EP1572858A1 - Grossvolumige wasch- oder reinigungsmittelformk rper - Google Patents
Grossvolumige wasch- oder reinigungsmittelformk rperInfo
- Publication number
- EP1572858A1 EP1572858A1 EP03813110A EP03813110A EP1572858A1 EP 1572858 A1 EP1572858 A1 EP 1572858A1 EP 03813110 A EP03813110 A EP 03813110A EP 03813110 A EP03813110 A EP 03813110A EP 1572858 A1 EP1572858 A1 EP 1572858A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- preferred
- agents
- weight
- acids
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
- C11D17/0065—Solid detergents containing builders
- C11D17/0073—Tablets
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
Definitions
- the present invention relates to detergent tablets which have an optimized shape.
- the present invention relates to detergent tablets for machine dishwashing, which are used in household dishwashers.
- the automatic cleaning of dishes in household dishwashers usually comprises a pre-wash cycle, a main wash cycle and a rinse cycle, the latter being interrupted by intermediate rinse cycles.
- the pre-wash for heavily soiled dishes can be switched on or is switched on automatically by means of certain turbidity sensors.
- normal programs are selected by the consumer without a pre-rinse cycle, so that in most cases a main rinse cycle, an intermediate rinse cycle with pure water and a rinse cycle are carried out.
- the object of the present invention was to provide a space-optimized form of supply for detergents or cleaning agents which has the largest possible volume and at the same time can be used in as many metering chambers as possible in the dishwashers on the European market.
- the present application relates to detergent tablets, characterized in that it has at least two lateral boundary surfaces, at least one of which is not vertical over at least half of its height.
- the term “detergent tablets” denotes a solid which contains detergent or cleaning substances.
- This solid can be a tablet, for example, which has the advantage of high density.
- Shaped bodies are for the purposes of the present invention but also bodies which have a wrapping which contains, for example, powdery or liquid active substances, this wrapping - if appropriate only in conjunction with the active substances enclosed by it - must be dimensionally stable in such a way that the shape according to the invention can be achieved deform their own weight are therefore not suitable according to the invention.
- the term “molded body” therefore includes within the scope of the present invention an inherent dimensional stability of the body, so that the body can only be influenced by external influences that are beyond normal handling during manufacture packaging and handling go beyond being deformed.
- the shape of the moldings according to the invention is selected so that they have at least two lateral boundary surfaces.
- the term "lateral boundary surface” denotes the surface that connects the horizontal boundary surfaces of the shaped body (in short: top and bottom).
- a conventional cylindrical tablet accordingly has two horizontal boundary surfaces (the circular top and bottom) and a side boundary surface ( At least two lateral boundary surfaces can be achieved, for example, by dividing a cylindrical tablet vertically into two halves, and the resulting bodies in turn have two horizontal boundary surfaces (the semicircular top and bottom) and two lateral boundary surfaces (a semicircular cylinder jacket) and a vertical side surface which is rectangular in plan view.)
- the cylindrical tablet would have to be divided diagonally, ie the sectional plane w re off the vertical.
- the side surface which is rectangular in plan view is tilted to the horizontal with respect to the perpendicular and is therefore no longer vertical.
- the entire boundary surface is not vertical. Rather, certain vertical components do not lead out of the advantages according to the invention.
- a “half disk” from the vertically divided cylinder could therefore be placed on the cylinder that is diagonally divided according to the invention have the same height, exactly half of the lateral boundary surface is vertical, while the other half is not vertical.
- the height of the lateral boundary surface is consequently the distance between the top and bottom and thus equal to the height of the molded body.
- This height is independent of the inclination of the lateral boundary surface with respect to the vertical: While the length of the distance that has to be covered from the top to the bottom of the lateral boundary surface increases as the angle between the horizontal and the side surface decreases, the height remains the same .
- the vertical or non-vertical parts of the height can be determined by plumbing the vertical (height) and determining the respective part of the total height.
- Shaped or detergent tablets preferred according to the invention are characterized in that at least one lateral boundary surface is not vertical over at least 60%, preferably over at least 70%, particularly preferably over at least 75% and in particular over at least 80% of their height.
- the at least one non-vertical lateral boundary surface forms an angle ⁇ with the horizontal. This angle lies above or below 90 °, depending on whether the non-vertical lateral boundary surface tilts “inwards” (ie the shaped body tapers upwards) or “outwards” (ie the shaped body widens upwards) , Since the molded body can be turned by simply turning it over, i.e. Exchanging the top and bottom, which can form different angles, the angles are given within the scope of the present application, which are below 90 °. According to the invention, a non-vertical boundary surface is preferred, which includes an angle with the horizontal that deviates from the right angle by at least approximately 5-10 °.
- Particularly preferred detergent tablets according to the invention are characterized in that a lateral boundary surface is not vertical over at least half of its height and is at an angle with the horizontal of 30 ° to 80 °, preferably 35 ° to 75 °, particularly preferably 40 ° up to 70 ° and in particular from 50 ° to 60 °.
- Preferred values for the angle ⁇ are, for example, 40 °, 41 °, 42 °, 43 °, 44 °, 45 °, 46 °, 47 °, 48 °, 49 °, 50 °, 51 °, 52 °, 53 °, 54 °, 55 °, 56 °, 57 °, 58 °, 59 °, 60 °, 61 °, 62 °, 63 °, 64 ° or 65 °.
- Values of 48 °, 49 °, 50 °, 51 °, 52 °, 53 °, 54 °, 55 °, 56 °, 57 °, 58 °, 59 °, 60 °, 61 °, 62 ° are particularly preferred or non-integer values between these integer values.
- the shape and number of side surfaces of the shaped bodies according to the invention can vary.
- the upper and lower horizontal boundary surface have different basic shapes.
- rectangular horizontal boundary surfaces are preferred. For aesthetic and / or mechanical reasons, these can have rounded corners.
- the curves can in turn be derived from circular sections, the radii of which can preferably be between 5 and 15% of the height of the shaped body.
- the two horizontal boundary surfaces have the same length £ but different widths b. If two lateral boundary surfaces are not vertical over at least half of their height, then these non-vertical side surfaces can lie opposite each other, so that the two horizontal boundary surfaces have, for example, the same length p but different widths b. Touch the two non-vertical side surfaces, i.e. if they are "over corners", the two horizontal delimitation surfaces have different lengths i and different widths b.
- preferred detergent tablets according to the invention are characterized in that they have four lateral boundary surfaces, one of which is not vertical over at least half of their height, whereby detergent tablets according to the invention are particularly preferred, which are delimited by two horizontal surfaces with a rectangular cross section which have the same length £ and a different width b.
- the corners of the detergent tablets according to the invention can be rounded for reasons of mechanical stability or aesthetics. Edges can also be chamfered, ie beveled.
- the radius of a corner bevel is preferably a maximum of 1/10 of the length of the shortest side which borders on the corner.
- the width of the chamfer is preferably at most 1/10 of the width of the narrower side abutting this edge.
- detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred in which the corners of the tablet are rounded are.
- Shaped or detergent tablets are also particularly preferred, which are characterized in that the edges of the tablet have a chamfer.
- the detergent tablets according to the invention preferably have a height of 10 to 30 mm.
- Particularly preferred detergent tablets according to the invention have, for example, heights of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 or 24 mm or values between these integer values.
- the length of the moldings according to the invention is preferably between 25 and 60 mm, particularly preferably between 30 and 55 mm, in particular between 30 and 55 mm.
- Particularly preferred lengths of 32 mm, 33 mm, 34 mm, 35 mm, 36 mm, 37 mm, 38 mm, 39 mm, 40 mm, 41 mm or 42 mm may be mentioned here by way of example, the values also lying between these integer values can.
- the maximum width of the detergent tablets according to the invention i.e. the width of the larger horizontal boundary surface is preferably 20 to 60 mm, particularly preferably 25 to 50 mm.
- Examples of particularly preferred widths of 30 mm, 31 mm, 32 mm, 33 mm, 34 mm, 35 mm, 36 mm, 37 mm, 38 mm, 39 mm, 40 mm, 41 mm or 42 mm may be mentioned here, the values also can lie between these integer values.
- FIG. 1 shows a shaped detergent or cleaning product according to the invention which has two rectangular horizontal boundary surfaces which have the length l and the width b 0 b en and b below .
- the two surfaces are at a distance h, corresponding to the height of the molded body.
- a lateral boundary surface is designed such that it is not vertical over at least half of its height (here: over the entire height). This lateral boundary surface forms an angle with the horizontal.
- Figure 2 shows a detergent tablet according to the invention, which has two rectangular horizontal boundary surfaces which have the length £ and the width b o en or below .
- the two surfaces are at a distance h, corresponding to the height of the molded body.
- a lateral boundary surface is designed such that it is not vertical over at least half of its height.
- the lateral boundary surface which is not vertical over at least half of its height, is not vertical over the entire height. Rather, there is a vertical area of partial height x, which makes up a quarter of the total height, making the lateral Boundary area over 75% of its height is not vertical.
- This lateral boundary surface forms an angle ⁇ with the horizontal.
- particularly preferred shaped bodies according to the invention which can be represented by FIG. 2 or FIG. 3, are listed with their values length ,, width b 0be ⁇ or b bottom n as well as height h, partial height x and angle ⁇ :
- the partial height x is shown vertically.
- this partial height section is rounded, particularly preferably a partial circle, the radius of which is 2.5 to 15%, preferably 5 to 12.5% and in particular 6 to 10% of the height h Shaped body is.
- Such a preferred molded body is shown in FIG. 3.
- the molded body according to the invention can preferably be produced from materials which fulfill a function in the washing or cleaning process, the tableting of active substance mixtures taking on an outstanding role.
- greater shape variability can result from using materials that do not perform a specific function in the washing or cleaning process.
- water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers are of outstanding importance.
- the disadvantage that additional "ballast" is used is compensated for by the advantage of greater variability in terms of shape and possible ingredients and by a high aesthetic standard.
- Preferred variants for the production of the detergent tablets according to the invention are therefore characterized in that the production comprises pressing a particulate premix into a pressed part.
- a further preferred embodiment are processes for the production of detergent tablets according to the invention, which are characterized in that the tablet is formed by deep drawing and / or casting and / or injection molding and / or blow molding of a water-soluble or dispersible polymer or polymer mixture.
- the detergent tablets according to the invention correspond in particular to the shape shown in FIG. 2 if they have been obtained by tableting. It is procedurally difficult to produce tablets of the type shown in FIG. 1 by tableting, since the press ram would run the risk of touching the die of the tablet press at the edge where the lateral non-vertical boundary surface and the top meet, and thereby closing the press to damage.
- a particularly preferred shaped body according to the invention is therefore characterized in that it is a tablet.
- the shaped body has a high specific weight.
- Detergent tablets which are characterized in that they have a density above 1000 kgm "3 , preferably above 1025 kgm “ 3 , particularly preferably above 1050 kgm “3 and in particular above 1100 kgm “ 3 are preferred according to the invention , The tableting process is explained below:
- the premix to be compressed into tablets meets certain physical criteria.
- Preferred methods are, for example characterized in that the particulate premix has a bulk density of at least 500 g / l, preferably at least 600 g / l and in particular at least 700 g / l.
- the particle size of the compressed premix preferably also meets certain criteria: Methods in which the particulate premix has particle sizes between 100 and 2000 ⁇ m, preferably between 200 and 1800 ⁇ m, particularly preferably between 400 and 1600 ⁇ m and in particular between 600 and 1400 ⁇ m are according to the invention prefers. A further narrowed particle size in the premixes to be pressed can be adjusted in order to obtain advantageous molded body properties.
- the compressed particulate premix has a particle size distribution in which less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 7.5% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight of the particles are larger than 1600 ⁇ m or smaller than Are 200 ⁇ m. Narrower particle size distributions are further preferred here.
- the compressed particulate premix has a particle size distribution in which more than 30% by weight, preferably more than 40% by weight and in particular more than 50% by weight of the particles have a particle size between 600 and have 1000 ⁇ m.
- the method can also be expanded to the effect that multilayered shaped bodies are produced in a manner known per se by preparing two or more premixes which are pressed together.
- the premix which was filled in first, is lightly pressed out of / in order to obtain a smooth upper surface which runs parallel to the shaped body bottom, and, after filling in the second premix, is finally pressed into the finished shaped body.
