Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
  • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
  • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
  • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
  • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
  • H04B7/0848—Joint weighting
  • H04B7/0854—Joint weighting using error minimizing algorithms, e.g. minimum mean squared error [MMSE], "cross-correlation" or matrix inversion
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
  • H04L1/0015—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy
  • H04L1/0017—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy where the mode-switching is based on Quality of Service requirement
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
  • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
  • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
  • H04L25/024—Channel estimation channel estimation algorithms
  • H04L25/0242—Channel estimation channel estimation algorithms using matrix methods
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
  • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
  • H04L25/03—Shaping networks in transmitter or receiver, e.g. adaptive shaping networks
  • H04L25/03006—Arrangements for removing intersymbol interference
  • H04L25/03343—Arrangements at the transmitter end
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/0012—Modulated-carrier systems arrangements for identifying the type of modulation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
  • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
  • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
  • H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
  • H04B7/0669—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different channel coding between antennas
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
  • H04B7/0697—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using spatial multiplexing
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
  • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
  • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
  • H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
  • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
  • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
  • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
  • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
  • H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
  • H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
  • H04L25/0226—Channel estimation using sounding signals sounding signals per se
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
  • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
  • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W28/00—Network traffic management; Network resource management
  • H04W28/16—Central resource management; Negotiation of resources or communication parameters, e.g. negotiating bandwidth or QoS [Quality of Service]
  • H04W28/18—Negotiating wireless communication parameters
  • H04W28/20—Negotiating bandwidth
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
  • H04W52/04—TPC
  • H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
  • H04W52/50—TPC being performed in particular situations at the moment of starting communication in a multiple access environment

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to data communication, and more specifically to techniques for detecting and demodulating data transmissions in wireless communication systems.
• data to be transmitted is typically processed (e.g., coded and modulated) and then upconverted onto a radio frequency (RF) carrier signal to generate an RF modulated signal that is more suitable for transmission over a wireless channel.
• RF modulated signal is then transmitted from a transmitter and may reach a receiver via a number of propagation paths in the wireless channel.
• the characteristics of the propagation paths typically vary over time due to a number of factors such as, for example, fading, multipath, and external interference. Consequently, the RF modulated signal may experience different channel conditions (e.g., different fading and multipath effects) and may be associated with different complex gains across the operating bandwidth of the system.
• a pilot i.e., a reference signal
• the pilot is typically generated based on known symbols and processed in a known manner.
• the pilot may be used by the receiver for channel estimation, timing and frequency acquisition, coherent demodulation, and so on
• the detection for data transmissions is normally achieved by processing the pilot for each data transmission hypothesized to have been received. If the energy of the pilot is greater than a particular threshold, then the hypothesized data transmission is further processed (e.g., demodulated and decoded).
• An error detection code such as a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is then typically relied upon to determine whether the data transmission was decoded correctly or in error.
• CRC cyclic redundancy check
• detection based on the pilot alone is not sufficient. This may be the case, for example, when operating at a low received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, an error detection code may not be available for use to verify the correctness of the received data transmission. l
• a decision-directed detector is provided to detect for data transmissions in a received signal. This detector utilizes received data symbols as well as received pilot symbols to perform the detection and is thus able to provide improved detection performance.
• the decision-directed detector may be designed to operate in the frequency domain or the time domain.
• the detector may be designed to perform differential detection in the frequency domain or coherent detection in the time domain, both of which are described in detail below.
• an adaptive threshold is used to perform detection of received data transmissions.
• a threshold may be determined for each data transmission hypothesized to have been received.
• the threshold may be computed, for example, based on the total received signal energy (i.e., signal plus noise plus interference) of the hypothesized data transmission.
• the use of an adaptive threshold can provide robust detection performance in many operating environments, such as in an unlicensed frequency band where various sources of interference may be present.
• FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system
• FIGS. 2A and 2B show exemplary protocol data units (PDUs) for Channels 1 and 2, respectively;
• FIG. 3A shows a block diagram of a transmitter unit;
• FIG. 3B illustrates an OFDM symbol
• FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a receiver unit
• FIG. 5 shows a correlation detector
• FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the correlation detector
• FIG. 7 shows a detector/data demodulator that includes a data demodulator and a decision-directed detector;
• FIG. 8A shows an embodiment of the data demodulator;
• FIG. 8B shows a decision-directed detector that performs differential detection in the frequency domain
• FIG. 8C shows a decision-directed detector that performs coherent detection in the time domain
• FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an access point and a user terminal
• FIGS. 10A and 10B show exemplary transmissions on Channels 1 and 2, respectively; and [0026] FIGS. 11A and 11B show the receiver processing for Channels 1 and 2, respectively.
• FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication system 100 that includes a number of access points (APs) 110 that communicate with a number of user terminals (UTs) 120.
• An access point may also be referred to as a base station or some other terminology.
• Each user terminal may be a fixed or mobile terminal and may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, a remote station, a user equipment (UE), a wireless device, or some other terminology.
