EP1476631A1 - Dispositif pour guider la lumiere - Google Patents

Dispositif pour guider la lumiere

Info

Publication number
EP1476631A1
EP1476631A1 EP03742556A EP03742556A EP1476631A1 EP 1476631 A1 EP1476631 A1 EP 1476631A1 EP 03742556 A EP03742556 A EP 03742556A EP 03742556 A EP03742556 A EP 03742556A EP 1476631 A1 EP1476631 A1 EP 1476631A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
optically
light
oxide
surface structures
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03742556A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wolfgang Graf
Andreas Georg
Peter Nitz
Christopher BÜHLER
Andreas Gombert
Volker Wittwer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Publication of EP1476631A1 publication Critical patent/EP1476631A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • E06B2009/2417—Light path control; means to control reflection
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • E06B2009/2464—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds featuring transparency control by applying voltage, e.g. LCD, electrochromic panels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S11/00—Non-electric lighting devices or systems using daylight
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/02—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements
    • G02B5/0205—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on an electrochromic effect
    • G02F1/153—Constructional details
    • G02F1/157—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. reflectors or illuminating devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/34—Metal hydrides materials

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for directing light from at least one partially translucent surface material.
  • Modern buildings increasingly have large glazing areas, which means that the incoming sunlight during the heating period reduces the heating energy requirement and the lighting in the buildings is improved by the increased incidence of daylight. At the same time, undesirable effects can also occur, in particular overheating on warm days in the buildings or glare from direct sunlight, e.g. also for VDU workstations.
  • optically switchable elements such as mechanically adjustable shading systems in the sense of blinds or venetian blinds or, more recently, optically switchable windows , such as electrochromic or gasochrome windows, can counteract overheating and unpleasant glare.
  • Electrochromic systems are described, for example, in CG. Granqvist, "Handbook of inorganic electrochromic materials", Elsevier Amsterdam (1995), or “Electrochromism”, PS Monk, RJ Mortimer, DR Rosseinsky, VCH Weinheim (1995).
  • gasochromic systems which change their optical properties by reaction with a gas
  • gasochromic systems which change their optical properties by reaction with a gas
  • Mechanism of the gasochromic coloration of porous WO 3 films Solid State Electronics, Volume 127, Issues 3-4, January 2, 2000, pp. 319-328, A. Georg, W. Graf, R. Neumann and V. Wittwer.
  • An arrangement and a method for changing the light transmission of window panes, in particular double-glazed window panes can also be found in DE 38 22 796 A1.
  • electrochromic material is introduced between two glass panes, which changes its transmission properties when an electrical voltage is applied.
  • a plurality of liquid crystal surface fields arranged in matrix form are provided between two glass panes, each of which is to be energized, so that a window pane constructed in this way can be tinted in individual surface areas.
  • this system does not control light.
  • materials in optically switchable systems which change their refractive index, their optical activity, for example by rotating the plane of polarization in liquid crystals, or their absorption index in order to induce adjustable absorption phenomena in this way.
  • the latter materials are referred to as electrochromic, gasochromic, phototropic / photochromic or photoelectrochromic materials.
  • Materials are also known which undergo a transition from a dielectric to a metallic state, e.g. with metal hydride mirrors (see, for example, Toward solid-state switchable mirrors using a zirconium oxide proton conductor ", Solid State Ionics, Volume 145, Issues 1-4, December 1, 2001, pp.
  • the static elements bring about a permanent reduction in the total incidence of light, for example through window openings, but not only in the desired manner during the warm season, but also in the winter time, so that the desired contribution of sunlight to the room heating during cold seasons is reduced.
  • mechanically adjustable systems offer a largely individual adjustment with regard to the degree of shading to the given lighting conditions, but such systems are often complex, expensive and, moreover, maintenance-intensive.
  • optical elements are used that work on the basis of optical refraction, reflection and / or internal total reflection.
  • Such optical elements are typically designed as light-transparent surface elements and have e.g. structures prismatic on one of their surfaces, which depending on the angle of incidence transmit, deflect, scatter or reflect the incident radiation.
  • the seasonally varying position of the sun leads to direct sunlight during a certain period of time, e.g. during the summer months, is reflected in a targeted manner, but during the remaining time the light deflection system can pass almost unhindered.