- a further pre-compression is carried out after each addition of the premix before the molded article is finally pressed after the addition of the last premix.
- the moldings according to the invention are first produced by dry mixing the constituents, which may be wholly or partially pregranulated, and then providing information, in particular pressing them into tablets, using conventional methods.
- the premix is compacted in a so-called die between two punches to form a solid compressed product.
- This process which is briefly referred to below as tableting, is divided into four sections: metering, compression (elastic deformation), plastic deformation and ejection.
- the premix is introduced into the die, the filling quantity and thus the weight and the shape of the molding being formed being determined by the position of the lower punch and the shape of the pressing tool.
- the constant metering, even at high molding throughputs, is preferably achieved by volumetric metering of the premix.
- the upper punch touches the premix and lowers further towards the lower punch.
- the particles of the premix are pressed closer together, the void volume within the filling between the punches continuously decreasing.
- the plastic deformation begins, in which the particles flow together and the molded body is formed.
- some of the premix particles are also crushed and sintering of the premix occurs at even higher pressures.
- the phase of elastic deformation is shortened further and further, so that the resulting shaped bodies can have more or less large cavities.
- the finished molded body is pressed out of the die by the lower punch and transported away by subsequent transport devices. At this point in time, only the weight of the molded body is finally determined, since the compacts can still change their shape and size due to physical processes (stretching, crystallographic effects, cooling, etc.).
- Tableting takes place in commercially available tablet presses, which can in principle be equipped with single or double punches. In the latter case, not only is the upper stamp used to build up pressure, the lower stamp also moves towards the upper stamp during the pressing process, while the upper stamp presses down.
- eccentric tablet presses are preferably used, in which the stamp or stamps are fastened to an eccentric disc, which in turn is mounted on an axis with a certain rotational speed. The movement of these rams is comparable to that of a conventional four-stroke engine.
- the pressing can take place with one upper and one lower punch, but several punches can also be attached to one eccentric disc, the number of die holes being correspondingly increased.
- the throughputs of eccentric presses vary depending on the type from a few hundred to a maximum of 3000 tablets per hour.
- rotary tablet presses are selected in which a larger number of matrices are arranged in a circle on a so-called die table.
- the number of matrices varies between 6 and 55 depending on the model, although larger matrices are also commercially available.
- Each die on the die table is assigned an upper and lower stamp, whereby again the pressure can only be built up by the upper or lower stamp, but also by both stamps.
- the die table and the stamps move about a common vertical axis, the stamps being brought into the positions for filling, compression, plastic deformation and ejection by means of rail-like curved tracks during the rotation.
- these cam tracks are supported by additional low-pressure pieces, pull-down rails and lifting tracks.
- the die is filled via a rigidly arranged feed device, the so-called filling shoe, which is connected to a storage container for the premix.
- the pressing pressure on the premix can be individually adjusted via the pressing paths for the upper and lower punches, the pressure being built up by rolling the punch shaft heads past adjustable pressure rollers.
- Rotary presses can also be provided with two filling shoes to increase the throughput, only a semicircle having to be run through to produce a tablet.
- several filling shoes are arranged one behind the other without the slightly pressed first layer being ejected before further filling.
- jacket and dot tablets can also be produced in this way, which have an onion-shell-like structure, the top side of the core or the core layers not being covered in the case of the dot tablets and thus remaining visible.
- Rotary tablet presses can also be equipped with single or multiple tools, so that, for example, an outer circle with 50 and an inner circle with 35 holes can be used simultaneously for pressing.
- the throughputs of modern rotary tablet presses are over one million tablets per hour.
- Tableting processes preferred in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the compression is carried out at pressures of from 0.01 to 50 kNcm “2 , preferably from 0.1 to 40 kNcm “ 2 and in particular from 1 to 25 kNcm "2 .
- Tableting machines suitable in the context of the present invention are available, for example, from the companies Apparatebau Holzwarth GbR, Asperg, Wilhelm Fette GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, IMAmaschinessysteme GmbH Viersen, KILIAN, Cologne, KOMAGE, Kell am See, KORSCH Pressen AG, Berlin, and Romaco GmbH, Worms.
- Other providers include Dr. Herbert Pete, Vienna (AU), Mapag Maschinenbau AG, Bern (CH), BWI Manesty, Liverpool (GB), I. Holand Ltd., Nottingham (GB), Courtoy NV, Halle (BE / LU) and Mediopharm Kamnik (Sl ).
- the hydraulic double pressure press HPF 630 from LAEIS, D. Tablettierwerkmaschinee are, for example, from the companies Adams Tablettierwerkmaschinee, Dresden, Wilhelm Fett GmbH, Schwarzenbek, Klaus Hammer, Solingen, Herber% Söhne GmbH, Hamburg, Hofer GmbH, Weil, Hörn & Noack, Pharmatechnik GmbH, Worms, Ritter Pharamatechnik GmbH, Hamburg, Romaco, GmbH, Worms and Notter negligencebau, Tamm available.
- Other providers are e.g. Senss AG, Reinach (CH) and Medicopharm, Kamnik (Sl).
- the detergent tablet according to the invention can also be produced in a different way, the production of an appropriately shaped covering which can be filled being of outstanding importance. Accordingly, detergent tablets which are a filled and closed deep-drawn part and / or injection-molded part and / or blow-molded part are a further preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the manufacture of detergent tablets according to the invention by deep drawing and / or casting and / or injection molding and / or blow molding of a water-soluble or dispersible polymer or polymer mixture is explained below:
- the melt leaving the extruder is blow molded.
- Blow molding methods suitable according to the invention include extrusion blow molding, coextrusion blow molding, injection stretch blow molding and immersion blowing.
- the wall thicknesses of the moldings can be produced differently in some areas by means of blow molding, by correspondingly varying the wall thicknesses of the preform, preferably along its vertical axis, preferably by regulating the amount of thermoplastic material, preferably by means of an adjusting spindle when the preform is removed from the extruder nozzle, formed.
- the powder-filled or liquid-filled solid can be blow-molded with areas of different outer circumference and constant wall thickness by changing the wall thicknesses of the preform, preferably along its vertical axis, with different thicknesses, preferably by regulating the amount of thermoplastic material by means of an adjusting spindle when the preform is removed from the extruder nozzle.
- bottles, balls, Santa Clauses, Easter bunnies or other figures can be blow molded, which can be filled with agents.
- the molded body can be embossed and / or decorated in the blow mold during blow molding.
- a motif can be transferred to the molded body in mirror image.
- the surface of the molded body can be designed practically as desired.
- information such as calibration marks, application instructions, hazard symbols, brands, weight, filling quantity, expiry date, pictures, etc. can be applied to the molded body in this way.
- the walls of the hollow bodies produced by blow molding have a wall thickness of between 0.05 and 5 mm, preferably between 0.06 and 2 mm, preferably between 0.07 and 1.5 mm, more preferably between 0.08 and 1 , 2 mm, more preferably between 0.09-1 mm and most preferably between 0.1-0.6 mm.
- the filling opening of the hollow body after filling can be closed in a liquid-tight manner, it being preferred to provide corresponding edges around the filling opening during blow molding.
- the melt of water-soluble polymer blend leaving the extruder is shaped by means of an injection molding process.
- the injection molding is carried out according to methods known per se at high pressures and temperatures with the steps of closing the mold connected to the extruder for injection molding, injecting the polymer at high temperature and high pressure, cooling the injection-molded molding, opening the mold and removing the molded blank , Further optional steps such as the application of release agents, demolding etc. are known to the person skilled in the art and can be carried out using technology known per se.
- injection molding is carried out at up to 5000 bar, preferably between 2 and 2500 bar, particularly preferably between 5 and 2000 bar, more preferably between 10 and 1500 and in particular between 100 and 1250 bar.
- the temperature of the material to be injection molded is preferably above the melting or softening point of the material and thus also depends on the type and composition of the polymer blend. In preferred processes according to the invention, injection molding is carried out at temperatures between 100 and 250 ° C., preferably between 120 and 200 ° C. and in particular between 140 and 180 ° C.
- the tools that hold the materials are preferably preheated and have temperatures above room temperature, temperatures between 25 and 60 ° C. and in particular from 35 to 50 ° C. being preferred.
- the thickness of the wall can be varied.
- the wall should be chosen so thin that rapid dissolution or disintegration is achieved and the ingredients are quickly released into the application liquor, but a certain minimum thickness is also required in order to give the hollow shape the desired stability, in particular shape stability.
- Preferred wall thicknesses of injection molded articles are in the range from 100 to 5000 ⁇ m, preferably from 200 to 3000 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 300 to 2000 ⁇ m and in particular from 500 to 1500 ⁇ m.
- the molded body produced by injection molding regularly does not have closed walls on all sides and is open on at least one of its sides due to the manufacturing process.
- One or more preparation (s) are / are filled through the remaining opening into the compartment (s) formed in the interior of the molded body. This also takes place in a manner known per se, for example in the context of production processes known from the confectionery industry; Procedures that run in several steps are also conceivable.
- a one-step procedure is particularly preferred if, in addition to solid preparations, preparations (dispersions or emulsions, suspensions) comprising liquid components or even preparations (foams) comprising gaseous components are to be introduced into moldings.
- a film made of the appropriate material is placed over a mold which has depressions, heated if necessary and then drawn into the depression by means of negative pressure.
- the film can be pressed into the mold by applying pressure from the top or by means of a stamp.
- Preferred wall thicknesses of deep-drawn moldings are in the range from 100 to 5000 ⁇ m, preferably from 200 to 3000 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 300 to 2000 ⁇ m and in particular from 500 to 1500 ⁇ m.
- All polymers which can also be used for an optionally used sealing film can be considered as materials for the hollow bodies made of water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers. These are described below.
- the polymers used as film materials can consist of a single material or a blend of different materials.
- Preferred film materials come from the group (optionally acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) and / or PVAL copolymers, Polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, gelatin and / or copolymers and mixtures thereof.
- Polyvinyl alcohols are particularly preferred in the context of the present invention.
- Polyvinyl alcohols (abbreviation PVAL, occasionally also PVOH) is the name for polymers of the general structure
- polyvinyl alcohols which are offered as white-yellowish powders or granules with degrees of polymerization in the range from approximately 100 to 2500 (molar masses from approximately 4000 to 100,000 g / mol), have degrees of hydrolysis of 98-99 or 87-89 mol%. , therefore still contain a residual content of acetyl groups.
- the manufacturers characterize the polyvinyl alcohols by stating the degree of polymerization of the starting polymer, the degree of hydrolysis, the saponification number and the solution viscosity.
- polyvinyl alcohols are soluble in water and a few strongly polar organic solvents (formamide, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide); They are not attacked by (chlorinated) hydrocarbons, esters, fats and oils.
- Polyvinyl alcohols are classified as toxicologically safe and are at least partially biodegradable. The water solubility can be reduced by post-treatment with aldehydes (acetalization), by complexing with Ni or Cu salts or by treatment with dichromates, boric acid or borax.
- Polyvinyl alcohol is largely impervious to gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, but allows water vapor to pass through.
- the film material comprises polyvinyl alcohols and / or PVAL copolymers whose degree of hydrolysis is 70 is up to 100 mol%, preferably 80 to 90 mol%, particularly preferably 81 to 89 mol% and in particular 82 to 88 mol%.
- Polyvinyl alcohols of a certain molecular weight range are preferably used, with processes according to the invention being preferred in which the film comprises polyvinyl alcohols and / or PVAL copolymers whose molecular weight is in the range from 3,500 to 100,000 gmol " , preferably from 10,000 to 90,000 gmol “ 1 , particularly preferably from 12,000 to 80,000 gmol “1 and in particular from 13,000 to 70,000 gmol " 1 .
- the degree of polymerization of such preferred polyvinyl alcohols is between approximately 200 to approximately 2100, preferably between approximately 220 to approximately 1890, particularly preferably between approximately 240 to approximately 1680 and in particular between approximately 260 to approximately 1500.
- the film comprises polyvinyl alcohols and / or PVAL copolymers whose average degree of polymerization is between 80 and 700, preferably between 150 and 400, particularly preferably between 180 and 300 and / or their molecular weight ratio MG (50%) to MG (90%) is between 0.3 and 1, preferably between 0.4 and 0.8 and in particular between 0.45 and 0.6.