• Each user terminal may communicate with one or possibly multiple access points on the downlink and/or the uplink at any given moment.
• the downlink i.e., forward link
• the uplink i.e., reverse link
• the techniques described herein for detecting and demodulating data transmission may be used for various wireless communication systems. For example, these techniques may be used for systems that employ (1) one or multiple antennas for data transmission and one or multiple antennas for data reception, (2) various modulation techniques (e.g., CDJMA, OFDM, and so on), and (3) one or multiple frequency bands for the downlink and uplink.
• modulation techniques e.g., CDJMA, OFDM, and so on
• a receiver is equipped with multiple (T) antennas for data reception, and a transmitter may be equipped with one or multiple antennas.
• the system further employs orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which effectively partitions the overall system bandwidth into multiple (N) orthogonal subbands.
• OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
• the data or pilot to be transmitted on each subband is first modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) using a particular modulation scheme. Signal values of zero are provided for subbands not used for data/pilot transmission.
• the modulation symbols and zero signal values for all N subbands are transformed to the time domain using an inverse fast Fourier transform (JEFFT) to obtain a transformed symbol that comprises N time-domain samples.
• JEFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
• a portion of each transformed symbol is often repeated to form a corresponding OFDM symbol, which is then transmitted over the wireless channel.
• An OFDM symbol period (or simply, a symbol period) corresponds to the duration of one OFDM symbol, which is the smallest unit of transmission for the system.
• the system bandwidth is 20 MHz
• N 64
• me su bbands are assigned indices of -32 to +31
• the duration of each transformed symbol is 3.2 ⁇ sec
• the cyclic prefix is 800 nsec
• the duration of each OFDM symbol is 4.0 ⁇ sec.
• the first transmission scheme is used for Transport Channel 1 (or simply, Channel 1 or CHI) and has the following characteristics: (1) transmissions on Channel 1 are not time-compensated at the transmitter and arrive at unknown times at the receiver, and (2) each transmission on Channel 1 includes multiple OFDM symbols for data and pilot.
• the second transmission scheme is used for Transport Channel 2 (or simply, Channel 2 or CH2) and has the following characteristics: (1) transmissions on Channel 2 are time-compensated at the transmitter and arrive time-aligned to slot boundaries at the receiver, and (2) each transmission on Channel 2 includes a single OFDM symbol for both data and pilot.
• Slow and fast random access channels with similar characteristics as those of Channels 1 and 2 are described in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/432,440.
• FIG. 2 A shows an exemplary protocol data unit (PDU) 210 that may be used for
• CHI PDU 210 comprises a reference portion 220 that is time division multiplexed (TDM) with a CHI message portion 230.
• Reference portion 220 includes P pilot OFDM symbols 222, where P can be any integer one or greater.
• the pilot OFDM symbols are used to facilitate acquisition and detection of a CHI transmission as well as to aid in coherent demodulation of the CHI message portion.
• CHI message portion 230 includes D data OFDM symbols 232, where D can be any integer one or greater.
• the pilot and data OFDM symbols may be generated as described below.
• FIG. 2B shows an exemplary PDU 250 that may be used for Channel 2 (CH2
• CH2 PDU 250 comprises a reference portion 260 that is subband multiplexed with a CH2 message portion 270.
• Reference portion 260 comprises a set of pilot symbols that is transmitted on one set of subbands (shown as shaded subbands in FIG. 2B).
• CH2 message portion 270 comprises a group of data symbols that is transmitted on another set of subbands. The data symbols are generated by coding, interleaving, and symbol mapping a CH2 message 280.
• the frequency-domain multiplexed pilot and data symbols are processed to generate time-domain CH2 PDU 250, as described below.
• pilot subbands and data subbands are interlaced such that each data subband is flanked on both sides by pilot subbands.
• the pilot symbols transmitted on the pilot subbands may be used to estimate the channel responses for the data subbands and for coherent demodulation.
• Other subband multiplexing schemes may also be implemented, and this is within the scope of the invention.
• each group of Q data subbands may be flanked on both sides by pilot subbands, where Q may be any positive integer.
• FIG. 3A shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a transmitter unit 300 that can perform transmit data processing for Channels 1 and 2 described above.
• Transmitter unit 300 which may be implemented within an access point or a user terminal, includes a transmit (TX) data processor 310, an optional TX spatial processor 330, and one OFDM modulator 340 for each transmit antenna.
• a CRC generator 312 receives data for a CHI or
• a multiplexer (JMJUX) 320 receives and multiplexes the data symbols with pilot symbols in the manner defined for the CHI or CH2 message being processed.
• a CHI PDU comprises P pilot OFDM symbols followed by D data OFDM symbols.
• multiplexer 320 provides a set of pilot symbols ⁇ Aw) f or eacn G f the P pilot OFDM symbols, then the data symbols for each of the D data OFDM symbols.
• a CH2 PDU comprises L+1 pilot symbols interlaced with L data symbols.
