plug body relative to the applied combustion pressure.
- the spring line can be influenced, that is to say selected in the desired manner.
- Another advantage is that influences on the pressure sensor due to thermal stress during annealing and at different engine load conditions are minimal.
- a pressure measuring glow plug for a diesel engine consists essentially of a plug body 3, 4, a heating rod 1 with a metallic or ceramic structure, which is arranged so as to be slidable in the plug body in the axial direction relative to the plug body 3, 4.
- a pressure sensor 7, which may be arranged under a bias voltage by means of a sensor unit 5 between the heating element 1 and the plug body 3, 4 and is acted upon by the pressure prevailing in the combustion chamber of the cylinder pressure, wherein the heating element 1, the pressure in the combustion chamber of the cylinder to the pressure sensor 7 transmits.
- the heating element 1 is slidably disposed in the axial direction relative to the plug body 3, 4, such that the pressure in the combustion chamber leads to an axial movement of the heating element 1 relative to the plug body 3, 4, through which the pressure sensor 7 is acted upon by a force.
- the heating element 1 is mechanically fixedly connected via an extension tube with the pressure sensor 7 and a bellows 2, which is arranged as a sealing element between the heating element 1 and the glow plug body 3, 4 and ensures that the heating element 1 can move without friction in the plug body 3, 4 in the axial direction.
- the bellows 2 which preferably consists of a metal material, mechanically connected to the heating element 1, for example, characterized in that on the front side of the cylindrical part of the bellows 2 to the heating element 1 towards a radially encircling Fillet weld or in the cylindrical part of the bellows 2 a radially encircling through-welding is provided.
- the connection can be achieved in this area to the heating element by laser welding, crimping, swaging, soldering, pressing on, etc.
- the plug body 3, 4 consists of two parts, namely a body upper part 3 and a body lower part 4, which are mechanically connected to one another.
- the body lower part 4 is provided on the combustion chamber side with a sealing cone, via which the glow plug to the cylinder head seals the combustion pressure.
- the bellows 2 is mechanically connected on the connection side to the body upper part 3. Also at this point, the bellows 2 may be formed with a cylindrical part which is pushed onto the outside of the shaft of the body shell 3 and is mechanically connected thereto. Other connection options are the same as in the connection of the bellows 2 to the heating element. 1
- the front seal thus consists of a bellows-like component, which may be formed as a metal bellows.
- the axial displaceability of the heating element 1 is ensured with extensive linearity of the force path characteristic.
- the heating element 1 is thermally decoupled from the plug body 3, 4 and the heating element 1 is elastically supported in the plug body 3, 4 via the bellows 2.
- About the bellows 2 can continue to be exercised a bias.
- the heating element 1 is displaced in the axial direction to the sensor element 7, which sits at the connection end of the heating element 1 and in the form of a piezoelectric sensor, a strain gauge or a is formed similar measuring element.
- the heating element 1 presses with a certain force on the sensor element 7, whereby a change in the sensor element lying force or voltage is effected, which is further processed via a suitable evaluation electronics to a measurement signal.
- the advantage of the bellows 2 is that by a small spring characteristic, that is, a small spring force in a long way, the influence due to thermal stresses on the sensor element can be kept very small.
- a small spring characteristic that is, a small spring force in a long way
- the influence due to thermal stresses on the sensor element can be kept very small.
- the glow operation of the Druckmessglühkerze or at different load and speed ranges continues to warm the heating element 1 between the two contact points on the sensor element and the combustion chamber, which would mean that too high a voltage is transmitted to the sensor element in a too rigid combustion chamber seal and thus a faulty measurement is the result.