- polyvinyl alcohols described above are widely available commercially, for example under the trade name Mowiol ® (Clariant).
- Mowiol ® Commercially, for example under the trade name Mowiol ® (Clariant).
- particularly suitable polyvinyl alcohols are, for example, Mowiol ® 3-83, Mowiol ® 4-88, Mowiol ® 5-88 and Mowiol ® 8-88.
- ELVANOL ® 51-05, 52-22, 50-42, 85-82, 75-15, T-25, T-66, 90-50 (trademark of Du Pont)
- ALCOTEX ® 72.5, 78, B72, F80 / 40, F88 / 4, F88 / 26, F88 / 40, F88 / 47 (trademark of Harlow Chemical Co.)
- Gohsenol ® NK-05, A-300, AH-22, C -500, GH-20, GL-03, GM-14L, KA-20, KA-500, KH-20, KP-06, N-300, NH-26, NM11Q, KZ-06 (trademark of Nippon Gohsei KK ).
- ERKOL types from Wacker are also suitable.
- polyvinylpyrrolidones are sold, for example, under the name Luviskol ® (BASF).
- Polyvinylpyrrolidones [poly (1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone)], abbreviation PVP, are polymers of the general formula (A)
- polyvinylpyrrolidones which are produced by free-radical polymerization of 1-vinylpyrrolidone by solution or suspension polymerization using free-radical formers (peroxides, azo compounds) as initiators.
- the ionic polymerization of the monomer only provides products with low molecular weights.
- Commercial polyvinylpyrrolidones have molar masses in the range from approx. 2500-750000 g / mol, which are characterized by the K values and, depending on the K value, have glass transition temperatures of 130-175 °. They are presented as white, hygroscopic powders or as aqueous ones. Solutions offered. Polyvinylpyrrolidones are readily soluble in water and a variety of organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glacial acetic acid, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.).
- copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with other monomers in particular vinylpyrrolidone / Vinylester copolymers, as are marketed, for example under the trademark Luviskol ® (BASF).
- Luviskol ® VA 64 and Luviskol ® VA 73, each vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymers, are particularly preferred nonionic polymers.
- the vinyl ester polymers are polymers accessible from vinyl esters with the grouping of the formula (B) CH 2 - CH-
- the vinyl esters are polymerized by free radicals using various processes (solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization,
- Copolymers of vinyl acetate with vinyl pyrrolidone contain monomer units of the formulas (A) and (B)
- PEG polyethylene glycols
- C formula (C)
- n can have values between 5 and> 100,000.
- PEGs are manufactured industrially by anionic ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide (oxirane), usually in the presence of small amounts of water. Depending on how the reaction is carried out, they have molar masses in the range of approximately 200-5,000,000 g / mol, corresponding to degrees of polymerization of approximately 5 to> 100,000.
- the products with molar masses ⁇ approx. 25,000 g / mol are liquid at room temperature and are referred to as the actual polyethylene glycols, abbreviation PEG.
- These short chain PEGs can in particular be other water soluble polymers e.g. Polyvinyl alcohols or cellulose ethers can be added as plasticizers.
- the polyethylene glycols which can be used according to the invention and are solid at room temperature are referred to as polyethylene oxides, abbreviation PEOX.
- High molecular weight polyethylene oxides have an extremely low concentration of reactive hydroxy end groups and therefore only show weak glycol properties.
- gelatin is also suitable as a film material, this preferably being used together with other polymers.
- Gelatin is a polypeptide (molecular weight: approx. 15,000 to> 250,000 g / mol), which is primarily produced by hydrolysis in the skin and bones of animals contained collagen is obtained under acidic or alkaline conditions.
- the amino acid composition of the gelatin largely corresponds to that of the collagen from which it was obtained and varies depending on its provenance.
- the use of gelatin as a water-soluble coating material is extremely widespread, particularly in pharmacy in the form of hard or soft gelatin capsules. In the form of films, gelatin is used only to a minor extent because of its high price in comparison to the abovementioned polymers.
- Cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and
- Methylhydroxypropylcellulose such as are for example sold under the trademark Culminal® ® and Benecel ® (AQUALON).
- Cellulose ethers can be described by the general formula (D)
- R represents H or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical.
- at least one R in formula (III) is -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -OH or -CH 2 CH 2 -OH.
- Cellulose ethers are produced industrially by etherification of alkali cellulose (eg with ethylene oxide). Cellulose ethers are characterized by the average degree of substitution DS or the molar degree of substitution MS, which indicate how many hydroxyl groups of an anhydroglucose unit of cellulose have reacted with the etherification reagent or how many moles of etherification reagent have been attached to an anhydroglucose unit on average.
- Hydroxyethyl celluloses are soluble in water from a DS of approx. 0.6 or an MS of approx. 1. Commercial hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl celluloses have degrees of substitution in the range of 0.85-1.35 (DS) and 1.5-3 (MS). Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are marketed as yellowish-white, odorless and tasteless powders in widely varying degrees of polymerization. Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are soluble in cold and hot water and in some (water-containing) organic solvents, but insoluble in most (water-free) organic solvents; their aqueous solutions are relatively insensitive to changes in pH or electrolyte addition.
- polymers suitable according to the invention are water-soluble amphopolymers.
- Ampho-polymers are amphoteric polymers, ie polymers that contain both free amino groups and free -COOH or S0 3 H groups in the molecule and are capable of forming internal salts, zwitterionic polymers that contain quaternary ammonium groups and - Contain COO " - or -S0 3 " groups, and summarized those polymers which contain -COOH or S0 3 H groups and quaternary ammonium groups.
- amphopolymer suitable is that available under the name Amphomer ® acrylic resin which is a copolymer of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, N- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) -acrylamide and two or more monomers from the group of acrylic acid, Methacrylic acid and its simple esters.
- preferred amphopolymers consist of unsaturated carboxylic acids (e.g. acrylic and methacrylic acid), cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids (e.g.
- acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride and optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers together terpolymers of acrylic acid, methyl acrylate and methacrylamidopropyltriammonium chloride, as described under the name Merquat ® 2001 N are commercially available, according to the invention are particularly preferred amphopolymers.
- Other suitable amphoteric polymers are for example those available under the names Amphomer ® and Amphomer ® LV-71 (DELFT NATIONAL) octylacrylamide / methyl methacrylate / tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate / 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymers.
- Suitable water-soluble anionic polymers according to the invention include a .:
- Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers such as are commercially available for example under the names Resyn ® (National Starch), Luviset ® (BASF) and Gafset ® (GAF).
- Resyn ® National Starch
- Luviset ® BASF
- Gafset ® GAF
- these polymers also have monomer units of the general formula (E):
- Vinyl pyrrolidone / vinyl acrylate copolymers available, for example, under the trademark
- Luviflex ® (BASF).
- BASF Luviflex ®
- VBM-35 Luviflex ®
- BASF available vinyl pyrrolidone / acrylate terpolymers.
- Acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / N-tert-butyl acrylamide terpolymers for example, under the
- Ultrahold ® strong (BASF) are sold.
- Such grafted polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture with other copolymerizable compounds Polyalkylene glycols are obtained by hot polymerization in a homogeneous phase by stirring the polyalkylene glycols into the monomers of the vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, in the presence of free-radical formers.
- Suitable vinyl esters are, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl benzoate and as esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, those which are used with low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, in particular ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl 1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, are available.
- PPG Polypropylene glycols
- n can take values between 1 (propylene glycol) and several thousand.
- the vinyl acetate copolymers grafted onto polyethylene glycols and the polymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid grafted onto polyethylene glycols can be used.
- the polyethylene glycol used has a molecular weight between 200 and more
- Millions preferably between 300 and 30,000.
- the non-ionic monomers can be of very different types and the following are preferred: vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, vinyl laurate, vinyl propionate, allyl stearate,
- the non-ionic monomers can likewise be of very different types, of which crotonic acid, allyloxyacetic acid, Vinyl acetic acid, maleic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are contained in the graft polymers.
- Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diallyl phthalate, ortho-, meta- and para-divinylbenzene, tetraallyloxyethane and polyallylsucrose with 2 to 5 allyl groups per molecule of saccharin are preferably used as crosslinkers.
- the grafted and crosslinked copolymers described above are preferably formed from: i) 5 to 85% by weight of at least one monomer of the nonionic type, ii) 3 to 80% by weight of at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) 2 to 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 30% by weight, of polyethylene glycol and iv) 0.1 to 8% by weight of a crosslinking agent, the percentage of the crosslinking agent being determined by the
- Ratio of the total weights of i), ii) and iii) is formed.
- short-chain carboxylic acids or alcohols are to be understood as those having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, the carbon chains of these compounds optionally being interrupted by double-bonded hetero groups such as -O-, -NH-, -S-.
- Terpolymers of crotonic acid, vinyl acetate and an allyl or methallyl ester contain monomer units of the general formulas (D) and (E) (see above) and monomer units of one or more allyl or methallyl esters of the formula (G):
- the above-mentioned terpolymers preferably result from the copolymerization of 7 to 12% by weight crotonic acid, 65 to 86% by weight, preferably 71 to 83% by weight.
- cationic polymers which can preferably be used according to the invention as film material are cationic polymers.
- the permanent cationic polymers are preferred among the cationic polymers.
- "permanently cationic" means those polymers which have a cationic group irrespective of the pH. These are generally polymers which contain a quaternary nitrogen atom, for example in the form of an ammonium group.
- Preferred cationic polymers are, for example, quaternized cellulose Derivatives as commercially available under the names Celquat ® and Polymer JR ® The compounds Celquat ® H 100, Celquat ® L 200 and Polymer JR ® 400 are preferred quaternized cellulose derivatives.
- Polysiloxanes with quaternary groups such as, for example, the commercially available products Q2-7224 (manufacturer: Dow Corning; a stabilized trimethylsilylamodimethicone), Dow Corning® 929 emulsion (containing a hydroxylamino-modified silicone, which is also referred to as amodimethicone), SM -2059 (manufacturer: General Electric), SLM-55067 (manufacturer: Wacker) and Abil ® -Quat 3270 and 3272 (manufacturer: Th. Goldschmidt; di-quaternary polydimethylsiloxane, Quaternium-80),
- Cationic guar derivatives such as in particular the products sold under the trade names Cosmedia ® Guar and Jaguar ® ,
- Polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid Under the names Merquat ® 100 (Poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)) and Merquat ® 550 (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride-acrylamide copolymer) are examples of such cationic polymers.
- Such compounds are commercially available under the names Gafquat ® 734 and Gafquat ® 755.
- Vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers as are offered under the name Luviquat ® .
- the polymers mentioned are named according to the so-called INCI nomenclature, with detailed information in the CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 5 th Edition, The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, 1997, to which express reference is made here becomes.
- Cationic polymers preferred according to the invention are quaternized cellulose derivatives and polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers.
- Cationic cellulose derivatives, in particular the commercial product Polymer ® JR 400, are very particularly preferred cationic polymers.
- the moldings according to the invention are produced by tableting or by other processes, they contain active substances for a washing or cleaning process.
- various active substances can already be contained in the tablets.
- the hollow body already contains active substance (for example dyes, enzymes, optical brighteners, redispersants, complexing agents etc., so-called small components), but the main amount of the active substance will be in the Filling.
- washing and cleaning-active substances from the group of bleaching agents, bleach activators, polymers, builders, surfactants, enzymes, Disintegration aids, electrolytes, pH regulators, fragrances, perfume carriers, dyes, hydrotropes, foam inhibitors, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners,
- Graying inhibitors anti-shrink agents, anti-crease agents, color transfer inhibitors, antimicrobial agents, germicides, fungicides, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, antistatic agents, phobicants and impregnating agents, swelling and anti-slip agents, non-aqueous solvents, fabric softeners, and UV hydrolyzate.
- Bleaching agents and bleach activators can be included in the agents according to the invention as important components of detergents and cleaning agents.
- the compounds which serve as bleaching agents and supply H 2 0 2 in water sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate are of particular importance.
- Further useful bleaching agents are, for example, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H 2 0 2 -supplying peracidic salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, phthaloiminoperic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid.