• multiplexer 320 provides a set of L+1 pilot symbols ⁇ 2 Wi multiplexed with a group of L data symbols. In any case, multiplexer 320 provides a stream of multiplexed data and pilot symbols.
• Table 1 shows a specific embodiment of two sets of pilot symbols, i ⁇ W* and xPiW ) ⁇ f or cjji an d QH2 reference portions. In this embodiment, only 52 of the 64 total subbands are used for data and pilot transmission, and the other 12 subbands (with zero entries in Table 1) are not used.
• the pilot symbols are QPSK modulation symbols. The 52 pilot symbols for the CHI reference portion are selected such that a waveform generated based on these pilot symbols has minimum peak-to- average variation. This characteristic allows the pilot OFDM symbol to be transmitted at a higher power level, which can provide improved performance.
• an optional TX spatial processor 330 may be used to perform spatial processing on the multiplexed data and pilot symbols.
• TX spatial processor 330 may perform spatial processing for (1) beam- steering or beam-forming to transmit the symbols on a single spatial channel of a JMJLMO channel, (2) transmit diversity to transmit the symbols on multiple antennas and subbands to achieve diversity, or (3) spatial multiplexing to transmit the symbols on multiple spatial channels. Spatial processing for all of these transmission modes is described in detail in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Application Serial No. 60/421,309.
• TX spatial processor 330 provides one stream of transmit symbols for each antenna.
• the transmit symbols are simply the multiplexed data and pilot symbols if spatial processing is not performed.
• Each transmit symbol stream is provided to a respective OFDM modulator 340.
• an inverse fast Fourier transform (JJFFT) unit 342 converts each sequence of N transmit symbols into a time-domain transformed symbol comprised of N time-domain samples, where N is the total number of subbands.
• a cyclic prefix generator 344 repeats a portion of the transformed symbol to form a corresponding OFDM symbol comprised of M samples.
• Cyclic prefix generator 344 provides a stream of OFDM symbols to a transmitter (TJMTR) 346, which converts the OFDM symbol stream into one or more analog signals and further amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts the analog signal(s) to generate an RF modulated signal that is then transmitted from an associated antenna 350.
• TJMTR transmitter
• Cyclic prefix generator 344 provides a stream of OFDM symbols to a transmitter (TJMTR) 346, which converts the OFDM symbol stream into one or more analog signals and further amplifies, filters, and frequency upconverts the analog signal(s) to generate an RF modulated signal that is then transmitted from an associated antenna 350.
• FIG. 3B illustrates an OFDM symbol, which is composed of two parts: a cyclic prefix and a transformed symbol.
• the cyclic prefix is a copy of the last 16 samples (i.e., a cyclic continuation) of the transformed symbol and is inserted in front of the transformed symbol.
• the cyclic prefix ensures that the OFDM symbol retains its orthogonal property in the presence of multipath delay spread.
• FIG. 10A shows an exemplary transmission on Channel 1.
• Channel 1 is divided into CHI slots, with each CHI slot having a particular duration (e.g., P + D OFDM symbol periods).
• one CHI PDU may be transmitted on each CHI slot.
• User terminals A and B have locked their timing and frequency to that of the system. This may be achieved by receiving a transmission (e.g., a beacon pilot) that carries or is embedded with timing information. The user terminals then set their timing based on the received timing information. However, the timing of each user terminal may be skewed (or delayed) with respect to the system timing, where the amount of skew typically corresponds to the propagation delay for the transmission containing the timing information. If the user terminals and system both derive their timing from a common time source (e.g., GPS), then there may be no timing skews between these entities.
• a transmission e.g., a beacon pilot
• the user terminals then set their timing based on the received timing information. However, the timing of each user terminal may be skewed (or delayed) with respect to the system timing, where the amount of skew typically corresponds to the propagation delay for the transmission containing the timing information. If the user terminals and system both derive their timing from a common time source (
• user terminals A and B select two different CHI slots (e.g., slots 3 and 1, respectively) to transmit their CHI PDUs. Because user terminals A and B are associated with different timing skews and different propagation delays, their CHI PDUs arrive at the access point with different delays (referred to as round trip delays or RTDs) with respect to the access point's CHI slot boundaries.
• RTDs round trip delays
• FIG. 10B shows an exemplary transmission on Channel 2.
• Channel 2 is divided into CH2 slots, with each CH2 slot having a particular duration (e.g., one OFDM symbol period).
• One CH2 PDU may be transmitted on each CH2 slot.
• user terminals A and B have locked their timing to that of the system and further have knowledge of their RTDs, which may be determined by the access point (e.g., during system access) and reported back to the user terminals.
• the user terminals may thereafter adjust their transmit timing to account for their RTDs such that their CH2 PDUs arrive time-aligned to the selected CH2 slot boundaries at the access point.