  • Another system for directing light consists of complementary structures, which take advantage of the fact that when passing through a thin, plane-parallel gap, only a minimally small parallel beam offset takes place.
  • an element that fulfills a sun protection function due to total reflection at certain angles of incidence can be provided with see-through properties by adding a complementary structure to the element.
  • Such systems are known, for example, from DE 17 40 553, DE 11 71 370, US 2,976,759, US 3,393,034, US 4,148,563, US 4,519,675, US 5,880,886, DE 195 42 832 A1 or DE 196 22 670.
  • Static coatings in connection with such light control devices can significantly reduce overheating in warm seasons by means of back reflection, light scattering or absorption, but they do Masking mechanisms in the cold season help ensure that only small amounts of solar energy can be used to heat the room.
  • a particular disadvantage of optical arrangements for geometric light control relates to the unavoidable, manufacturing-related deviations of the real light control structures from the ideal structure.
  • edges in particular are rounded off.
  • Such curves lead to undesirable glare effects, especially when looking directly at the window.
  • the invention is based on the object of developing a device for directing light from at least one partially translucent surface material, which is preferably designed as a window element or can be integrated in such a way, that the device avoids the disadvantages mentioned above in relation to the prior art.
  • it is necessary to specify a device for light control that combines all of the advantages as described above for the individual light deflection systems.
  • the device for directing light according to the invention is intended to avoid any glare caused by direct sunlight entering the room or by rounding-off on surface structure edges due to production and, moreover, to provide effective protection against overheating, particularly in the warm seasons.
  • a first variant of the solution according to the invention provides a device for light control made of at least one partially translucent surface material, with at least one surface top, which has optically effective surface structures for light control and / or light scattering.
  • the phrase “at least partially translucent” is intended to identify a type of material that can be irradiated by solar radiation from the visible spectral range with little or no transmission loss.
  • an optically switchable coating is provided at least in partial areas of the surface structures, which, depending on the user requirements, covers the surface structures completely or only in limited partial areas of the surface structures, preferably along edge profiles.
  • an optically switchable layer at least in partial areas, which is arranged opposite, preferably parallel to, the surface top surface provided with the surface structures.
  • the second surface top can either be formed separately from the first surface top, for example by arranging two separate surface materials, or in one piece with the first Top surface can be connected, for example, in the form of a front and back of a surface material designed as a window pane.
  • a simplest embodiment of the device according to the invention provides a known optical light-directing surface element, the structured surface of which is provided with an optically switchable layer.
  • Such a combination advantageously combines the advantages of classic light-directing or scattering optical surface elements with those optically switchable systems described in the introduction to the description, so that glare effects are suppressed on the one hand and overheating effects in warm seasons can be avoided on the other. This effectively suppresses the risk of glare even in cold seasons, whereas if the optically switchable layer is increased accordingly, the solar radiation flow penetrating into the interior of the room makes a noticeable contribution to the warming of interiors. Disadvantages that have been described for the individual systems do not occur in the device according to the invention.
  • the glare strips caused by manufacturing technology along the rounded edges of the light-directing surface structures are also locally reduced in their glare by the light-absorbing layer, in that the optically switchable layer is preferably provided on precisely those surface areas with increased glare on the surface structures.
  • optically effective surface structures primarily includes structural geometries that provide optically effective interfaces at which light is refracted, reflected or scattered when it passes according to the laws of geometric optics. This applies to macroscopic structural elements, the structure sizes of which certainly have interfaces in the centimeter and decimeter range.
  • cracks, gaps or slits within the surface top surface of a surface material formed, for example, as a glass pane represent surface structures of this type, at whose interfaces light rays are deflected relative to the incidence of light depending on the respective interface inclinations.
  • the device according to the invention for targeted light control from at least one partially translucent surface material can, as will be explained in more detail below, be used in a particularly advantageous manner as a window element or part of a window element, preferably for buildings; but also suitable in special cases for use in differently designed rooms, such as vehicles such as ships, cars, airplanes. It is also used in display elements such as Projection screens or display backlights, conceivable.
  • Microstructures of this type are also advantageously suitable as structural surfaces for light control and / or light scattering, which can be used either in combination with the macroscopically designed, optically active surface structures, in which case the macroscopically designed optically effective surface structures are provided over the entire surface or only in certain surface areas with the microstructures which produce near-field effects, or the instead of the macroscopically designed optically active surface structures are applied to a top surface at least in partial areas.