- Detergent tablets for automatic dishwashing can also contain bleaches from the group of organic bleaches.
- Typical organic bleaching agents are the diacyl peroxides, such as dibenzoyl peroxide.
- Other typical organic bleaching agents are peroxy acids, examples of which include alkyl peroxy acids and aryl peroxy acids.
- Preferred representatives are (a) peroxybenzoic acid and its ring-substituted derivatives, such as aikylperoxybenzoic acids, but also peroxy- ⁇ -naphthoic acid and magnesium monoperphthalate, (b) the aliphatic or substituted aliphatic peroxyacids, such as peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, ⁇ -phthalimidopercapacid
- PAP Phthaloiminoperoxyhexanoic acid
- o-carboxybenzamidoperoxycaproic acid N-nonenylamidoperadipic acid and N-nonenylamidopersuccinate
- aliphatic and araliphatic peroxydicarboxylic acids such as 1,12-diperoxycarboxylic acid, 1,9-diperoxyazelaic acid, diperoxyacid, diperoxyacid, diperoxyacid, diperoxyacid, diperoxacid, Decyldiperoxybutane-1,4-diacid, N, N-terephthaloyl-di (6-aminopercaproic acid) can be used.
- bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the number of carbon atoms mentioned and / or optionally substituted benzoyl groups.
- Multi-acylated alkylenediamines in particular tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetin, ethylene glycol diacetate and 2,5-diacetoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran.
- TAED tetraacetylethylene
- bleach activators which are preferably used in the context of the present application are compounds from the group of the cationic nitriles, in particular cationic nitrile of the formula
- R 1 for -H, -CH 3 a C 2 . 24 alkyl or alkenyl radical, a substituted C 2 . 24 alkyl or alkenyl radical with at least one substituent from the group -Cl, -Br, -OH, -NH 2 , -CN, an alkyl or alkenylaryl radical with a C 1-4 alkyl group, or for a substituted alkyl or alkenylaryl radical with a C ⁇ .
- a particularly preferred agent according to the invention is a cationic nitrile of the formula
- bleach catalysts can also be incorporated into the agents.
- These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as, for example, Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes.
- Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts ,
- the surfactants include in particular the anionic surfactants in acid form, aqueous solutions or pastes of the neutralized anionic surfactant acids, nonionic surfactants and / or cationic surfactants or amphoteric surfactants.
- surfactant-containing agents according to the invention can be used, for example, in the removal of grease or oil soiling, their field of use extending from textile cleaning to the removal of oil soiling in nature.
- granules are preferred which have a surfactant content of 1 to 70% by weight, particularly preferably 2 to 60% by weight, particularly preferably 4 to 50% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the compositions , exhibit.
- builders are other important ingredients of detergents.
- Preferred agents according to the invention can contain all builders commonly used in cleaning agents, in particular thus zeolites, silicates, carbonates, organic cobuilders and - where there are no ecological concerns about their use - also the phosphates.
- the builders mentioned can of course also be used in surfactant-free compressed products.
- Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi x 0 2x + ⁇ ⁇ 2 0, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2, 3 or 4.
- Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3.
- both ⁇ - and ⁇ -sodium disilicates Na 2 Si 2 0 5 'yH 2 0 are preferred.
- the dissolution delay compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be done in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying have been caused.
- the term “amorphous” is also understood to mean “X-ray amorphous”.
- silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle.
- it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles provide washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments.
- This is to be interpreted as meaning that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred nm, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred.
- Such so-called X-ray amorphous silicates also have a delay in dissolution compared to conventional water glasses. Compacted / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray amorphous silicates are particularly preferred.
- the finely crystalline, synthetic and bound water-containing zeolite that can be used is preferably zeolite A and / or P.
- zeolite P zeolite MAP® (commercial product from Crosfield) is particularly preferred.
- zeolite X and mixtures of A, X and / or P are also suitable.
- Commercially available and can preferably be used in the context of the present invention for example a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (about 80% by weight of zeolite X) ), which is sold by CONDEA Augusta SpA under the brand name VEGOBOND AX ® and by the formula
- Suitable zeolites have an average particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m (volume distribution; measurement method: Coulter Counter) and preferably contain 18 to 22% by weight, in particular 20 to 22% by weight, of bound water.
- phosphates as builder substances, provided that such use should not be avoided for ecological reasons.
- the sodium salts of orthophosphates, pyrophosphates and in particular tripolyphosphates are particularly suitable.
- Alkali metal phosphates is the summary name for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HP0 3 ) n and orthophosphoric acid H 3 P0 4 in addition to higher molecular weight representatives.
- the phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts or on washware surfaces and also contribute to cleaning performance.
- Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH 2 P0 4 disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary
- Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can differentiate between cyclic representatives, the sodium and potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium and potassium polyphosphates, as well as the pentasodium triphosphate, Na 5 P 3 O 10 (sodium tripolyphosphate) are further within the scope of the present Registration with advantage used builders.
- Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids that can be used in the form of their alkali and in particular sodium salts, such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), provided that such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons and mixtures from these.
- Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.
- Alkali carriers can be present as further constituents.
- Alkali metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal hydrogen carbonates, alkali metal sesquicarbonates, alkali silicates, alkali metal silicates, and mixtures of the abovementioned substances are considered to be alkali carriers, alkali metal carbonates, in particular sodium carbonate, in particular sodium bicarbonate or sodium sesquicarbonate being used for the purposes of this invention.
- water-soluble builders are preferred since they generally have less tendency to form insoluble residues on dishes and hard surfaces.
- Common builders are the low molecular weight polycarboxylic acids and their salts, the homopolymeric and copolymeric polycarboxylic acids and their salts, the carbonates, phosphates and silicates.
- Trisodium citrate and / or pentasodium tripolyphosphate and / or sodium carbonate and / or sodium bicarbonate and / or gluconates and / or silicate builders from the class of disilicate and / or metasilicate are preferably used for the production of tablets for machine dishwashing.
- a builder system containing a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate is particularly preferred.
- a builder system which contains a mixture of tripolyphosphate and sodium carbonate and sodium disilicate is also particularly preferred.
- Organic cobuilders which can be used in the cleaning agents in the context of the present invention are, in particular, polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, Polyacetals, dextrins, other organic cobuilders (see below) and phosphonates can be used. These classes of substances are described below.
- Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function.
- these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, aminocarboxylic acids, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), provided that such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons and mixtures of these.
- Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, methylglycinediacetic acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these.
- the acids themselves can also be used.
- the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH value of detergents or cleaning agents.
- Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.
- Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders; these are, for example, the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.
- the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M w of the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a UV detector being used.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship to the polymers investigated. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard.
- the molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.
- Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 1000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates which have molar masses from 1000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 1200 to 4000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group. Both polyacrylates and copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids, monomers containing sulfonic acid groups and optionally other ionic or nonionic monomers are particularly preferably used in the agents according to the invention. The copolymers containing sulfonic acid groups are described in detail below.
- agents according to the invention which, as so-called “3in1” products, combine the conventional cleaners, rinse aids and a salt replacement function.
- automatic dishwashing agents according to the invention are preferred which additionally contain 0.1 to 70% by weight of copolymers out
- these copolymers have the effect that the dishes can be washed with higher water hardness when using these agents, i.e. that up to a certain tap water hardness, no regeneration salt needs to be used and become significantly cleaner than tableware, which under these circumstances was washed using conventional means.
- R 1 to R 3 independently of one another are -H -CH 3 , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, with -NH 2 , -OH or - COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals as defined above or represents -COOH or - COOR 4 , where R 4 is a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R 3 CH 3
- Preferred among these monomers are those of the formulas IIa, IIb and / or IIc,
- H 2 C CH-X-S0 3 H (Ila),
- H 2 C C (CH 3 ) -X-S0 3 H (llb),
- Suitable ionic or nonionic monomers are, in particular, ethylenically unsaturated compounds.
- the content of monomers of group iii) in the polymers used according to the invention is preferably less than 20% by weight, based on the polymer.
- Polymers to be used with particular preference consist only of monomers of groups i) and ii).
- copolymers are made of
- R 1 to R 3 independently of one another are -H -CH 3 , a straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated alkenyl radical having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, with -NH 2 , -OH or - COOH substituted alkyl or alkenyl radicals as defined above or represents -COOH or - COOR 4 , where R 4 is a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms,
- Particularly preferred copolymers consist of
- H 2 C CH-X-S0 3 H (Ila),
- H 2 C C (CH 3 ) -X-S0 3 H (llb),
- the copolymers contained in the compositions can contain the monomers from groups i) and ii) and optionally iii) in varying amounts, all representatives from group i) with all representatives from group ii) and all representatives from group iii) can be combined.
- Particularly preferred polymers have certain structural units, which are described below.
- agents according to the invention are preferred which are characterized in that they contain one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formula III
- These polymers are produced by copolymerization of acrylic acid with an acrylic acid derivative containing sulfonic acid groups.
- the acrylic acid derivative containing sulfonic acid groups is copolymerized with methacrylic acid, another polymer is obtained, the use of which in the agents according to the invention is also preferred and is characterized in that the agents contain one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formula IV
- acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid can also be copolymerized with methacrylic acid derivatives containing sulfonic acid groups, as a result of which the structural units in the molecule are changed.
- Agents according to the invention which contain one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formula V
- maleic acid can also be used as a particularly preferred monomer from group i).
- preferred agents according to the invention are obtained which are characterized in that they contain one or more copolymers, the structural units of the formula VII
- automatic dishwashing agents which contain, as ingredient b), one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formulas III and / or IV and / or V and / or VI and / or VII and / or VIII
- - 296 -
- maleic acid can also be used as a particularly preferred monomer from group i).
- preferred agents according to the invention are obtained which are characterized in that they contain one or more copolymers, the structural units of the formula VII
- automatic dishwashing agents which contain, as ingredient b), one or more copolymers which have structural units of the formulas III and / or IV and / or V and / or VI and / or VII and / or VIII
- All or part of the sulfonic acid groups in the polymers may be in neutralized form, i.e. that the acidic hydrogen atom of the sulfonic acid group in some or all sulfonic acid groups can be replaced by metal ions, preferably alkali metal ions and in particular by sodium ions.
- Corresponding agents which are characterized in that the sulfonic acid groups in the copolymer are partially or fully neutralized are preferred according to the invention.
- the monomer distribution of the copolymers used in the agents according to the invention is preferably 5 to 95% by weight i) or ii), particularly preferably 50 to 90% by weight, in the case of copolymers which contain only monomers from groups i) and ii). % Of monomer from group i) and from 10 to 50% by weight of monomer from group ii), in each case based on the polymer.
- terpolymers those which contain 20 to 85% by weight of monomer from group i), 10 to 60% by weight of monomer from group ii) and 5 to 30% by weight of monomer from group iii) are particularly preferred ,
- the molar mass of the polymers used in the agents according to the invention can be varied in order to adapt the properties of the polymers to the intended use.
- Preferred automatic dishwashing detergents are characterized in that the copolymers have molar masses from 2000 to 200,000 gmol "1 , preferably from 4000 to 25,000 gmol " 1 and in particular from 5000 to 15,000 gmol "1 .
- the content of one or more copolymers in the agents according to the invention can vary depending on the intended use and the desired product performance, preferred dishwasher detergents according to the invention being characterized in that they contain the copolymer (s) in amounts of 0.25 to 50% by weight. %, preferably from 0.5 to 35% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.75 to 20% by weight and in particular from 1 to 15% by weight.
- polyacrylates As already mentioned further above, it is particularly preferred to use both polyacrylates and the above-described copolymers of unsaturated carboxylic acids, monomers containing sulfonic acid groups and, if appropriate, further ionic or nonionic monomers in the agents according to the invention.
- the polyacrylates were described in detail above. Combinations of the above-described copolymers containing sulfonic acid groups with low molecular weight polyacrylates, for example in the range between 1000 and 4000 daltons, are particularly preferred.
- Such polyacrylates are commercially available under the trade names Sokalan ® PA15 or Sokalan ® PA25 (BASF). - 298 -
- copolymeric polycarboxylates in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid.
- Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable.
- Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 100,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 90,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 80,000 g / mol.