• user terminals A and B select CH2 slots 3 and 1, respectively, to transmit their CH2 PDUs. Because user terminals A and B time- compensated their transmissions, the CJH2 PDUs arrive at the access point approximately aligned to the boundaries of the selected CH2 slots, as shown in FIG. 10B.
• FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a receiver unit 400 that can perform receive data processing for Channels 1 and 2 described above.
• Receiver unit 400 which may also be implemented within an access point or a user terminal, includes one receiver (RCVR) 410 for each of T receive antennas 408, a detector/data demodulator 420, and a receive (RX) data processor 450.
• RCVR receiver
• RX receive
• Each antenna 408 receives the RF modulated signals transmitted by the transmitter unit and provides a received signal to a respective receiver 410.
• Each receiver 410 conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and frequency downconverts) its received signal and digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples, which are denoted as ' ⁇ .
• Detector/data demodulator 420 includes a data demodulator 430 and a detector
• Unit 420 that receive and process the samples from all receivers 410 to detect and demodulate data transmissions on Channels 1 and 2.
• the processing by unit 420 is described in further detail below.
• Unit 420 provides recovered data symbols, denoted as
• ⁇ ' which are estimates of the transmitted data symbols s ⁇ ' .
• the recovered data symbols are demapped by a symbol demapping unit 452, deinterleaved by a deinterleaver 454, and decoded by a decoder 456 to provide decoded data for CHI and CH2 messages. If a recovered message includes a CRC value, then a CRC checker 458 checks the message with the CRC value to determine whether it was decoded correctly or in error.
• FIG. 11 A shows the receiver processing for Channel 1, which is not time- compensated.
• the receiver unit can use a sliding correlation detector to detect for CHI transmissions, each of which may be received starting at any sample period.
• the correlation detector which may operate in the time domain, slides through the entire time span in which CHI PDUs may be received, one sample period at a time.
• a detection window indicates the time period in which samples for one CHI PDU are to be processed by the detector. This detection window may be initialized to the start of the first CHI slot and would then slide forward one sample period at a time.
• the correlation detector processes the samples within the detection window to determine a metric for a CHI PDU hypothesized to have been received starting at that sample period. If the metric exceeds a CHI threshold, then the CHI PDU is further decoded to recover the CHI message.
• the metric may relate to signal energy or some other parameter.
• FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of a correlation detector 440a, which is one embodiment of detector 440 in FIG. 4.
• the samples Xi ⁇ n ' for each of the T receive antennas are provided to a respective antenna processor 510.
• a symbol accumulator 520 receives and accumulates the samples for the current ⁇ (fl ) hypothesis and provides accumulated samples l ⁇ ' to a delay line/buffer 530.
• a symbol accumulator 520 receives and accumulates the samples for the current ⁇ (fl ) hypothesis and provides accumulated samples l ⁇ ' to a delay line/buffer 530.
• symbol accumulator 520 performs accumulation of the P pilot OFDM symbols, where the accumulation is performed on a per sample basis, to provide an accumulated pilot OFDM symbol having M samples.
• Delay line/buffer 530 provides storage for N of the M samples and effectively discards M — N samples for the cyclic prefix. These N samples are for the transformed symbol corresponding to the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol,.
• a signal detector 540 determines a metric for the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol. In an embodiment and as described below, the metric relates to the signal energy of the N samples for the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol. However, other metrics may also be used, and this is within the scope of the invention.
• An adaptive threshold computation unit 550 determines an adaptive threshold value Y '.(ri ') to use to decide whether or not a CHI transmission was received.
• a summer 560 sums the threshold values for all T antennas to provide a combined threshold value Y "" ( ⁇ J ) , which c is further scaled with a scaling factor l by a multiplier 562 to obtain a final threshold value ⁇ * W .
• a summer 564 sums the metric values for all T antennas to provide a final metric value *•'* • ' , which is then compared against the final threshold value ⁇ n ' by a comparator 570.
• FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a correlation detector 440b, which is one embodiment of detector 440a in JFIG. 5.
• the samples , ⁇ ' for each receive antenna are provided to symbol accumulator 520, which is implemented with P - 1 delay units 522 and P -l summers 524.
• Each delay unit 522 provides one OFDM symbol (i.e., M samples) of delay.
• the P - 1 summers 524 perform accumulation of the P pilot OFDM symbols on a per sample basis, and the last summer provides the samples X ' ⁇ n ' for the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol.
• the samples x ' ⁇ n ' may be expressed as:
• the samples x ⁇ ) are provided to delay line/buffer 530, which is implemented with
• N - 1 delay units 532 each of which provides one sample period of delay.
• Signal detector 540 performs correlation of the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol with the known pilot OFDM symbol and determines the metric value E t ( ⁇ ) for the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol.
• Each of the N samples for the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol is provided to a respective multiplier 542, which also receives a corresponding conjugated pilot sample p x * (j) , where j e ⁇ 0 ... N -l ⁇ .
