EP1580387A2 - Fenster- oder Türrahmenprofil mit thermischer Barriere und sein Herstellungsverfahren - Google Patents

Fenster- oder Türrahmenprofil mit thermischer Barriere und sein Herstellungsverfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1580387A2
EP1580387A2 EP05075675A EP05075675A EP1580387A2 EP 1580387 A2 EP1580387 A2 EP 1580387A2 EP 05075675 A EP05075675 A EP 05075675A EP 05075675 A EP05075675 A EP 05075675A EP 1580387 A2 EP1580387 A2 EP 1580387A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat
thermal
shell
section
longitudinal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP05075675A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1580387A3 (de
Inventor
Maurizio Hydro Building Systems S.p.A. Dampierre
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Norsk Hydro ASA
Original Assignee
Norsk Hydro ASA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Norsk Hydro ASA filed Critical Norsk Hydro ASA
Publication of EP1580387A2 publication Critical patent/EP1580387A2/de
Publication of EP1580387A3 publication Critical patent/EP1580387A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/04—Wing frames not characterised by the manner of movement
    • E06B3/263—Frames with special provision for insulation
    • E06B3/273—Frames with special provision for insulation with prefabricated insulating elements held in position by deformation of portions of the metal frame members
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/04—Wing frames not characterised by the manner of movement
    • E06B3/263—Frames with special provision for insulation
    • E06B3/2632—Frames with special provision for insulation with arrangements reducing the heat transmission, other than an interruption in a metal section
    • E06B2003/26325—Frames with special provision for insulation with arrangements reducing the heat transmission, other than an interruption in a metal section the convection or radiation in a hollow space being reduced, e.g. by subdividing the hollow space
    • E06B2003/26327—Frames with special provision for insulation with arrangements reducing the heat transmission, other than an interruption in a metal section the convection or radiation in a hollow space being reduced, e.g. by subdividing the hollow space with separate thin walled inserts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/04—Wing frames not characterised by the manner of movement
    • E06B3/263—Frames with special provision for insulation
    • E06B2003/26349—Details of insulating strips
    • E06B2003/2635—Specific form characteristics
    • E06B2003/26352—Specific form characteristics hollow
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
    • E06B3/04—Wing frames not characterised by the manner of movement
    • E06B3/263—Frames with special provision for insulation
    • E06B2003/26349—Details of insulating strips
    • E06B2003/2635—Specific form characteristics
    • E06B2003/26359—Specific form characteristics making flush mounting with neighbouring metal section members possible