- the (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution.
- the content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.
- the polymers can also contain allylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.
- allylsulfonic acids such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.
- Biodegradable polymers of more than two different monomer units are also particularly preferred, for example those which contain salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives as monomers or those which contain salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives as monomers ,
- Anionic surfactants in acid form are preferably one or more substances from the group of carboxylic acids, sulfuric acid half-esters and sulfonic acids, preferably from the group of fatty acids, fatty alkyl sulfuric acids and alkylarylsulfonic acids.
- the compounds mentioned should have longer-chain hydrocarbon radicals, that is to say they should have at least 6 carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl radical.
- the C chain distributions of the anionic surfactants are usually in the range from 6 to 40, preferably 8 to 30 and in particular 12 to 22 carbon atoms.
- Carboxylic acids which are used as soaps in detergents and cleaning agents in the form of their alkali metal salts, are technically largely obtained from native fats and oils by hydrolysis. While the alkaline saponification that was carried out in the past century led directly to the alkali salts (soaps), today only water is used on an industrial scale that splits the fats into glycerol and the free fatty acids. Large-scale processes are, for example, cleavage in an autoclave or continuous high-pressure cleavage.
- Carboxylic acids which can be used as an anionic surfactant in acid form in the context of the present invention are, for example, hexanoic acid (caproic acid), heptanoic acid (enanthic acid), octanoic acid (caprylic acid), nonanoic acid (pelargonic acid), decanoic acid (capric acid), undecanoic acid, etc.
- preference is given to Use of fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid (lauric acid), tetradecanoic acid (myristic acid), - 299 -
- Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), octadecanoic acid (stearic acid), eicosanoic acid (arachic acid), docosanoic acid (behenic acid), tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), hexacosanoic acid (cerotinic acid), triacotanoic acid (melissic acid) and the unsaturated species 9c-hexmitolecenoic acid (petcidecenoic acid) petacidecenoic acid (6c-hexadecenoic acid) petacidecenoic acid (6c-hexadolecenoic acid) ), 6t-octadecenoic acid (petroselaidic acid), 9c-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), 9t-octadecenoic acid ((elaidic acid), 9c, 12c-octadecadienoic acid (linoleic
- coconut oil fatty acid (about 6 wt .-% C 8, 6 parts by weight 10% C, 48 wt .-% C 12 18 wt .-% C14, 10 wt .-% C 16, 2 wt .-% C18, 8 wt .-% C 18 - 1 wt .-% C 1fr ), palm kernel oil fatty acid (approx.
- soybean oil fatty acid (approx. 2% by weight C 14 , 15% by weight C 16 , 5% by weight C 18 , 25% by weight C 18 -, 45% by weight C 18 -, 7 wt .-% C 18 -).
- Sulfuric acid semiesters of longer-chain alcohols are also anionic surfactants in their acid form and can be used in the context of the present invention.
- Their alkali metal, in particular sodium salts, the fatty alcohol sulfates are commercially available from fatty alcohols which are reacted with sulfuric acid, chlorosulfonic acid, amidosulfonic acid or sulfur trioxide to give the alkyl sulfuric acids concerned and are subsequently neutralized.
- the fatty alcohols are obtained from the fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures concerned by high-pressure hydrogenation of the fatty acid methyl esters.
- the most important industrial process in terms of quantity for the production of fatty alkyl sulfuric acids is the sulfonation of the alcohols with SO 3 / air mixtures in special cascade, falling film or tube bundle reactors.
- alkyl ether sulfuric acids the salts of which, the alkyl ether sulfates, are distinguished by a higher water solubility and lower sensitivity to water hardness (solubility of the Ca salts) compared to the alkyl sulfates.
- alkyl ether sulfuric acids are synthesized from fatty alcohols which are reacted with ethylene oxide to give the fatty alcohol ethoxylates in question.
- ethylene oxide propylene oxide can also be used.
- the subsequent sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide in short-term sulfonation reactors yields over 98% of the alkyl ether sulfuric acids concerned. - 300 -
- Alkanesulfonic acids and olefin sulfonic acids can also be used as anionic surfactants in acid form in the context of the present invention.
- Alkanesulfonic acids can contain the sulfonic acid group in a terminal bond (primary alkanesulfonic acids) or along the carbon chain (secondary alkanesulfonic acids), only the secondary alkanesulfonic acids being of commercial importance. These are made by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation of linear hydrocarbons.
- n-paraffins are reacted with sulfur dioxide and chlorine under irradiation with UV light to give the corresponding sulfochlorides, which, when hydrolysed with alkalis, provide the alkanesulfonates directly, and when reacted with water, the alkanesulfonic acids.
- di- and polysulfochlorides and chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur as by-products of the radical reaction in the sulfochlorination, the reaction is usually carried out only up to degrees of conversion of 30% and then terminated.
- alkanesulfonic acids Another process for the production of alkanesulfonic acids is sulfoxidation, in which n-paraffins are reacted with sulfur dioxide and oxygen under irradiation with UV light.
- This radical reaction produces successive alkylsulfonyl radicals, which react further with oxygen to form the alkylpersulfonyl radicals.
- the reaction with unreacted paraffin provides an alkyl radical and the alkyl persulfonic acid, which breaks down into an alkyl peroxysulfonyl radical and a hydroxyl radical.
- the reaction of the two radicals with unreacted paraffin gives the alkylsulfonic acids or water, which reacts with alkylpersulfonic acid and sulfur dioxide to give sulfuric acid.
- this reaction is usually carried out only up to degrees of conversion of 1% and then stopped.
- Olefin sulfonates are produced industrially by the reaction of ⁇ -olefins with sulfur trioxide. Intermediate hermaphrodites are formed, which cyclize to form so-called sultans. Under suitable conditions (alkaline or acidic hydrolysis), these sultones react to give hydroxylalkanesulfonic acids or alkenesulfonic acids, both of which can also be used as anionic surfactant acids.
- alkylbenzenesulfonates as powerful anionic surfactants have been known since the 1930s. At that time, alkylbenzenes were produced by monochlorination of kogasin fractions and subsequent Friedel-Crafts alkylation, which were sulfonated with oleum and neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution.
- propylene was tetramerized to give branched ⁇ -dodecylene and the product was converted to tetrapropylene benzene via a Friedel-Crafts reaction using aluminum trichloride or hydrogen fluoride, which was subsequently sulfonated and neutralized. This - 301 -
- TPS tetrapropylene benzene sulfonates
- Linear alkylbenzenesulfonates are made from linear alkylbenzenes, which in turn are accessible from linear olefins.
- petroleum fractions with molecular sieves are separated on an industrial scale into the n-paraffins of the desired purity and dehydrated to the n-olefins, resulting in both ⁇ - and i-olefins.
- C 8 are preferred according to the invention as anionic surfactants in acid form. 16 -, preferably C 9 - 3 alkylbenzenesulfonic acids. It is within the scope of the present invention further preferably, C 8 . ⁇ 6 -, preferably C. 9 13 - to use alkylbenzenesulfonic acids which are derived from alkylbenzenes and which have a tetralin content below 5% by weight, based on the alkylbenzene. It is further preferred to use alkylbenzenesulfonic acids whose alkylbenzenes have been prepared by the HF process, so that the C 8 . 16 -, preferably C 9 - 3 alkylbenzenesulfonic acids have a 2-phenyl isomer content below 22% by weight, based on the alkylbenzenesulfonic acid.
- anionic surfactants in their acid form can be used alone or in a mixture with one another.
- the anionic surfactant in acid form, before addition to the carrier material (s) contains further, preferably acidic, ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents in amounts of 0.1 to 40% by weight, preferably of 1 to 15 wt .-% and in particular from 2 to 10 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the mixture to be reacted.
- Suitable acidic reactants in the context of the present invention are, in addition to the “surfactant acids”, also the fatty acids, phosphonic acids, polymer acids or partially neutralized polymer acids as well as “builder acids” and “complex builder acids” (details later in the text) as well as in any mixtures.
- surfactant acids also the fatty acids, phosphonic acids, polymer acids or partially neutralized polymer acids as well as “builder acids” and “complex builder acids” (details later in the text) as well as in any mixtures.
- phosphonic acids which in neutralized form (phosphonates) are components of many detergents and cleaning agents as incrustation inhibitors.
- anionic surfactants partially or fully neutralized. These salts can then be present as a solution, suspension or emulsion in the granulating liquid, but can also be part of the solid bed as a solid.
- ammonium and mono-, di- or triethanolalkonium ions are suitable cations for such anionic surfactants.
- the analog representatives of mono-, di- or trimethanolamine or those of the alkanolamines of higher alcohols can also be quaternized and present as a cation.
- Cationic surfactants can also be used with advantage as active substances.
- the delivery form of the cationic surfactant can be added directly to the mixer, or it can be sprayed onto the solid carrier in the form of a liquid to pasty form of cationic surfactant.
- Such cationic surfactant preparation forms can be prepared, for example, by mixing commercially available cationic surfactants with auxiliaries such as nonionic surfactants, polyethylene glycols or polyols. Lower alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol can also be used, the amount of such lower alcohols in the liquid cationic surfactant preparation form being below 10% by weight for the reasons mentioned above.
- the agents according to the invention can contain one or more cationic, fabric softening agents of the formulas X, XI or XII as cationic active substances with fabric softening effect:
- the solid (s) additionally contain nonionic surfactant (s) as active substance.
- the nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol residue can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals.
- EO ethylene oxide
- alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred.
- the preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C 12 . 14 -alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C 9 . ⁇ alcohol with 7 EO, C 13 . 15 -alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C 12 - ⁇ 8 - alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of C 12. - ⁇ 4 - alcohol with 3 EO and C ⁇ 2 . 18 alcohol with 5 EO.
- the degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product.
- Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE).
- fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples include tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.
- nonionic surfactants which have alternating ethylene oxide and alkylene oxide units have proven to be particularly preferred nonionic surfactants.
- surfactants with EO-AO-EO-AO blocks are preferred, one to ten EO or AO groups being bonded to one another before a block follows from the other groups.
- Agents according to the invention which contain nonionic surfactant (s) of the general formula XIV are preferred here
- R 1 for a straight-chain or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated C 6 .
- 2 alkyl or alkenyl radical each group R 2 or R 3 is independently selected from -CH 3 ; -CH 2 CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 -CH 3 , CH (CH 3 ) 2 and the indices w, x, y, z independently represent integers from 1 to 6.
- the preferred nonionic surfactants of the formula XIV can be prepared by known methods from the corresponding alcohols R 1 -OH and ethylene or alkylene oxide.
- the radical R 1 in the above formula XIV can vary depending on the origin of the alcohol. If native sources are used, the radical R 1 has an even number of carbon atoms and is generally unbranched, the linear radicals being of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example coconut, palm, tallow or Oleyl alcohol are preferred.
- Alcohols accessible from synthetic sources are, for example, the Guerbet alcohols or in the mixture methyl-branched or linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals.
- compositions according to the invention are preferred in which R 1 in formula XIV for an alkyl radical having 6 to 24, preferably 8 to 20, particularly preferably 9 to 15 and in particular 9 to 11 carbon atoms.
- butylene oxide is particularly suitable as the alkylene oxide unit which is present in the preferred nonionic surfactants in alternation with the ethylene oxide unit.
- R 2 or R 3 are selected independently of one another from -CH 2 CH 2 -CH 3 or CH (CH 3 ) 2 are also suitable.
- Preferred agents are characterized in that R 2 or R 3 for a radical -CH 3 , w and x independently of one another stand for values of 3 or 4 and y and z independently of one another for values of 1 or 2.
- non-ionic surfactants which have a C 9 of L . ⁇ 5 alkyl radical having 1 to 4 ethylene oxide units, followed by 1 to 4 propylene oxide units, followed of L to 4 ethylene oxide followed to 4 propylene oxide units.
- the specified C chain lengths and degrees of ethoxylation or degrees of alkoxylation represent statistical mean values which can be an integer or a fractional number for a specific product. Due to the manufacturing process, commercial products of the formulas mentioned usually do not consist of an individual representative, but of mixtures, which can result in mean values and fractional numbers both for the C chain lengths and for the degrees of ethoxylation or alkoxylation. - 306 -
- alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) x can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R denotes a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose.