• the set °f pi ot symbols ⁇ p ⁇ k) ⁇ for the pilot subbands and zero signal values for the unused subbands are transformed to the time domain using an N-point JEFFT to obtain N pilot samples, p ⁇ (0) through p. (N - 1) , which are then conjugated and provided to N multipliers 542.
• Each multiplier 542 multiplies its sample x t (n — j) with its conjugated pilot sample p * (j) and provides the result to a summer 544.
• Summer 544 sums the results from all N multipliers 542 and provides the summed result to a unit 546.
• Unit 546 determines the squared magnitude of the summed result, which is provided as the metric value E,( «) .
• the metric value for each antenna may be expressed as: N-l
• Summer 564 receives and sums the metric values for all T antennas to provide the final metric value E(n) , which may be expressed as:
• Threshold computation unit 550 determines an adaptive threshold to use for the detection of CHI PDU for the current hypothesis.
• Each of the N samples for the accumulated pilot OFDM symbol is provided to a respective unit 552, which determines the squared magnitude of the sample.
• a summer 554 then sums the squared magnitudes from all N units 552 to provide the threshold value Y t ( ⁇ ) .
• Summer 560 receives and sums the threshold values for all T antennas to provide the combined threshold value Y tm (n) , which may be expressed as:
• Comparator 570 compares the final metric value E(ri) against the final threshold value Y(n) and provides the detector output D(ri) , which may be expressed as:
• the scaling factor S j is a positive constant selected to provide (1) a particular missed detection probability, which is the probability of not detecting a CHI PDU that has been transmitted, and (2) a particular false alarm rate, which is the probability of falsely indicating that a CHI PDU was received when in fact none was transmitted. It is desirable to have the missed detection probability be less than the message error rate (MER), so that the MER is dictated by the received SJNR and other parameters and not by the detector.
• the JMER may be specified for Channel 1, for example, to be 1 percent or less.
• the detector output may be used to determine whether or not to process the received CHI PDU to recover the transmitted CHI message. The determination as to whether the CHI message is decoded correctly or in error may be made based on a CRC value included in the message.
• the detection processing may be performed independently of the message processing, i.e., the detection processing can continue in the normal manner regardless of whether or not CHI PDUs are detected.
• the detection processing can continue in the normal manner regardless of whether or not CHI PDUs are detected.
• a CHI PDU is initially detected at sample period n ⁇ J with a final metric value of ⁇ (n ⁇ 7 ) anc ⁇ an other CHI PDU is later detected at sample period n with a final metric value of ⁇ n
• ⁇ n ) > ⁇ n - j ) an ⁇ j j g sma ]j er t j ⁇ an t ⁇ e s j ze 0 f t jj e detection window then the current message processing for the CHI PDU detected at sample period n ⁇ J may be halted and the CHI PDU detected at sample period n may be processed instead.
• FIG. 11B shows the receiver processing for Channel 2, which is time- compensated.
• the transmitter units transmit on specific CH2 slots and the CH2 transmissions are time-compensated to arrive at the receiver unit at the selected CH2 slot boundaries.
• the receiver unit can detect for CH2 transmissions in each CH2 slot (instead of each sample period), and the detection window can move from slot to slot.
• the decision-directed detector processes the samples received within the detection window to determine a metric for a CH2 PDU hypothesized to have been received in that slot. If the metric exceeds a CH2 threshold, then the CH2 PDU is deemed to have been received.
• FIG. 7 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of a detector/data demodulator
• Detector/data demodulator 420c includes a data demodulator 430c used to perform coherent demodulation and a decision-directed detector 440c used to detect for CH2 PDUs.
• the samples for each of the T receive antennas are provided to a respective antenna demodulator 710 within data demodulator 430c and to a respective decision-directed detector 750 within detector 440c.
• Each antenna demodulator 710 performs coherent demodulation for one antenna for one received OFDM symbol at a time.
• an FFT unit 712 receives the samples , ' for the OJFDM symbol, removes the cyclic prefix to obtain the transformed symbol, and performs a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the transformed symbol to provide N received symbols r i (k) , which include received data r. (k) r. (k) symbols '* rf and received pilot symbols p .
• a channel estimator 720 estimates the channel response of the data subbands based on the received pilot symbols r (k) i,p .
• a demodulator 730 performs coherent demodulation of the received data r (k) s (k) symbols ,,d with the channel estimates to provide recovered data symbols ' ' .
• a symbol accumulator 740 receives and accumulates the recovered data symbols from demodulators 710a through 710t for the T receive antennas and provides recovered symbols *' ' .
• RX data processor 450 then processes the recovered symbols s ⁇ ' , as described above for FIG. 4, to provide the decoded data.
• the CH2 message does not include a CRC, and the CRC check is not performed by the RX data processor.
• a TX data processor 310 then processes the decoded data to provide remodulated symbols c ' ' , which are estimates of the transmitted data symbols s ⁇ ' .
• the processing by processor 310 includes encoding, interleaving, and symbol mapping, as described above for FIG. 3A.