- the combustion chamber seal is designed to be too stiff, that is to say if the spring force is too high for a small distance, no measurable change would occur at the sensor element and thus no measurement signal would result.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
- Testing Of Engines (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE200410044727 DE102004044727A1 (de) | 2003-09-19 | 2004-09-15 | Druckmessglühkerze für einen Dieselmotor |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1637806A2 true EP1637806A2 (fr) | 2006-03-22 |
EP1637806A3 EP1637806A3 (fr) | 2006-04-12 |
EP1637806B1 EP1637806B1 (fr) | 2012-02-01 |
Family
ID=35431259
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05015804A Active EP1637806B1 (fr) | 2004-09-15 | 2005-07-20 | Bougie de préchauffage avec capteur de pression pour moteur diesel |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7228730B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1637806B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5132046B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR101229962B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE544034T1 (fr) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006111439A1 (fr) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-10-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bougie crayon de prechauffage comprenant un capteur de pression de chambre de combustion et un element d'etancheite |
WO2007073959A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-23 | 2007-07-05 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bougie crayon de préchauffage |
DE102007013119A1 (de) | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Einspritzverfahren und zugehörige Verbrennungskraftmaschine |
WO2009053170A1 (fr) * | 2007-10-18 | 2009-04-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bougie crayon de préchauffage |
WO2009036724A3 (fr) * | 2007-09-19 | 2009-06-11 | Beru Ag | Bougie de préchauffage du type optimisé par cokéfaction |
EP2469256A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-27 | HIDRIA AET Druzba za proizvodnjo vzignih sistemov in elektronike d.o.o. | Bougie de préchauffage dotée d'un capteur de charge et d'un lien blindé avec le capteur |
CN102539065A (zh) * | 2010-10-20 | 2012-07-04 | 森萨塔科技公司 | 用于内燃机的压力测量塞 |
DE102011088468A1 (de) | 2011-12-14 | 2013-06-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Druckmessglühkerze |
CN110430744A (zh) * | 2019-08-15 | 2019-11-08 | 东莞市德速达精密设备有限公司 | 插件机插件压力保护装置 |
Families Citing this family (46)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004011098A1 (de) * | 2004-03-06 | 2005-09-22 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Erfassung des Brennraumdrucks bei einer Brennkraftmaschine |
DE102004012673A1 (de) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-10-06 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Glühstiftkerze mit elastisch gelagertem Glühstift |
FR2869394B1 (fr) * | 2004-04-27 | 2006-07-14 | Siemens Vdo Automotive Sas | Tete de bougie de prechauffage et capteur de pression piezo-electrique correspondant |
FR2869393B1 (fr) * | 2004-04-27 | 2006-07-14 | Siemens Vdo Automotive Sas | Dispositif pour agir sur un capteur de pression monte sur une bougie de prechauffage |
DE102006008351A1 (de) * | 2006-02-21 | 2007-08-23 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Druckmesseinrichtung |
JP2007309916A (ja) | 2006-04-20 | 2007-11-29 | Denso Corp | 燃焼圧センサ |
JP2008002809A (ja) * | 2006-06-20 | 2008-01-10 | Denso Corp | 燃焼圧センサー |
JP2008039760A (ja) * | 2006-07-14 | 2008-02-21 | Denso Corp | 圧力センサ |
DE102006033638A1 (de) * | 2006-07-20 | 2008-01-24 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Druckmesseinrichtung |
AT504485B1 (de) * | 2006-11-22 | 2008-06-15 | Piezocryst Advanced Sensorics | Piezoelektrischer drucksensor |
JP2008139150A (ja) * | 2006-12-01 | 2008-06-19 | Denso Corp | 燃焼圧センサ |
DE102006057627A1 (de) * | 2006-12-05 | 2008-06-12 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Druckmesseinrichtung |
FR2910114A1 (fr) * | 2006-12-15 | 2008-06-20 | R Et B Products Soc Par Action | Bougie d'allumage pour moteur thermique. |
DE102008043822A1 (de) | 2007-11-19 | 2009-06-10 | Denso Corporation, Kariya | Verbrennungsdrucksensor für eine Brennkraftmaschine |