- the degree of oligomerization x which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; x is preferably 1.2 to 1.4.
- nonionic surfactants which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated, fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl ester.
- Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable.
- the amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.
- Suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula XV,
- RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms
- R 1 for hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms
- [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups.
- the polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amination of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acylation with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.
- the group of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides also includes compounds of the formula XVI,
- R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms
- R 1 represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms
- R 2 represents a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxy-alkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or phenyl radicals being preferred
- [Z] being a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical whose alkyl chain is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated derivatives thereof residue.
- [Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose.
- a reduced sugar for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose.
- the N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.
- the ratio of anionic surfactant (s) to nonionic surfactant (s) is between 10: 1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5: 1 and 1: 5 and in particular between 5: 1 and 1: 2 is.
- Containers according to the invention which contain surfactant (s), preferably anionic (s) and / or nonionic (s) surfactant (s), are preferred in amounts of 5 to 80% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 70% by weight. %, particularly preferably from 10 to 60% by weight and in particular from 12.5 to 50% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the enclosed solids.
- surfactants in cleaning agents for automatic dishwashing is preferably limited to the use of nonionic surfactants in small amounts. If the containers according to the invention are intended to enclose such agents, these agents preferably contain only certain nonionic surfactants, which are described below. Usually only weakly foaming nonionic surfactants are used as surfactants in automatic dishwashing detergents. By contrast, representatives from the groups of anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants are of lesser importance.
- the nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol residue can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals.
- EO ethylene oxide
- alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred.
- the preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, C 12 -alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C 9 . 1 alcohol with - 308 -
- nonionic surfactant which has a melting point above room temperature, preferably a nonionic surfactant with a melting point above 20 ° C.
- Nonionic surfactants to be used preferably have melting points above 25 ° C, particularly preferred nonionic surfactants have melting points between 25 and 60 ° C, in particular between 26.6 and 43.3 ° C.
- Suitable nonionic surfactants which have melting or softening points in the temperature range mentioned are, for example, low-foaming nonionic surfactants which can be solid or highly viscous at room temperature. If nonionic surfactants which are highly viscous at room temperature are used, it is preferred that they have a viscosity above 20 Pas, preferably above 35 Pas and in particular above 40 Pas. Nonionic surfactants that have a waxy consistency at room temperature are also preferred.
- Preferred nonionic surfactants to be used at room temperature originate from the groups of alkoxylated nonionic surfactants, in particular ethoxylated primary alcohols, and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally more complicated surfactants such as
- Polyoxypropylene / Polyoxyethylene / Polyoxypropylene (PO / EO / PO) surfactants are also characterized by good foam control.
- the nonionic surfactant with a melting point above room temperature is an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant which results from the reaction of a monohydroxyalkanol or alkylphenol having 6 to 20 carbon atoms with preferably at least 12 mol, particularly preferably at least 15 mol, in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkylphenol has resulted.
- a particularly preferred solid at room temperature, non-ionic surfactant is selected from a straight chain fatty alcohol having 16 to 20 carbon atoms (C16. 2, o alcohol), preferably a C 18 alcohol and at least 12 moles, preferably at least 15 mol and in particular - 309 -
- the nonionic surfactant which is solid at room temperature, preferably has additional propylene oxide units in the molecule.
- Such PO units preferably make up up to 25% by weight, particularly preferably up to 20% by weight and in particular up to 15% by weight of the total molar mass of the nonionic surfactant.
- Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated monohydroxyalkanols or alkylphenols which additionally have polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer units.
- the alcohol or alkylphenol part of such nonionic surfactant molecules preferably makes up more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably more than 50% by weight and in particular more than 70% by weight of the total molar mass of such nonionic surfactants.
- nonionic surfactants with melting points above room temperature contain 40 to 70% of a polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block polymer blend which comprises 75% by weight of an inverted block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene with 17 mol of ethylene oxide and 44 mol of propylene oxide and 25% by weight.
- Nonionic surfactants that may be used with particular preference are available, for example under the name Poly Tergent ® SLF-18 from Olin Chemicals.
- Another preferred surfactant can be represented by the formula
- R 1 represents a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having 4 to 18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof
- R 2 denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical having 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof
- x denotes values between 0.5 and 1
- y represents a value of at least 15.
- nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula
- R 1 and R 2 are linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms
- R 3 is H or one - 310 -
- x stands for values between 1 and 30, k and j for values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. If the value x ⁇ 2, each R 3 in the above formula can be different.
- R 1 and R 2 are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred.
- H, -CH 3 or -CH 2 CH 3 are particularly preferred for the radical R 3 .
- Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.
- each R 3 in the above formula can be different if x ⁇ 2.
- the value 3 for x has been chosen here by way of example and may well be larger, the range of variation increasing with increasing x values and including, for example, a large number (EO) groups combined with a small number (PO) groups, or vice versa ,
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined above and x stands for numbers from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R 1 and R 2 has 9 to 14 C atoms, R 3 represents H and x assumes values from 6 to 15.
- Preferred agents according to the invention which are used as automatic dishwashing detergents, also contain amphoteric or cationic polymers in addition to the surfactants mentioned to improve the rinse aid result.
- Agents according to the invention can contain enzymes to increase the washing or cleaning performance, it being possible in principle to use all the enzymes established in the prior art for these purposes. These include in particular proteases, amylases, lipases, hemicellulases, cellulases or oxidoreductases, and preferably their mixtures. These enzymes are in the - 311 -
- Agents according to the invention preferably contain enzymes in total amounts of 1 x 10 "6 to 5 percent by weight based on active protein.
- the protein concentration can be determined using known methods, for example the BCA method (bichinchoninic acid; 2,2'-bichinolyl-4,4 '-dicarboxylic acid) or the biuret method can be determined.
- subtilisin type those of the subtilisin type are preferred.
- subtilisins BPN 'and Carlsberg the protease PB92, the subtilisins 147 and 309, the alkaline protease from Bacillus lentus, subtilisin DY and the enzymes thermitase, proteinase K and that which can no longer be assigned to the subtilisins in the narrower sense Proteases TW3 and TW7.
- Subtilisin Carlsberg is available in a further developed form under the trade name Alcalase ® from Novozymes A / S, Bagsvasrd, Denmark.
- subtilisins 147 and 309 are sold under the trade names Esperase ®, or Savinase ® from Novozymes.
- the variants listed under the name BLAP ® are derived from the protease from Bacillus lentus DSM 5483.
- proteases are, for example, under the trade names Durazym ®, relase ®, Everlase® ®, Nafizym, Natalase ®, Kannase® ® and Ovozymes ® from Novozymes, under the trade names Purafect ®, Purafect ® OxP and Properase.RTM ® by the company Genencor, which is sold under the trade name Protosol ® by Advanced Biochemicals Ltd., Thane, India, which is sold under the trade name Wuxi ® by Wuxi Snyder Bioproducts Ltd., China, and in the trade name Proleather ® and Protease P ® by the company Amano Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, and the enzyme available under the name Proteinase K-16 from Kao Corp., Tokyo, Japan.
- amylases which can be used according to the invention are the ⁇ -amylases from Bacillus licheniformis, from ⁇ . amyloliquefaciens or from ß. stearothermophilus and its further developments for use in detergents and cleaning agents.
- the enzyme from ß. licheniformis is available from Novozymes under the name Termamyl ® and from Genencor under the name Purastar ® ST. Development products of this ⁇ -amylase are available from Novozymes under the trade names Duramyl ® and Termamyl ® ultra, from Genencor under the name Purastar® ® OxAm and from Daiwa Seiko Inc., Tokyo, Japan, as Keistase ®.
- the ⁇ -amylase from ß. Amyloliquefaciens is sold by Novozymes under the name BAN ® , and derived variants from the ⁇ -amylase from ⁇ . stearothermophilus under the names BSG ® and Novamyl ® , also from Novozymes. - 312 -
- ⁇ -amylase from Bacillus sp. A 7-7 (DSM 12368) and the cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from ß. highlight agaradherens (DSM 9948); fusion products of the molecules mentioned can also be used.
- Agents according to the invention can contain lipases or cutinases, in particular because of their triglyceride-cleaving activities, but also in order to generate peracids in situ from suitable precursors.
- lipases or cutinases include, for example, the lipases originally obtainable from Humicola lanuginosa (Thermomyces lanuginosus) or further developed, in particular those with the amino acid exchange D96L. They are sold, for example, by Novozymes under the trade names Lipolase ® , Lipolase ® Ultra, LipoPrime ® , Lipozyme ® and Lipex ® .
- the cutinases can be used, which were originally isolated from Fusarium solani pisi and Humicola insolens.
- lipases are available from Amano under the designations Lipase CE ®, Lipase P ®, Lipase B ®, or lipase CES ®, Lipase AKG ®, Bacillis sp. Lipase ® , Lipase AP ® , Lipase M-AP ® and Lipase AML ® available.
- the Genencor company can use the lipases or cutinases whose starting enzymes were originally isolated from Pseudomonas mendocina and Fusarium solanii.
- Agents according to the invention can contain cellulases, depending on the purpose, as pure enzymes, as enzyme preparations or in the form of mixtures in which the individual components advantageously complement one another with regard to their various performance aspects.
- These performance aspects include, in particular, contributions to the primary washing performance, to the secondary washing performance of the agent (anti-deposition effect or graying inhibition) and finish (tissue effect), up to the exertion of a “stone washed” effect.
- EG endoglucanase
- Carezyme ® also available from Novozymes, are based on the 50 kD-EG and the 43 kD-EG from H. insolens, respectively - 313 -
- DSM 1800 Other possible commercial products from this company are Cellusoft ® and Renozyme ® .
- Other commercial products from AB Enzymes are Econase ® and Ecopulp ® .
- Another suitable cellulase from Bacillus sp. CBS 670.93 is available from Genencor under the trade name Puradax ® .
- Other commercial products from Genencor are "Genencor detergent cellulase L" and IndiAge ® Neutra.
- Suitable mannanases are available, for example under the name Gamanase ® and Pektinex AR ® from Novozymes, under the name Rohapec ® B1 L from AB Enzymes and under the name Pyrolase® ® from Diversa Corp., San Diego, CA, USA , The from ß. subtilis .beta.-glucanase obtained is available under the name Cereflo ® from Novozymes.
- washing or cleaning agents can use oxidoreductases, for example oxidases, oxygenases, catalases, peroxidases, such as halo-, chloro-, bromo-, lignin, glucose or manganese peroxidases, dioxygenases or laccases (phenol oxidases, polyphenol oxidases) contain.
- oxidoreductases for example oxidases, oxygenases, catalases, peroxidases, such as halo-, chloro-, bromo-, lignin, glucose or manganese peroxidases, dioxygenases or laccases (phenol oxidases, polyphenol oxidases) contain.
- Suitable commercial products are Denilite ® 1 and 2 from Novozymes.
- organic, particularly preferably aromatic, compounds interacting with the enzymes are additionally added in order to increase the activity of the oxidoreductases in question (enhancers) or to ensure the flow of electrons (mediators) in the case of greatly different redox potentials between the oxidizing enzymes and the soiling.
- the enzymes used in agents according to the invention either originate from microorganisms, such as the genera Bacillus, Streptomyces, Humicola, or Pseudomonas, and / or are produced by biotechnological processes known per se by suitable microorganisms, for example by transgenic expression hosts of the genera Bacillus or filamentous fungi.
- the enzymes in question are advantageously purified by methods which are in themselves established, for example by means of precipitation, sedimentation, concentration, filtration of the liquid phases, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, exposure to chemicals, deodorization or suitable combinations of these steps. - 314 -
- Agents according to the invention can be added to the enzymes in any form established according to the prior art. These include, for example, the solid preparations obtained by granulation, extrusion or lyophilization or, particularly in the case of liquid or gel-like agents, solutions of the enzymes, advantageously as concentrated as possible, low in water and / or with stabilizers.
- the enzymes can be encapsulated both for the solid and for the liquid administration form, for example by spray drying or extrusion of the enzyme solution together with a, preferably natural, polymer or in the form of capsules, for example those in which the enzyme is enclosed in a solidified gel are or in those of the core-shell type, in which an enzyme-containing core is coated with a protective layer impermeable to water, air and / or chemicals.