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the sector of aluminium sections used for the production of door and window frames.
  • it relates to a so-called thermal-break section and a method for assembling said section.
  • non-insulated sections are known in which there exists metallic continuity between the section parts which are exposed to the external environment and the section parts inside a substantially closed environment (for example an apartment). Since aluminium is a good heat conductor, non-insulated sections therefore have the drawback that they allow heat exchange between the inside and the outside.
  • thermal-break sections In thermal-break sections, the aluminium part exposed to the exterior is separated from the internal part by means of heat-insulating bodies. In these sections a thermal-break chamber with walls made of heat-insulating material is formed. Usually, this material is a plastic material. Typically, this plastic material is polyamide, ABS, PVC or the like. This chamber partially made of plastic material interrupts the transmission of heat due to conduction between the outer part and the inner part and provides the section with an optimum heat-insulating property.
  • CH 654 897 A discloses a composite profiled rod which is used, for example, for forming a window frame. It has two metal profiled rods and an insulating profiled rod which connects them together.
  • the insulating profiled rod has two insulating strips which are provided in the vicinity of their longitudinal edges with undercuts in which limbs of the metal profiled rods engage.
  • Two insulating webs connect the two insulating strips to one another in the region of the undercuts. These webs divide the intermediate space existing between the strips into three parts.
  • DE 29 11 832 A discloses a heat-damming compound profile for window or door frames or similar components in which there is provided two metal profile rods and an intermediate layer connecting these profile rods.
  • the intermediate layer is composed of a profiled shape-retaining insulating strip.
  • Each profile bar is provided with a forcible guide for the insulating strip and are connected by oppositely located lugs outside the insulating strip.
  • Each lug is provided with a small continuous cam which is movable against a corresponding projection of the insulating strip.
  • DE 29 11 832 A also provides a method of making a heat-damming compound profile by pushing the insulating strip into the forcible guides and into the lateral pins of the profile bars, and exerting pressure from the exterior by means of rollers or pressure gliders upon the metallic lugs at simultaneous directed support of the profile bars at the sides opposite the lugs.
  • DE 3221 218 A discloses a profiled body which comprises two profiled rails, in particular such rails of metal, arranged at a distance parallel to each other.
  • the thermal-break chamber is formed by inserting the ends of two polyamide strips into special cavities provided in two half-shells of the section.
  • tubular shaped heat-insulating bodies are used. Engagement of the polyamide strips or the tubular body is performed plane-wise. In other words, the fixing points are situated in two parallel planes.
  • Each of the abovementioned special cavities is delimited by a pair of longitudinal folding teeth or by a longitudinal folding tooth and a fixed shoulder. During insertion of the strips or the tubular body, the teeth are all open so as to allow precisely easy insertion of the strips or the tubular body, respectively.
  • the semi-finished section (comprising the two half-shells and the polyamide strips loose inside the respective cavities) is processed by a rolling machine.
  • the rolling machine compresses the teeth of both cavities and makes fast the joint between the strips, or the tubular body, made of heat-insulating material and the half-shells.
  • the rolling machines used to compress the teeth comprise in turn facing rollers which compress the longitudinal teeth when the semi-finished section passes between them.
  • the rolling machine In order to perform this tooth compression operation, the rolling machine must have sufficient space to allow the parallel passing movement of the compression rollers on the two opposite sides of the section thus assembled. This requirement, in turn, means that the section must be square or at least only slightly rounded.
  • the glass-gripping flange of the section limits the space where the compression roller must pass into the glass insertion cavity of the section.
  • the flange typically the glass-gripping flange
  • covers when the section is seen in a cross-section
  • the staggered positioning of the strips of heat-insulating material has the effect that the surface in contact with the external atmosphere is located in a position set further back from a hypothetical middle axis of the section.
  • the external atmosphere affects a larger surface area of the section and therefore the thermal transmittance value of the door or window frame increases.
  • the main object of the present invention is to provide a thermal-break section in which the strips of heat-insulating material substantially face each other and may be rigidly fixed to the half-shells of the section even when the position of the glass insertion cavity prevents the use of facing rollers.
  • the present invention provides a thermal-break section comprising: a first half-shell, a second half-shell, and at least one body of heat-insulating material, said first half-shell and said second half-shell comprising longitudinal teeth forming a seat for said at least one body of heat-insulating material, each of said first and second half-shells comprising one fixed longitudinal locating tooth and one longitudinal tooth which can be folded from a first open position into a closed locking position for locking said at least one body of heat-insulating material inside the seat.
  • the second half-shell comprises a flange projecting over its fixed longitudinal locating tooth when the thermal-break section is seen in a cross-section.
  • the body of heat-insulating material comprises two bodies of heat-insulating material, each having a cross-section substantially identical to the other one and being situated symmetrically opposite each other in an interlocking arrangement.