JP5047770B2 (ja) * | 2007-12-19 | 2012-10-10 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 燃焼圧力センサ付きグロープラグ |
DE102008009441B4 (de) * | 2008-02-13 | 2011-08-25 | Beru AG, 71636 | Druckmessglühkerze |
DE102008020510B4 (de) * | 2008-04-23 | 2010-02-11 | Beru Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Brennraumdruckes |
EP2138820B1 (fr) | 2008-06-25 | 2016-09-21 | Sensata Technologies, Inc. | Fiche de mesure de la pression piézorésistante pour un moteur à combustion |
DE102009056057B4 (de) | 2008-11-27 | 2016-04-21 | Borgwarner Ludwigsburg Gmbh | Glühkerze und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
US8217309B2 (en) * | 2008-12-15 | 2012-07-10 | Federal-Mogul Italy Srl. | Glow plug with pressure sensing canister |
JP5360993B2 (ja) * | 2009-10-21 | 2013-12-04 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 圧力センサ付きグロープラグ |
FR2955172B1 (fr) * | 2010-01-12 | 2012-05-11 | Continental Automotive France | Bougie de prechauffage a doigt metallique |
JP5654846B2 (ja) | 2010-01-22 | 2015-01-14 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 燃焼圧センサ |
EP2469171A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-27 | HIDRIA AET Druzba za proizvodnjo vzignih sistemov in elektronike d.o.o. | Bougie de préchauffage dotée d'un corps de bougie formée de plusieurs tubes placés de bout en bout |
EP2469169B1 (fr) | 2010-12-22 | 2017-08-16 | HIDRIA AET Druzba za proizvodnjo vzignih sistemov in elektronike d.o.o. | Bougie de préchauffage à manchon de réception du doigt chauffant doté d'un retroussement distal |
WO2012114721A1 (fr) * | 2011-02-25 | 2012-08-30 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Bougie de préchauffage équipée d'un capteur de pression de combustion |
US9726376B2 (en) | 2011-02-25 | 2017-08-08 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Glow plug with combustion pressure sensor |
GB2489520B (en) * | 2011-03-31 | 2016-08-31 | Gm Global Tech Operations Llc | Bellow seal for glow plug with integrated piezo sensor for pressure measurement |
US8857249B2 (en) | 2011-08-22 | 2014-10-14 | BorgWarner BERU Systems, GmbH | Dual diaphragm combustion pressure measuring device |
KR20140094643A (ko) * | 2011-12-26 | 2014-07-30 | 니혼도꾸슈도교 가부시키가이샤 | 압력 센서 부착 세라믹 글로 플러그 |
EP2840315B1 (fr) * | 2012-04-20 | 2019-10-09 | NGK Sparkplug Co., Ltd. | Bougie de préchauffage à capteur de pression et procédé de fabrication |
EP2846095B1 (fr) * | 2012-05-02 | 2018-03-21 | NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Bougie de préchauffage équipée d'un capteur de pression |
DE102012209237A1 (de) * | 2012-05-31 | 2013-12-05 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Druckmessglühkerze |
JP5989410B2 (ja) * | 2012-06-01 | 2016-09-07 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 圧力センサ付きグロープラグ及びその製造方法 |
JP6151067B2 (ja) * | 2012-06-28 | 2017-06-21 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | 圧力センサ付きグロープラグ |
EP2884180B1 (fr) * | 2012-08-09 | 2016-12-21 | Bosch Corporation | Bougie de préchauffage du type capteur de pression |
WO2014034640A1 (fr) | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-06 | シチズンファインテックミヨタ株式会社 | Capteur de pression de combustion |
DE102012110142B4 (de) * | 2012-10-24 | 2016-06-02 | Borgwarner Ludwigsburg Gmbh | Druckmessgerät |
DE102013101177B4 (de) * | 2013-02-06 | 2016-08-04 | Borgwarner Ludwigsburg Gmbh | Brennraumdruckmessgerät |
EP2955441B1 (fr) * | 2013-02-08 | 2018-06-06 | Bosch Corporation | Bougie de préchauffage equipée d'un capteur de pression |
EP2808665B1 (fr) * | 2013-05-28 | 2019-02-20 | Sensata Technologies, Inc. | Bouchon de mesure |
US10253982B2 (en) * | 2014-12-22 | 2019-04-09 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Glow plug with pressure sensor |
EP3112830B1 (fr) | 2015-07-01 | 2018-08-22 | Sensata Technologies, Inc. | Capteur de température et procédé de production associé |
DE102016114929B4 (de) * | 2016-08-11 | 2018-05-09 | Borgwarner Ludwigsburg Gmbh | Druckmessglühkerze |
US10428716B2 (en) | 2016-12-20 | 2019-10-01 | Sensata Technologies, Inc. | High-temperature exhaust sensor |
US10502641B2 (en) | 2017-05-18 | 2019-12-10 | Sensata Technologies, Inc. | Floating conductor housing |