- Additional active ingredients for example stabilizers, emulsifiers, pigments, bleaching agents or dyes, can additionally be applied in superimposed layers.
- Capsules of this type are applied by methods known per se, for example by shaking or roll granulation or in fluid-bed processes. Such granules are advantageously low in dust, for example by applying polymeric film formers, and are stable on storage due to the coating.
- a protein and / or enzyme contained in an agent according to the invention can be protected, particularly during storage, against damage such as inactivation, denaturation or disintegration, for example by physical influences, oxidation or proteolytic cleavage.
- damage such as inactivation, denaturation or disintegration, for example by physical influences, oxidation or proteolytic cleavage.
- the proteins and / or enzymes are obtained microbially, inhibition of proteolysis is particularly preferred, in particular if the agents also contain proteases.
- Agents according to the invention can contain stabilizers for this purpose; the provision of such agents is a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- a group of stabilizers are reversible protease inhibitors.
- Benzamidine hydrochloride, borax, boric acids, boronic acids or their salts or esters are frequently used, including above all derivatives with aromatic groups, for example ortho, meta- or para-substituted phenylboronic acids, or their salts or esters.
- Peptide aldehydes, ie oligopeptides with a reduced C-terminus are also suitable. Ovomucoid and leupeptin may be mentioned as peptide protease inhibitors; an additional option is the formation of fusion proteins from proteases and peptide inhibitors. - 315 -
- Further enzyme stabilizers are amino alcohols such as mono-, di-, triethanol- and -propanolamine and their mixtures, aliphatic carboxylic acids up to C 12 , such as succinic acid, other dicarboxylic acids or salts of the acids mentioned. End group-capped fatty acid amide alkoxylates can also be used as stabilizers.
- Di-glycerol phosphate also protects against denaturation by physical influences.
- Calcium salts are also used, such as calcium acetate or calcium formate, and magnesium salts.
- Polyamide oligomers or polymeric compounds such as lignin, water-soluble vinyl copolymers or, such as cellulose ethers, acrylic polymers and / or polyamides, stabilize the enzyme preparation, inter alia, against physical influences or pH fluctuations.
- Polymers containing polyamine-N-oxide act simultaneously as enzyme stabilizers and as color transfer inhibitors.
- Other polymeric stabilizers are the linear C 8 -C 18 polyoxyalkylenes.
- Alkyl polyglycosides can also stabilize the enzymatic components of the agent according to the invention and even increase their performance.
- Crosslinked N-containing compounds fulfill a double function as soil release agents and as enzyme stabilizers.
- Reducing agents and antioxidants such as sodium sulfite or reducing sugars increase the stability of the enzymes against oxidative breakdown.
- Combinations of stabilizers are preferably used, for example made of polyols, boric acid and / or borax, the combination of boric acid or borate, reducing salts and succinic acid or other dicarboxylic acids or the combination of boric acid or borate with polyols or polyamino compounds and with reducing salts.
- the action of peptide-aldehyde stabilizers can be increased by the combination with boric acid and / or boric acid derivatives and polyols and can be further enhanced by the additional use of divalent cations, such as calcium ions.
- liquid enzyme formulations is particularly preferred in the context of the present invention.
- Agents according to the invention are preferred here which additionally contain enzymes and / or enzyme preparations, preferably solid and / or liquid protease preparations and / or amylase preparations, in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight, preferably of 1.5 to 4.5 and in particular from 2 to 4% by weight, based in each case on the total composition.
- enzymes and / or enzyme preparations preferably solid and / or liquid protease preparations and / or amylase preparations, in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight, preferably of 1.5 to 4.5 and in particular from 2 to 4% by weight, based in each case on the total composition.
- enzymes and / or enzyme preparations preferably solid and / or liquid protease preparations and / or amylase preparations
- these compresses can contain disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants.
- tablet disintegrants and disintegration accelerators are understood as auxiliary substances which are necessary for the rapid disintegration of Tablets in water or gastric juice and ensure the release of the pharmaceuticals in an absorbable form.
- preferred disintegration aids are cellulose-based disintegration aids, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form.
- Pure cellulose has the formal gross composition (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n and, formally speaking, is a ß-1, 4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approximately 500 to 5000 glucose units and consequently have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000.
- Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherifications in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted.
- celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bound via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives.
- the group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses.
- the cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as a cellulose-based disintegrant, but are used in a mixture with cellulose.
- the content of cellulose derivatives in these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly - 317 -
- microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a further cellulose-based disintegrant or as a component of this component. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions which only attack and completely dissolve the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged.
- microcrystalline celluloses which have primary particle sizes of approximately 5 ⁇ m and can be compacted, for example, into granules with an average particle size of 200 ⁇ m.
- the agents according to the invention can contain a gas-releasing system composed of organic acids and carbonates / hydrogen carbonates.
- the solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids can be used as organic acids which release carbon dioxide from the carbonates / bicarbonates in aqueous solution. From this group, preference is again given to citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and polyacrylic acid.
- Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid can also be used.
- Sokalan ® DCS (trademark of BASF), a mixture of succinic acid (max. 31% by weight), glutaric acid (max. 50% by weight) and adipic acid (commercially available and also preferably used as an acidifying agent in the context of the present invention) max. 33% by weight).
- a detergent and cleaning agent compact preferred in the context of the present invention additionally contains a shower system.
- the gas-developing shower system consists of carbonates and / or bicarbonates in addition to the organic acids mentioned.
- the alkali metal salts are clearly preferred among representatives of this class of substances.
- the sodium and potassium salts are clearly preferred over the other salts for reasons of cost.
- hydrogen carbonates are used; rather, mixtures of different carbonates and hydrogen carbonates may be preferred.
- a wide number of different salts can be used as electrolytes from the group of inorganic salts.
- Preferred cations are the alkali and alkaline earth metals, preferred anions are the halides and sulfates. From a production point of view, the use of NaCl or MgCl 2 in the granules according to the invention is preferred.
- pH adjusting agents In order to bring the pH of solutions of the water-soluble containers according to the invention into the desired range, the use of pH adjusting agents can be indicated. All known acids or bases can be used here, provided that their use is not prohibited for application-related or ecological reasons or for reasons of consumer protection. The amount of these adjusting agents usually does not exceed 1% by weight of the total formulation.
- fragrance compounds e.g. the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type are used.
- Fragrance compounds of the ester type are e.g. Benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate,
- the ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether, the aldehydes e.g. the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, to the ketones e.g.
- the hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes such as limonene and pinene.
- perfume oils can also contain natural fragrance mixtures as are available from plant sources, e.g. Pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouly, rose or ylang-ylang oil.
- muscatel sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.
- fragrance In order to be perceptible, a fragrance must be volatile, in addition to the nature of the functional groups and the structure of the chemical compound, the molar mass also plays an important role plays. Most have that - 319 -
- fragrances When composing perfumes, more volatile fragrances can be bound to certain fixatives, for example, which prevents them from evaporating too quickly. In the subsequent classification of the fragrances into "more volatile” or “adherent” fragrances, nothing is said about the odor impression and whether the corresponding fragrance is perceived as a top or heart note.
- the smell of the water-soluble containers according to the invention or the solids contained in them (product fragrance) and, after the cleaning and care process has ended, the laundry fragrance can also be influenced by a suitable selection of the fragrances or perfume oils mentioned. Due to their design, in particular due to the openings in the outer wall, water-soluble containers according to the invention are particularly suitable in comparison to completely closed containers to ensure an unmistakable product fragrance even when using smaller amounts of fragrance, whereby in particular also more volatile fragrances can be used, while To achieve a sufficient scent of laundry, the use of stronger odoriferous substances is advantageous.
- Adhesive odoriferous substances which can be used in the context of the present invention are, for example, the essential oils such as angelica root oil, anise oil, arnica flower oil, basil oil, bay oil, bergamot oil, champagne flower oil, noble fir oil, noble pine cone oil, elemi oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, geranium oil, spruce oil, spruce oil, spruce oil, oil spruce oil, spruce oil, oil spruce oil, spruce oil, spruce oil, spruce oil, spruce oil guaiac wood oil, gurjun balsam oil, Helichrysumöl, Ho oil, ginger oil, iris oil, cajeput oil, calamus oil, camomile oil, camphor oil, Kanagaöl, cardamom oil, cassia oil, pine needle oil, Kopa ⁇ vabalsamöl, coriander oil, spearmint oil, car
- the higher-boiling or solid odorants of natural or synthetic origin can also be used in the context of the present invention as adherent odorants or odorant mixtures, that is to say fragrances.
- adherent odorants or odorant mixtures that is to say fragrances.
- fragrances include the compounds mentioned below and mixtures of - 320 -
- ambrettolide ⁇ -amyl cinnamaldehyde, anethole, anisaldehyde, anis alcohol, anisole, anthranilic acid methyl ester, acetophenone, benzylacetone, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid ethyl ester, benzophenone, benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl formate, benzyl valenyl bromyl styrene, n-dodecyl aldehyde, eugenol, eugenol, eucalyptol, farnesol, fenchone, fenchyl acetate, geranyl acetate, geranyl formate, heliotropin, Heptincarbonklarmethylester, heptaldehyde, hydroquinone dimethyl ether, Hydroxyzimtaldehyd
- Salicylic acid methyl ester salicylic acid hexyl ester, salicylic acid cyclohexyl ester, santalol, skatol, terpineol, thymen, thymol, ⁇ -undelactone, vaniline, veratrum aldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, cimate alcohol, cinnamic acid, cinnamic acid ethyl ester, cinnamic acid ethyl ester, cinnamic acid ester.
- the more volatile fragrances include, in particular, the lower-boiling fragrances of natural or synthetic origin, which can be used alone or in mixtures.
- Examples of more volatile fragrances are alkyisothiocyanates (alkyl mustards), butanedione, limonene, linalool, linaylacetate and propionate, menthol, menthone, methyl-n-heptenone, phellandrene, phenylacetaldehyde, terpinylacetate, citral, citronellal.
- the agents according to the invention can be colored with suitable dyes.
- Preferred dyes the selection of which is not difficult for the person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and are insensitive to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light. If the containers according to the invention contain detergents and cleaning agents for textile cleaning, the dyes used should furthermore have no pronounced substantivity towards textile fibers in order not to stain them.
- Hydrotropes or solubilizers are substances that, through their presence, make other compounds that are practically insoluble in a certain solvent soluble or emulsifiable in this solvent (solubilization). There are solubilizers that form a molecular compound with the poorly soluble substance and those that work through micell formation. It can also be said that solubilizers only give a so-called latent solvent its solvency. When water is used as a (latent) solvent, one speaks mostly of hydrotropes instead of solubilizers, in some cases better of emulsifiers. - 321 -
- Foam inhibitors which can be used in the agents according to the invention include soaps, oils, fats, paraffins or silicone oils, which can optionally be applied to carrier materials.
- Suitable carrier materials are, for example, inorganic salts such as carbonates or sulfates, cellulose derivatives or silicates and mixtures of the aforementioned materials.
- Agents preferred in the context of the present application contain paraffins, preferably unbranched paraffins (n-paraffins) and / or silicones, preferably linear-polymeric silicones, which are structured according to the scheme (R 2 SiO) x and are also referred to as silicone oils. These silicone oils are usually clear, colorless, neutral, odorless, hydrophobic liquids with a molecular weight between 1000-150,000, and viscosities between 10 u. 1,000,000 mPa • s.
- Suitable anti-redeposition agents which are also referred to as soil repellents, are, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methylhydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxy groups of 15 to 30% by weight and of hydroxypropyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the nonionic cellulose ether and the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or
- Optical brighteners can be added to the agents according to the invention in order to eliminate graying and yellowing of the treated textiles. These substances attach to the fibers and bring about a brightening and simulated bleaching effect by converting invisible ultraviolet radiation into visible longer-wave light, wherein the absorbed from sunlight ultraviolet light is radiated as pale bluish fluorescence and produces the yellow shade of the grayed or yellowed laundry pure white.