• Each decision-directed detector 750 performs detection for one received OFDM symbol at a time.
• an FFT unit 752 receives the ⁇ ( i ) samples , J for the OFDM symbol and performs an FFT on the corresponding transformed symbol to provide N received symbols r , ⁇ (k) ' .
• FFT units 712 and 752 are typically implemented with one FFT unit,, but are shown as two units in FIG. 7 for clarity.
• a signal detector 760 then processes the received pilot and data symbols with their expected symbols to provide a metric l ⁇ n> for the OFDM symbol being processed.
• An adaptive threshold computation unit 770 determines an adaptive threshold value ' ⁇ ' used to decide whether or not a CH2 PDU was received.
• a summer 780 sums the threshold values for all T antennas to provide a combined ⁇ ' (J ⁇ ) c threshold value "* ' , which is further scaled with a scaling factor 2 by a multiplier 782 to obtain a final threshold value Y'(ri ' ⁇ .
• FIG. 8A shows a block diagram of a data demodulator 430d, which is one embodiment of data demodulator 430c in FIG. 7.
• the samples X ' ⁇ n ' for each receive antenna are transformed by FFT unit 712 to provide N received symbols r , ⁇ (k) ' for each transformed symbol.
• the N received symbols include 28 received pilot symbols for 28 pilot subbands, 24 received data symbols for
• Coherent demodulation of each of the L data subbands is performed by first forming an estimate of the channel response for the data subband using the two pilot
• the channel estimate h i (k) ' for the k-th data subband may be obtained by combining the channel estimates for the two flanking pilot subbands, which may be expressed as:
• h i (k) h i (k -l) + h i (k + l)
• K d the set of data subbands, i.e., K d e ⁇ 2 , 4, ... 2L ⁇ .
• the recovered data symbol s t (k) for each data subband may then be expressed as:
• the channel estimation shown in equation (6) is performed by L + 1 multipliers 722 and L summers 724.
• Each multiplier 722 multiplies the received symbol for a respective pilot subband with the conjugate of the known pilot symbol for that subband to provide the channel estimate for the pilot subband.
• Each summer 724 then sums the channel estimates for the two pilot subbands flanking the associated data subband to provide the channel estimate for that data subband.
• the channel estimates for the L data subbands may also be obtained based on interpolation or some other manners, and this is within the scope of the invention.
• the coherent demodulation shown in equation (7) is performed by L multipliers
• Each multiplier 732 multiplies the received symbol l ⁇ ' for a respective data
• each summer 742 receives and sums T recovered data symbols s , (k) ' for the T receive antennas for the associated data subband to provide the recovered symbol s ⁇ ' for that subband.
• the subband multiplexing may be such that each group of Q data subbands is flanked on both sides by pilot subbands, where Q may be greater than one. If ⁇ , then coherent demodulation may be performed in several manners.
• the received pilot symbol for each pilot subband is used as a coherent reference for the two adjacent data subbands, and the received data symbols for these data subbands may be coherently demodulated based on this received pilot symbol. Hard decisions may then be obtained and used to remove the modulation from the just- detected data symbols to obtain improved channel estimates for the next two data subbands.
• the demodulation process can start from the end data subbands (i.e., next to the pilot subbands) and work towards the middle data subband. Improved channel estimates for the data subbands further away from the pilot subbands may be obtained as each pair of received data symbols is detected.
• the received pilot symbols for each pair of pilot subbands are interpolated to obtain the channel estimate for each of the Q data subbands flanked by these pilot subbands.
• a CRC value is often used to determine whether a received message was decoded correctly or in error. In certain instances, it may not be desirable to include a CRC value in a message because of the overhead associated with the CRC value and/or some other consideration. In this case, another mechanism is needed to determine whether or not the received message is valid.
• data demodulator 430c and RX data processor 450 may be operated to provide a decoded message for each hypothesis, and detector 440c may be operated to provide an indication as to whether or not a message was received for the hypothesis.
• FIG. 8B shows a block diagram of a decision-directed detector 440d that performs differential detection in the frequency domain and is one embodiment of detector 440c in FIG. 7. The samples X ⁇ ⁇ n ' for each receive antenna are transformed by
• FFT unit 752 to provide N received symbols , ⁇ ' for each transformed symbol.
• a detection statistic *' ' ⁇ ' is first obtained for each receive antenna by summing over the real part of 2L dot products formed by using adjacent pairs of pilot and data subbands.
• the detection statistic ⁇ ' ' ⁇ may be expressed as:
• the metric value E'(n) for the transformed symbol may then be expressed as:
• the metric value E'( ⁇ ) may be expressed as:
• Equation (9) is performed by 2L + 1 multipliers 762, 2L multipliers 764, and a summer 766.
• Each multiplier 762 multiplies the received symbol for an associated pilot or data subband with the conjugate of the known pilot symbol or remodulated symbol for that subband.