  • microstructure surfaces which, according to the invention, are coated at least in partial areas with an optically switchable layer, the optical effect of which on sunlight penetrating the microstructure surface is significantly influenced by the near-field effects caused by the microstructures. It is particularly advantageous to provide only those regions of the microstructure with the optically switchable layer at which particularly large near-field intensities occur for certain angles of incidence at which sunlight strikes the microstructure surface.
  • a complete coating of the microstructure surface with a light-induced optically switchable layer, preferably made of photochromic material, could also be locally colored in places of high intensity in the near field, which can lead to optically interesting phenomena.
  • optically active layers whose absorption, transmission and / or reflection behavior is time-independent, that is to say time-invariant, as is the case, for example, with dielectric or metallic ones Layer materials are the case, have comparatively good optical light directing or scattering properties, as can be observed using the device described above, provided that the optically active layers are used at least in combination with a microstructure surface.
  • a second alternative approach therefore provides for a device for directing light from at least one partially translucent material which has a top surface to be designed in such a way that the top surface provides optically effective surface structures for directing light and / or scattering light, the optically active surface structures providing microstructures at least in some areas , which are at least partially covered with an optically effective layer, which uses near-field effects caused by the microstructures for their optical effect.
  • the surface of the surface material has only a microstructure surface, that is to say without the additional provision of macroscopically formed surface structures.
  • the microstructures are at least partially covered with an optically effective layer, which uses near-field effects caused by the microstructures for their optical effect.
  • microstructured surface top Of particular importance for the advantageous optical effect of the microstructured surface top is the coating only in those surface areas of the microstructures where intensity maxima or minima appear in the near field when light falls.
  • the optically active layer which is formed, for example, as a thin metal layer and has constant reflection or absorption properties.
  • dielectric layers are also conceivable which have certain constant transmission properties.
  • microstructures are also understood to mean differently shaped, geometric microstructure elements in the order of magnitude of 100 ⁇ m, preferably less than 20 ⁇ m, and a preferred aspect ratio of greater than 0.2.
  • Typical three-dimensional microstructure elements which are raised above the surface, represent, for example, prismatic, cuboid, parabolic, convex or concave arched or pyramid-shaped structural elements, which, when appropriately irradiated with sunlight, cause interference effects due to their structural dimensions, which lead to field modulations in the near field the magnitude of the wavelength of the light incident on the microstructures.
  • a locally influenced coating of the microstructure flanks or edges preferably with a metal layer, can have a decisive influence on the formation of the near field.
  • Such microstructures have a very strong angle dependency with regard to the light impinging on the microstructures with regard to their optical deflection behavior.
  • the masking behavior which is dependent on the angle of incidence, with regard to the optical deflecting capacity of the microstructures can be set very precisely by suitable selective coating of the microstructure flanks or edges.
  • the developing near-field effects are also able to influence the transmission properties of the entire translucent surface element in a wavelength-dependent manner depending on the angle of incidence of the light striking the microstructures.
  • a suitable microstructure coating it is possible to specifically reduce the transmission behavior for sunlight from the longer-wave spectrum at high angles of incidence, such as those that occur in our latitudes during summer, to avoid overheating in the interior of the room and, at the same time, to ensure that long-wave radiation at flat angles of incidence , as they occur in our latitudes in the cold seasons, can pass through the surface material almost undiminished.
  • the combination according to the invention of a device having optically effective microstructures, at least in some areas, with a selective coating of optically active material, which is not necessarily optically switchable, represents a device for preferred use as a sun protection element, which combines the advantages initially recognized as prior art and avoids their disadvantages.
  • optically switchable layer materials such as these have also been proposed in connection with the first alternative solution described above.
  • optically switchable materials are suitable for the device for directing light according to the invention.
  • gasochromic layer materials are particularly preferred for the realization without questioning the basic suitability of the other materials the device according to the invention.
  • Transition metal oxides such as, for example, tungsten oxide, tungstates, niobium oxide, molybdenum oxide, molybdates, nickel oxide, titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, iridium oxide, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide or mixtures of the above types of oxide are particularly suitable for this.