- Suitable compounds originate, for example stilbenedisulfonic from the substance classes of the 4,4 'diamino-2,2' ( Flavonic acids), 4,4'-distyryl-biphenyls, methylumbelliferones, coumarins, dihydroquinolinones, 1, 3-diarylpyrazolines, naphthalic acid imides, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole and benzimidazole systems and the pyrene derivatives substituted by heterocycles.
- 4,4 'diamino-2,2' Flavonic acids
- 4,4'-distyryl-biphenyls 4,4'-distyryl-biphenyls, methylumbelliferones, coumarins, dihydroquinolinones, 1, 3-diarylpyrazolines, naphthalic acid imides, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole and benzimidazole systems and the pyrene derivatives
- Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed.
- Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch.
- Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose.
- soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can be used, e.g. degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc.
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used.
- graying inhibitors are cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (Na salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof.
- the agents according to the invention can contain synthetic anti-crease agents. These include, for example, synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters. Fatty acid amides, alkylol esters, alkylolamides or fatty alcohols, which are mostly reacted with ethylene oxide, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acid esters.
- a substance that is particularly suitable for textile finishing and care is cottonseed oil, which can be produced, for example, by pressing out the brown, cleaned cottonseed and refining it with about 10% sodium hydroxide or by extraction with hexane at 60-70 ° C.
- cotton oils contain 40 to 55% by weight of linoleic acid, 16 to 26% by weight of oleic acid and 20 to 26% by weight of palmitic acid.
- Further agents which are particularly preferred for fiber smoothing and fiber care are the glycerides, in particular the monoglycerides of fatty acids such as, for example, glycerol monooleate or glycerol monostearate.
- the agents according to the invention can contain antimicrobial agents.
- antimicrobial agents Depending on the antimicrobial spectrum and mechanism of action, a distinction is made between bacteriostatics and bactericides, fungistatics and fungicides, etc.
- Important substances from these groups are, for example, benzalkonium chlorides, alkylarlylsulfonates, halogenophenols and phenol mercuriacetate, and these compounds can also be dispensed with entirely in the agents according to the invention.
- the agents according to the invention can contain antioxidants.
- This class of compounds includes, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines as well as organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.
- Antistatic agents increase the surface conductivity and thus enable the flow of charges that have formed to improve.
- External antistatic agents are generally substances with at least one hydrophilic molecular ligand and give a more or less hygroscopic film on the surfaces. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be divided into nitrogen-containing (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), phosphorus-containing (phosphoric acid esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents. Lauryl (or stearyl) dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides are also suitable as antistatic agents for textiles or as an additive to detergents, with an additional finishing effect.
- Phobing and impregnation processes are used to provide textiles with substances that prevent dirt from accumulating or make it easier to wash out.
- Preferred waterproofing and impregnating agents are perfluorinated fatty acids, also in the form of their aluminum and. Zirconium salts, organic silicates, silicones, polyacrylic acid esters with perfluorinated alcohol component or polymerizable compounds coupled with perfluorinated acyl or sulfonyl radical.
- Antistatic agents can also be included.
- the dirt-repellent finish with phobing and impregnating agents is often classified as an easy-care finish.
- the penetration of the impregnating agent in the form of solutions or emulsions of the active substances in question can be facilitated by adding wetting agents which reduce the surface tension.
- Another area of application of waterproofing and impregnating agents is the water-repellent finishing of textiles, tents, tarpaulins, leather, etc., which, in contrast to waterproofing, does not close the fabric pores, which means that the fabric remains breathable (hydrophobic).
- the hydrophobizing agents used for hydrophobizing coat textiles, leather, paper, wood etc. with a very thin layer of hydrophobic groups, such as longer alkyl chains or siloxane groups.
- Suitable water repellents are e.g. B. paraffins, waxes, metal soaps, etc.
- the non-aqueous solvents which can be used in the agents according to the invention include, in particular, the organic solvents, of which only the most important can be listed here: alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanols, butanols, octanols, cyclohexanol), glycols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol) ), Ether and the like Glycol ethers (diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, anisole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, mono-, di-, tri-, polyethylene glycol ether), ketones (acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone), esters (acetic acid esters, glycol esters), amides and other nitrogen compounds (dimethylformamide, pyridine, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile), sulfur compounds - 324 -
- alcohols methanol, ethanol, propanols, butanols, oc
- Such a solvent mixture which is particularly preferred in the context of the present application, is, for example, benzine, a mixture of various hydrocarbons suitable for chemical cleaning, preferably with a content of C12 to C14 hydrocarbons above 60% by weight, particularly preferably above 80% by weight and in particular above 90% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the mixture, preferably with a boiling range from 81 to 110 ° C.
- the agents according to the invention can contain fabric softeners to care for the textiles and to improve the textile properties such as a softer "handle” (softening) and reduced electrostatic charging (increased wearing comfort).
- the active ingredients in fabric softener formulations are "esterquats", quaternary ammonium compounds with two hydrophobic residues, such as For example, the disteraryldimethylammonium chloride, which, however, because of its insufficient biodegradability, is increasingly being replaced by quaternary ammonium compounds which contain ester groups as predetermined breaking points for biodegradation in their hydrophobic residues and / or triethanolamine esterified with fatty acids and the reaction products are then quaternized in a manner known per se with alkylating agents, and Dime is also suitable as a finish thylolethylenhamstoff.
- silicone derivatives can be used in the agents according to the invention. These additionally improve the rinsing behavior of the agents according to the invention due to their foam-inhibiting properties.
- Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, polydialkyl or alkylarylsiloxanes in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms and are wholly or partially fluorinated.
- Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes, which can optionally be derivatized and are then amino-functional or quaternized or have Si-OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds.
- silicones are the polyalkylene oxide-modified polysiloxanes, ie polysiloxanes which have, for example, polyethylene glycols and the polyalkylene oxide-modified dimethyl polysiloxanes. - 325 -
- protein hydrolyzates are further active substances preferred in the field of detergents and cleaning agents in the context of the present invention.
- Protein hydrolyzates are product mixtures that are obtained by acidic, basic or enzymatically catalyzed breakdown of proteins (proteins).
- protein hydrolyzates of both vegetable and animal origin can be used.
- Animal protein hydrolyzates are, for example, elastin, collagen, keratin, silk and milk protein protein hydrolyzates, which can also be in the form of salts.
- the use of protein hydrolysates of plant origin e.g. B. soy, almond, rice, pea, potato and wheat protein hydrolyzates.
- amino acid mixtures or individual amino acids such as arginine, lysine, histidine or pyrroglutamic acid, which have otherwise been obtained, can optionally be used in their place. It is also possible to use derivatives of the protein hydrolyzates, for example in the form of their fatty acid condensation products.
- the agents according to the invention can also contain UV absorbers, which absorb onto the treated textiles and improve the light resistance of the fibers.
- Compounds which have these desired properties are, for example, the compounds and derivatives of benzophenone which are active by radiationless deactivation and have substituents in the 2- and / or 4-position.
- Substituted benzotriazoles, phenyl-substituted acrylates (cinnamic acid derivatives), optionally with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and natural substances such as umbelliferone and the body's own urocanoic acid are also suitable.
- Detergents for automatic dishwashing can contain corrosion inhibitors to protect the items to be washed or the machine, silver protection agents and glass corrosion inhibitors in particular being particularly important in the field of automatic dishwashing.
- the known substances of the prior art can be used.
- silver protection agents selected from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes can be used in particular.
- Benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole are particularly preferably to be used.
- detergent formulations often contain agents containing active chlorine, which can significantly reduce the corroding of the silver surface.
- oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic redox-active compounds such as di- and trihydric phenols, e.g. B. hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, phloroglucinol, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds.
- Salt-like and complex-like inorganic compounds such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce, are also frequently used. Preferred are the - 326 -
- Transition metal salts which are selected from the group of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably the cobalt (ammine) complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes, the chlorides of the Cobalt or manganese and the manganese sulfate and the manganese complexes
- At least one silver protective agent from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles, preferably benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole, in amounts of 0.001 to 1% by weight, preferably from 0.01 to 0.5% by weight and in particular from 0.05 to 0.25% by weight, in each case based on the total weight of the solids enclosed in the water-soluble containers according to the invention.
- agents according to the invention can also contain one or more substances for reducing glass corrosion.
- additives of zinc and / or inorganic and / or organic zinc salts and / or silicates for example the layered crystalline sodium disilicate SKS 6 from Clariant GmbH, and / or water-soluble glasses, for example glasses, which have a loss in mass of at least 0 , 5 mg under the conditions specified in DIN ISO 719, preferred to reduce glass corrosion.
- Particularly preferred agents contain at least one zinc salt of an organic acid, preferably selected from the group zinc oleate, zinc stearate, zinc gluconate, zinc acetate, zinc lactate and zinc citrate. - 327 -
- Table 1 shows that, according to the invention, the volume can be increased significantly without sacrificing accuracy of fit.
- the table shows that the shaped bodies according to the invention either fit in significantly more metering chambers with the same volume (E4) or fit in the same number of metering chambers with significantly higher volumes (E6) as the comparative example. With a slightly increased volume, a higher fit can also be achieved ( E5).
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Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE10258870A DE10258870B4 (de) | 2002-12-17 | 2002-12-17 | Grossvolumige Reinigungsmittelformkörper |
DE10258870 | 2002-12-17 | ||
PCT/EP2003/013850 WO2004055152A1 (de) | 2002-12-17 | 2003-12-06 | Grossvolumige wasch- oder reinigungsmittelformkörper |
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EP1572858A1 true EP1572858A1 (de) | 2005-09-14 |
EP1572858B1 EP1572858B1 (de) | 2006-06-21 |
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US (1) | US20050239680A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1572858B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE331023T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003303063A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10258870B4 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2268492T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004055152A1 (de) |
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DE102005041347A1 (de) | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-01 | Basf Ag | Reinigungsformulierungen für die maschinelle Geschirrreinigung enthaltend hydrophil modifizierte Polycarboxylate |
DE102005041349A1 (de) * | 2005-08-31 | 2007-03-01 | Basf Ag | Reinigungsformulierungen für die maschinelle Geschirrreinigung enthaltend hydrophil modifizierte Polycarboxylate |
GB0522658D0 (en) * | 2005-11-07 | 2005-12-14 | Reckitt Benckiser Nv | Composition |
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JP5503545B2 (ja) * | 2007-11-09 | 2014-05-28 | ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー | モノカルボン酸単量体、ジカルボン酸単量体、およびスルホン酸基含有単量体を含む洗浄用組成物 |
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GB0015350D0 (en) * | 2000-06-23 | 2000-08-16 | Reckitt Benckiser Nv | Improvements in or relating to compositions |
DE10050622A1 (de) * | 2000-07-07 | 2002-05-02 | Henkel Kgaa | Klarspülmittel II a |
DE10033827A1 (de) * | 2000-07-14 | 2002-01-31 | Henkel Kgaa | Kompartiment-Hohlkörper |
DE10046469B4 (de) * | 2000-09-20 | 2004-07-15 | Symrise Gmbh & Co. Kg | Mehrphasenseifen |
US6673756B2 (en) * | 2000-09-20 | 2004-01-06 | Symrise Gmbh & Co. Kg | Multiphase soaps |
DE10109799A1 (de) * | 2001-03-01 | 2002-09-05 | Henkel Kgaa | 3in1-Geschirrspülmittel und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben |
-
2002
- 2002-12-17 DE DE10258870A patent/DE10258870B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-12-06 EP EP03813110A patent/EP1572858B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-06 AU AU2003303063A patent/AU2003303063A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-06 DE DE50304000T patent/DE50304000D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-06 AT AT03813110T patent/ATE331023T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-12-06 WO PCT/EP2003/013850 patent/WO2004055152A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-12-06 ES ES03813110T patent/ES2268492T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-06-17 US US11/155,905 patent/US20050239680A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2004055152A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE331023T1 (de) | 2006-07-15 |
AU2003303063A1 (en) | 2004-07-09 |
EP1572858B1 (de) | 2006-06-21 |
ES2268492T3 (es) | 2007-03-16 |
WO2004055152A1 (de) | 2004-07-01 |
DE10258870B4 (de) | 2005-04-07 |
DE10258870A1 (de) | 2004-07-08 |
US20050239680A1 (en) | 2005-10-27 |
DE50304000D1 (de) | 2006-08-03 |
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