  • the flange also projects over the fixed longitudinal locating tooth of the first half-shell when the thermal-break section is seen in a cross-section.
  • the flange is a curved glass-gripping flange.
  • the thermal-break section according to the present invention comprises a spacer with interlocking elements for joining with said two bodies of heat-insulating material.
  • the spacer is cross-shaped.
  • the heat-insulating material is a plastic material, preferably polyamide.
  • the longitudinal locating tooth and the longitudinal folding tooth there is a continuous and substantially flat bottom surface.
  • the longitudinal locating tooth may comprise an angled surface inside the seat and a substantially flat surface outside the seat, the angled surface forming an acute angle with the bottom surface and the external surface being substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface.
  • the fixed and foldable teeth have substantially the same shape.
  • the longitudinal locating tooth comprises a connection surface between said angled surface inside the seat and the flat surface outside the seat, the connection surface forms an acute angle with the flat surface outside the seat.
  • the folding tooth comprises an angled surface inside the seat and a surface outside the seat provided with a longitudinal weakening groove.
  • the bottom surfaces of the first and second half-shells are substantially parallel and the substantially flat external surfaces of the locating teeth lie in a same plane.
  • the plane in which the substantially flat external surfaces of the locating teeth lie coincides substantially with the bottom surface of a glass cavity.
  • the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a thermal-break section.
  • the method comprises the steps of: providing a first half-shell, a second half-shell and at least one body of heat-insulating material, each of the half-shells comprising longitudinal teeth forming a seat for said at least one body of heat-insulating material; inserting said at least one body of heat-insulating material inside the seat, folding only one of the longitudinal teeth of each half-shell towards said at least one body and keeping the other one of said longitudinal teeth of each half-shell substantially fixed.
  • the step of providing a second half-shell comprises providing a second half-shell with comprises a flange projecting over its fixed longitudinal locating tooth when said thermal-break section is seen in a cross-section.
  • the step of inserting said at least one body of heat-insulating material comprises the step of inserting two bodies of heat-insulating material, each having a cross-section substantially identical to the other one and being situated symmetrically opposite each other in an interlocking arrangement.
  • a spacer is inserted between a first heat-insulating body and a second heat-insulating body.
  • the heat-insulating material is a plastic material, preferably polyamide.
  • the method advantageously comprises the step of arranging the tooth of each half-shell to be kept fixed against a corresponding locating surface.
  • the locating surface should be relatively thin in order to operate between the projecting flange and the fixed teeth. Possibly it is substantially "L" shaped.
  • the method according to the invention comprises the step of providing the folding tooth of each half-shell with a longitudinal weakened groove.
  • the present invention provides a half-shell for the manufacture of a section as set forth above which comprises a longitudinal tooth which is substantially fixed and a longitudinal folding tooth for locking at least one body of heat-insulating material, between the fixed tooth and the longitudinal tooth there being formed a bottom surface which is substantially flat and continuous.
  • the half-shell comprises a flange projecting over its fixed longitudinal locating tooth when said thermal-break section is seen in a cross-section.
  • FIG. 1 a cross-sectional view of a known thermal-break section 11 is shown.
  • Figure 1 shows a shutter section with a square shape.
  • the known shutter section comprises a first inner half-shell 12 and a second outer half-shell 13 and a pair of strips 141, 142 of heat-insulating material.
  • heat-insulating material is polyamide, PVC, ABS or another plastic material.
  • the first half-shell 12 of the section 11 in Figure 1 comprises a substantially rectangular main chamber 121 with two larger sides 122 and two smaller sides 123.
  • a seal holder flange 124 extends in a direction from one of the larger sides 122.
  • One of the smaller sides 123 has hooks 125 for fixing a glass stop flange (not shown).
  • On the other large side 122 there are two grooves 126 for inserting the ends of the heat-insulating strips 14.
  • Each of the grooves 126 for the ends of the strips 14 comprises an inclined shoulder 127 and a rotatable locking tooth 128.
  • the shoulder 127 is not considered to be a tooth.
  • the second half-shell 13 of the thermal-break section shown in Figure 1 comprises a main chamber 131 which is substantially rectangular. Along a larger side 132 of said main chamber 131 there are two respective grooves 136 for inserting the other ends of the heat-insulating strips. Each groove 136 is delimited by an inclined shoulder 137 and by a rotatable locking tooth 138. A glass-gripping flange 134 extends from an extension on the opposite side to that of the grooves 136. A seat for a seal is located at the end of the glass-gripping flange 134.
  • Assembly of the two half-shells 12, 13 of the leaf section 11 according to Figure 1 is performed by rotating all four teeth 128, 138 towards the polyamide strips 141, 142.
  • this rotation is performed by a rolling machine with facing rollers 15 which engage with the teeth 128, 138 on the glass cavity side and on the opposite side.
  • this operation would be particularly difficult if the glass-gripping flange 134 were curved, as shown in Figures 2, 2.1, 3 and 3.1, and covered (at least partially) the rotatable teeth 128, 138 because there would not be space (on the glass cavity side) for the passing movement of the facing rollers of the rolling machine.