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DE19920758C1 (de) * | 1999-05-05 | 2000-12-21 | Beru Ag | Glühkerze und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben |
EP1134385A2 (fr) * | 1999-12-24 | 2001-09-19 | Denso Corporation | Structure pour l'installation d'un capteur de pression de combustion dans un moteur |
DE10128656A1 (de) * | 2001-06-15 | 2003-01-02 | Beru Ag | Stabglühkerze und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
DE10228077A1 (de) * | 2002-06-20 | 2004-01-08 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer mechanisch stabilen und elektrisch leitfähigen Verbindung zwischen einem metallischen Aufnahmeelement und einem vorzugsweise stiftförmigen keramischen Element, insbesondere bei Glühkerzen für Dieselmotoren |
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2005
- 2005-07-20 AT AT05015804T patent/ATE544034T1/de active
- 2005-07-20 EP EP05015804A patent/EP1637806B1/fr active Active
- 2005-09-13 US US11/224,088 patent/US7228730B2/en active Active
- 2005-09-13 JP JP2005264597A patent/JP5132046B2/ja active Active
- 2005-09-13 KR KR1020050085361A patent/KR101229962B1/ko active IP Right Grant
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DE19920758C1 (de) * | 1999-05-05 | 2000-12-21 | Beru Ag | Glühkerze und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben |
EP1134385A2 (fr) * | 1999-12-24 | 2001-09-19 | Denso Corporation | Structure pour l'installation d'un capteur de pression de combustion dans un moteur |
DE10128656A1 (de) * | 2001-06-15 | 2003-01-02 | Beru Ag | Stabglühkerze und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
DE10228077A1 (de) * | 2002-06-20 | 2004-01-08 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer mechanisch stabilen und elektrisch leitfähigen Verbindung zwischen einem metallischen Aufnahmeelement und einem vorzugsweise stiftförmigen keramischen Element, insbesondere bei Glühkerzen für Dieselmotoren |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006111439A1 (fr) * | 2005-04-18 | 2006-10-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bougie crayon de prechauffage comprenant un capteur de pression de chambre de combustion et un element d'etancheite |
WO2007073959A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-23 | 2007-07-05 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bougie crayon de préchauffage |
DE102007013119A1 (de) | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-18 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Einspritzverfahren und zugehörige Verbrennungskraftmaschine |
WO2009036724A3 (fr) * | 2007-09-19 | 2009-06-11 | Beru Ag | Bougie de préchauffage du type optimisé par cokéfaction |
RU2480676C2 (ru) * | 2007-09-19 | 2013-04-27 | БоргВарнер БЕРУ Системс ГмбХ | Свеча накаливания с уменьшенным нагарообразованием |
WO2009053170A1 (fr) * | 2007-10-18 | 2009-04-30 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bougie crayon de préchauffage |
CN102539065A (zh) * | 2010-10-20 | 2012-07-04 | 森萨塔科技公司 | 用于内燃机的压力测量塞 |
CN102539065B (zh) * | 2010-10-20 | 2015-10-28 | 森萨塔科技公司 | 用于内燃机的压力测量塞 |
EP2469256A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-27 | HIDRIA AET Druzba za proizvodnjo vzignih sistemov in elektronike d.o.o. | Bougie de préchauffage dotée d'un capteur de charge et d'un lien blindé avec le capteur |
DE102011088468A1 (de) | 2011-12-14 | 2013-06-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Druckmessglühkerze |
WO2013087564A1 (fr) | 2011-12-14 | 2013-06-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Bougie de préchauffage permettant de mesurer la pression |
US9709272B2 (en) | 2011-12-14 | 2017-07-18 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Pressure-measuring glow plug |
CN110430744A (zh) * | 2019-08-15 | 2019-11-08 | 东莞市德速达精密设备有限公司 | 插件机插件压力保护装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2006084468A (ja) | 2006-03-30 |
EP1637806B1 (fr) | 2012-02-01 |
EP1637806A3 (fr) | 2006-04-12 |
KR101229962B1 (ko) | 2013-02-06 |
KR20060051268A (ko) | 2006-05-19 |
US7228730B2 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
US20060053875A1 (en) | 2006-03-16 |
JP5132046B2 (ja) | 2013-01-30 |
ATE544034T1 (de) | 2012-02-15 |
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