• Each multiplier 764 performs a dot product of the outputs from a pair of multipliers 762 for a pair of adjacent pilot and data subbands.
• Summer 766 then sums the outputs from L multipliers 764 to provide the detection statistic g t (n) .
• a unit 768 receives g ⁇ (ri) and provides the real part to summer 784, which sums the real part of g,-(n) for all T antennas.
• Adaptive threshold computation unit 770 determines the adaptive threshold
• Each of the 2L + 1 received symbols ⁇ (k) for the pilot and data subbands is provided to a respective unit 772, which determines the squared magnitude of the symbol.
• a summer 774 then sums the squared magnitude from all 2L + 1 units 772 to provide the threshold value Y'(ri) .
• Summer 780 receives and sums the threshold values for all T antennas to provide the combined threshold value Y w ' t (ri) , which may be expressed as:
• the threshold value Y'(ri) and metric value E'(ri) are each accumulated over the duration of the PDU to be detected.
• the threshold and metric values are first computed as described above for each of these OFDM symbols and then accumulated to provide the final threshold and metric values for the PDU.
• Comparator 790 compares the final metric value E'(ri) against the final threshold value Y'(ri) and provides the detector output D'(ri) , which may be expressed as:
• FIG. 8C shows a block diagram of a decision-directed detector 440e that performs coherent detection in the time domain and is another embodiment of detector 440c in JFIG. 7.
• the samples x, (n) for each receive antenna are provided to a delay line/buffer 830 that is implemented with N - 1 delay units 832, each of which provides one sample period of delay.
• Detector 440e performs correlation of each received OFDM symbol with its corresponding "reconstructed" OJFDM symbol to determine the metric E"(ri) for the received OFDM symbol.
• Each of the N samples x t (ri) for the received OFDM symbol is provided to a respective multiplier 842, which also receives a corresponding conjugated reconstructed sample d * (j) , where je ⁇ 0 ... N -l ⁇ .
• the pilot symbols p 2 (k) for the pilot subbands e.g., as shown in Table 1
• remodulated symbols c(k) for the data subbands e.g., as shown in Table 1
• zero signal values for the unused subbands i.e., N symbols for the N total subbands
• N reconstructed samples d(0) through -i(N -l)
• the operations performed by the other elements in FIG. 8C are as described above for FIG. 6.
• the metric value E"(ri) for each antenna may be expressed as:
• the threshold Y"(ri) to use for comparing against the final metric value E"(ri) may be determined as described above for FIG. 6.
• the combined threshold value Y" ot (ri) for all T antennas may be expressed as:
• the scaling factor S 2 (which is S 2 ⁇ for detector 440d in FIG. 8B and S 2i for detector 440e in FIG. 8C) is a positive constant selected to provide (1) a particular missed detection probability for CH2 PDUs and (2) a particular false alarm rate for incorrectly declaring the presence of CH2 PDUs. If CH2 messages are defined such that they do not include CRC values, then the detector is relied upon exclusively to determine whether or not CH2 messages are present. Erroneous CH2 messages may be provided to the controller due to the following:
• Channel 2 is used as a random access channel, then a false alarm for a CH2
• PDU may cause the system to assign resources to a non-existent user terminal, which then results in wasted resources. In that case, it is desirable to select the scaling factor S 2 to minimize the false alarm probability since it is undesirable to have noise frequently triggering a waste of resources.
• the incorrect decode probability is related to the detection probability, and a higher detection probability can lead to more incorrect decode events.
• an erroneously decoded CH2 message is provided to the controller.
• the controller may be able to check the validity of the CH2 message in some other manner. For example, if the CH2 message includes a unique identifier for the user terminal that transmitted the message, then the controller can check to see if the unique identifier for the recovered CH2 message is included in a list of valid identifiers. If the unique identifier in the received CH2 message is determined to be valid, then the system can assign resources to the user terminal associated with that identifier.
• CH2 messages as possible while maintaining the false alarm rate and incorrect decode c probability to below a particular level. It is also possible to vary the scaling factor 2 based on system loading. For example, if the system load is low and there are few valid identifiers, then the likelihood of the system erroneously allocating resources is smaller. In this case, a lower detection threshold may be used. As the system load increases, the detection threshold may be increased to reduce the rate of incorrect decode events.
• FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an embodiment of an access point HOx and a user terminal 120x in system 100.
• access point 1 lOx and user terminal 120x are each equipped with multiple antennas.
• the access point and user terminal may each be equipped with any number of transmit/receive antennas.
• TX data processor 310 receives and processes traffic data from a data source 308 and other data (e.g., for CHI and CH2 messages) from a controller 360 to provide multiplexed data and pilot symbols, as described above for FIG. 3 A.
• TX spatial processor 320 may perform spatial processing on the pilot and data symbols to provide a stream of transmit symbols for each antenna.
• Each modulator 340 receives and processes a respective transmit symbol stream to provide a corresponding uplink modulated signal, which is then transmitted from an associated antenna 350.