  • the rolling operation would moreover be unreliable if the strips 141, 142 were arranged in a staggered manner since the rollers 15 would not operate opposite to each other and all the abovementioned drawbacks would arise.
  • FIG. 2 A first embodiment of the section 21 according to the present invention is shown in Figure 2 and in Figures 2.1 to 2.4. It will be noted that the section according to Figure 2 is substantially similar to the section according to Figure 1 and a detailed description thereof will not be repeated. In order to indicate the same components, reference numbers similar to those used in Figures 1 and 1.1 have been used, but with the first digit "1" being replaced by the digit "2".
  • the section according to Figure 2 differs substantially from the section in Figure 1 in that it has a very curved glass-gripping flange 234 which prevents the use of facing rollers 25 in a roller machine.
  • each half-shell 22, 23 comprises two longitudinal teeth 228, 229, 238, 239 which are separated by a substantially flat and continuous bottom surface 226', 236'.
  • continuous is understood as referring to a surface which is not interrupted by other teeth, projections or shoulders.
  • present invention also contemplates other embodiments with teeth or projections which interrupt this flat bottom surface 226', 236', but which in practice do not play a part in locking the heat-insulating material.
  • One longitudinal tooth 229, 239 of each half-shell 22, 23 is substantially rigid and is not folded during assembly of the half-shells 22, 23 and the bodies of heat-insulating material 241, 242.
  • the substantially rigid teeth 229, 239 are those on the glass cavity side. In fact, on the opposite side, there are generally no particular space restrictions. In any case, according to the present invention, the presence of a pair of teeth which are substantially fixed and rigid also in sections where there are no problems of limited space may be envisaged.
  • Each of the rigid teeth 229, 239 has an angled surface 229', 239' inside the seat 226, 236 and a substantially flat surface 229", 239" outside the seat 226, 236.
  • the angled surface 229', 239' forms an acute angle with the bottom surface 226', 236' and the external surface 229", 239" is substantially perpendicular to the bottom surface 226', 236'.
  • the half-shells 22, 23 of the section 21 according to the invention are extruded with a tooth 229, 239 having a predefined angle and an opposite tooth 228, 238 extruded with a weakening line 228', 238'.
  • This weakening line favours compression with the passing movement of one of the rollers 25 of the rolling machine which performs joining together of the half-shells 22, 23 and the heat-insulating strips 24 and produces the thermal-break area or chamber 26.
  • the weakening line 228', 238' is in the form of a longitudinal weakened groove.
  • the foldable teeth 228, 238 have an end nose and are joined to the bottom surface 226', 236' by means of a weakened base in order to reduce the thickness of the foldable teeth 228; 238 in the region of the base.
  • the part of the section directed towards the glass insertion cavity acts only as a bearing/opposition surface while the compressive force is exerted solely on the opposite side by means of a single roller 25.
  • the body of insulating material comprises a body of insulating material consisting of two parts 241, 242 which are substantially symmetrical and mounted facing each other and substantially in an interlocking manner.
  • the two interlocking heat-insulating bodies 241, 242 form a tubular heat-insulating body.
  • the body of heat-insulating material for example polyamide
  • an interruption is created between the half-shell 23 directed towards the outside and the half-shell 22 directed towards the inside.
  • the two bodies 241, 242 of heat-insulating material joined together have an overall form which is approximately rectangular viewed in cross-section with shaped corners such as the teeth 228, 229, 238, 239.
  • the body of heat-insulating material delimits an internal area.
  • the bodies of heat-insulating material may be provided with grooves 243 for a bead of hot-melting glue (not shown).
  • each groove 326, 336 which houses the body of heat-insulating material 34 comprises a longitudinal locating tooth 329, 339 and a rotatable tooth 328, 338 for locking the heat-insulating body 34.
  • the fixed tooth 329, 339 and the rotatable tooth 328, 338 are separated by a bottom surface 326', 336' which is substantially flat and continuous.
  • a cross-shaped spacer 344 is preferably provided.
  • the spacer 344 is also made of heat-insulating material and has a shape complementing that of the two heat-insulating bodies 341, 342.
  • a chamber is formed inside the heat-insulating body 34, being substantially divided into four equal portions by two longitudinal perpendicular partitions.
  • this internal division of the chamber limits the convective movements inside it.
  • the Applicant has found that, in the thermal-break section according to the present invention, the thermal transmittance line passes substantially along the axis of the thermal-break chamber.
  • the transmittance line passes along a longitudinal plane parallel to the bottom surface of the seats for the heat-insulating material and situated at the same distance therefrom.
  • the presence of staggered strips moves this thermal transmittance line towards the part of the section directed towards the internal environment and therefore diminishes the effectiveness of the thermal-break characteristic. The result is a high dispersion of heat in the known sections.
  • the thermal-break section according to the present invention can be assembled in a very efficient and economical way.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Special Wing (AREA)
  • Refrigerator Housings (AREA)
EP05075675A 2004-03-23 2005-03-22 Fenster- oder Türrahmenprofil mit thermischer Barriere und sein Herstellungsverfahren Withdrawn EP1580387A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ITMI20040551 2004-03-23
ITMI20040551 ITMI20040551A1 (it) 2004-03-23 2004-03-23 Profilato a taglio termico per serramenti o simili e relativo metodo per assemblare tale profilato

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1580387A2 true EP1580387A2 (de) 2005-09-28
EP1580387A3 EP1580387A3 (de) 2007-04-04

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EP05075675A Withdrawn EP1580387A3 (de) 2004-03-23 2005-03-22 Fenster- oder Türrahmenprofil mit thermischer Barriere und sein Herstellungsverfahren

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP1580387A3 (de)
IT (1) ITMI20040551A1 (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2527580A1 (de) * 2011-05-24 2012-11-28 Alcoa Aluminium Deutschland, Inc. Isolationseinsatz für einen aus Profilen gebildeten Rahmen
US20130118106A1 (en) * 2011-11-14 2013-05-16 Oldcastle BuildingEnvelop, Inc. Method and system for thermal barrier installation
US10837221B2 (en) 2017-07-18 2020-11-17 Shmulik Cohen Thermally-efficient slidable fenestration assembly
CN112211528A (zh) * 2019-07-11 2021-01-12 刘祥 一种双槽口平开门窗扇料

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3411254A (en) * 1966-05-24 1968-11-19 Kessler Gerald Plastic thermo-break for heat conductive elements
DE1659428A1 (de) * 1967-08-17 1971-01-14 Schenning Theodor Karl Peter Metallprofil mit Isoliersteg aus Kunststoff
US3992769A (en) * 1975-10-16 1976-11-23 Ethyl Corporation Method of making a thermal barrier construction element
DE2634668A1 (de) * 1975-08-06 1977-02-17 Langer Peter Zusammengesetzter koerper
DE3025706A1 (de) * 1980-07-07 1982-01-28 Eberhard 7121 Freudental Keller Vorrichtung zur herstellung von verbundprofilen, insbesondere fuer fenster, tueren o.dgl.
DE3221218A1 (de) * 1982-06-04 1983-12-08 Helmar Dr.Dr. 8530 Neustadt Nahr Profilkoerper
CH654897A5 (en) * 1981-11-16 1986-03-14 Koller Metallbau Ag Composite profiled rod

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3411254A (en) * 1966-05-24 1968-11-19 Kessler Gerald Plastic thermo-break for heat conductive elements
DE1659428A1 (de) * 1967-08-17 1971-01-14 Schenning Theodor Karl Peter Metallprofil mit Isoliersteg aus Kunststoff
DE2634668A1 (de) * 1975-08-06 1977-02-17 Langer Peter Zusammengesetzter koerper
US3992769A (en) * 1975-10-16 1976-11-23 Ethyl Corporation Method of making a thermal barrier construction element
DE3025706A1 (de) * 1980-07-07 1982-01-28 Eberhard 7121 Freudental Keller Vorrichtung zur herstellung von verbundprofilen, insbesondere fuer fenster, tueren o.dgl.
CH654897A5 (en) * 1981-11-16 1986-03-14 Koller Metallbau Ag Composite profiled rod
DE3221218A1 (de) * 1982-06-04 1983-12-08 Helmar Dr.Dr. 8530 Neustadt Nahr Profilkoerper

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2527580A1 (de) * 2011-05-24 2012-11-28 Alcoa Aluminium Deutschland, Inc. Isolationseinsatz für einen aus Profilen gebildeten Rahmen
US20130118106A1 (en) * 2011-11-14 2013-05-16 Oldcastle BuildingEnvelop, Inc. Method and system for thermal barrier installation
US9133614B2 (en) * 2011-11-14 2015-09-15 Oldcastle Buildingenvelope, Inc. Method and system for thermal barrier installation
US9574342B2 (en) 2011-11-14 2017-02-21 Oldcastle Buildingenvelope, Inc. Method and system for thermal barrier installation
US9874053B2 (en) 2011-11-14 2018-01-23 Oldcastle Buildingenvelope, Inc. Method and system for thermal barrier installation
US10837221B2 (en) 2017-07-18 2020-11-17 Shmulik Cohen Thermally-efficient slidable fenestration assembly
US11608672B2 (en) 2017-07-18 2023-03-21 Shmulik Cohen Thermally-efficient slidable fenestration assembly
CN112211528A (zh) * 2019-07-11 2021-01-12 刘祥 一种双槽口平开门窗扇料

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ITMI20040551A1 (it) 2004-06-23
EP1580387A3 (de) 2007-04-04

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