• T antennas 408a through 408t receive the transmitted uplink modulated signals from the user terminal, and each antenna provides a received signal to a respective receiver 410. Each receiver 410 conditions the received signal and further digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples. Detector/data demodulator 420 then performs processing to detect for CHI and CH2 messages, as described above.
• RX data processor 450 processes recovered symbols to provide decoded traffic data (which may be provided to a data sink 452 for storage) and recovered CHI and CH2 messages (which may be provided to a controller 460 for further processing).
• the processing for the downlink may be the same or different from the processing for the uplink.
• Data from a data source 468 and signaling (e.g., reply messages) from controller 460 are processed (e.g., coded, interleaved, and modulated) by a TX data processor 470 and may be spatially processed by a TX spatial processor 480.
• the transmit symbols from TX spatial processor 480 are then processed by modulators 410a through 410t to generate T downlink modulated signals, which are transmitted via antennas 408a through 408t.
• the downlink modulated signals are received by antennas
• the decoded data for the downlink may be provided to a data sink 382 for storage and/or controller 360 for further processing.
• Controllers 360 and 460 control the operation of various processing units at the user terminal and the access point, respectively.
• Memory units 362 and 462 store data and program codes used by controllers 360 and 460, respectively.
• the correlation detector may be used for a channel whereby transmissions are time-compensated
• the decision- directed detector may be used for a channel whereby transmissions are not time- compensated.
• the decision-directed detector may be implemented in the frequency domain (as shown in FIG. 8B) or the time domain (as shown in FIG. 8C). Moreover, the decision- directed detector may be used for various PDU formats. For example, the decision- directed detector may be used for a PDU format whereby data and pilot are subband multiplexed (as described above for CH2 PDU), a PDU format whereby data and pilot are time division multiplexed (TDM) (as described above for CHI PDU), and others. The decision-directed detector may also be used with or without the pilot. In general, the decision-directed detector uses frequency-domain received data symbols or time- domain reconstructed data samples to detect for data transmissions in the received signal. This detector may advantageously be used when CRC or other error detection mechanisms are not available to detect for message errors.
• an adaptive threshold can provide robust detection performance in many operating scenarios, such as for an unlicensed frequency band where various sources of interference may be present.
• the threshold may be set based on a particular statistic for the transmission to be detected. This statistic may relate to the energy of the desired signal plus noise and interference in the transmission or some other parameter.
• the detectors, demodulators, and receivers described herein may be used for various types of transport channels.
• these units may be used for different types of random access channels, such as the ones described in detail in the aforementioned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/432,440 and provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309.
• the detectors, demodulators, and receivers described herein may also be used for various wireless multiple-access communication systems.
• One such system is a wireless multiple-access JMHVIO system described in the aforementioned provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/421,309.
• these systems may or may not employ OFDM, or may employ some other multi-carrier modulation scheme instead of OFDM, and may or may not utilize MIMO.
• the detectors, demodulators, and receivers described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these units may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof.
• the detectors and receivers may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
• ASICs application specific integrated circuits
• DSPs digital signal processors
• DSPDs digital signal processing devices
• PLDs programmable logic devices
• FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
• processors controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
• the signal processing for the detectors, demodulators, and receivers may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
• the software codes may be stored in a memory unit (e.g., memory units 362 and 462 in FIG. 9) and executed by a processor (e.g., controllers 360 and 460).
• the memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor via various means as is known in the art.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Mathematical Physics (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Quality & Reliability (AREA)
• Radio Transmission System (AREA)
• Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
• Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)

Priority Applications (1)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Related Child Applications (1)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=32180513

Family Applications (2)

Family Applications Before (1)

Country Status (11)

Cited By (15)

Families Citing this family (9)

Citations (1)

Family Cites Families (14)

• 2003
  • 2003-10-24 TW TW092129768A patent/TWI341102B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2003-10-24 CA CA2500849A patent/CA2500849C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-10-24 CN CN2010106163220A patent/CN102014100B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-10-24 EP EP10176291.2A patent/EP2262149B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-10-24 WO PCT/US2003/034568 patent/WO2004038989A2/en active Application Filing
  • 2003-10-24 KR KR1020057006446A patent/KR101035765B1/ko active IP Right Grant
  • 2003-10-24 JP JP2004547251A patent/JP4981253B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-10-24 BR BR0315664-8A patent/BR0315664A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2003-10-24 EP EP03779427A patent/EP1556984A2/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2003-10-24 AU AU2003285112A patent/AU2003285112B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 2003-10-24 CN CN2003801020680A patent/CN1708935B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2003-10-24 MX MXPA05004311A patent/MXPA05004311A/es active IP Right Grant
• 2009
  • 2009-07-02 AU AU2009202681A patent/AU2009202681A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2009-12-20 IL IL202856A patent/IL202856A0/en unknown
• 2010
  • 2010-04-15 JP JP2010094016A patent/JP5307070B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime

Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events