  • Metal hydrides such as, for example, LaZ -z Mg z H x , Y ⁇ -2 Mg z H x , Gd ⁇ -z Mg z H x , YH b , LaH b , SmH, NiMg 2 H x , CoMg 2 H x , are also suitable as gas-chromic materials or mixtures thereof, with z values in the range from 0 to 1, x values in the range from 0 to 5 and b values from 0 to 3, or also switchable polymers, such as polyviologens, polythiophenes or polyanilines, or Prussian blue
  • layer thicknesses in the range between 100 nm to 1000 nm are selected for the flat or area-limited deposition on the corresponding surfaces.
  • Particularly suitable layer thicknesses are 200 to 600 nm.
  • the gasochromic layer material is selected from the group of metal hydrides, layer thicknesses between 10 nm and 500 nm, preferably 20 nm to 50 nm, are sufficient.
  • the latter class of material is preferably suitable for the selective coating of very small surface sections on the microstructures, on which preferably only the edge pulls or specifically aligned side flank surfaces are covered with only a thin layer with respect to the incidence of light.
  • the layer materials are combined with catalytic materials.
  • catalytic materials are, for example, platinum, iridium, palladium, rhodium, osmium, rhenium, nickel, ruthenium or mixtures of the aforementioned types of metal.
  • the catalysts designed as layers have preferred layer thicknesses of 10 nm and less, preferably 3 nm.
  • gas-chromic layers in combination with light-directing or light-scattering surface structures has, in particular, for selective coating of certain areas of the surface structure, among other things.
  • the layer structure is particularly simple. In particular with a selective coating of certain areas of the surface structure, this considerably simplifies the coating effort compared to complex multilayer systems.
  • Gasochromic layer systems usually combine a comparatively thick gasochromic layer, e.g. for transition metal oxides typically 100 nm to 100 nm thick, preferably 200 nm to 600 nm, with a thin catalyst layer, typically thinner than 10 nm, preferably thinner than 3 nm.
  • a comparatively thick gasochromic layer e.g. for transition metal oxides typically 100 nm to 100 nm thick, preferably 200 nm to 600 nm
  • a thin catalyst layer typically thinner than 10 nm, preferably thinner than 3 nm.
  • the selective application to certain areas of the surface structure is easily possible by means of deposition processes such as vapor deposition or sputtering which the layer particles spread out in a straight line, creating a shadow effect.
  • deposition processes such as vapor deposition or sputtering which the layer particles spread out in a straight line, creating a shadow effect.
  • a selective coating of the surface structure can be achieved, as will be described later.
  • this is usually also associated with a reduction in the effective deposition rate.
  • gas-chromium layer systems it is now well possible to apply the thick gas-chromium layer over a large area and the thin catalyst layer selectively, thus producing a coating that only switches in the areas with catalyst.
  • the disadvantage of the reduced deposition rate in the catalyst layer is now not serious, since very thin layers are sufficient in any case.
  • cavities such as e.g. are produced by joining two complementary structures, are equipped on the inside with gas-chromic layers and then flowed through with reactive gases.
  • gas-chromic material classes are equally suitable as electrochromic layer materials, in this case they only have to be connected to an electrical control potential for switching their optical transmission behavior and are not exposed to a targeted gas flow as in gas-chromic operation.
  • Liquid crystals are not particularly suitable if certain areas of the surface structure are to be selectively designed to be switchable, since their encapsulation is very complex over selective areas.
  • the one electrode surface of a liquid crystal system is applied to greater structural depths, then it may be necessary to design the second inclined parallel to the first, which is very complex.
  • the use of liquid crystals on large areas is complex and expensive.
  • SPD suspended particle devices
  • Phototropic and thermotropic materials require comparatively large layer thicknesses (typically greater than 10 ⁇ m or 100 ⁇ m), many organic photochromic materials, such as those used in sunglasses, typically greater than 1 ⁇ m. Therefore, they are not particularly suitable for the selective coating of certain structural areas.
  • optically switchable systems are particularly suitable which have thin layers with layer thicknesses below 10 ⁇ m, preferably below 1 ⁇ m.
  • gasochromic, electrochromic, photoelectrochrochromic, photochromic, or thermochromic layer systems are described, for example, in "New photoelectrochromic device", Electrochimica Acta, Volume 46, Issues 13-14, April 2, 2001, pp. 2131-2136, A. Hauch, A. Georg, S. Baumgärtner, U. Opara Krasovec and B. Orel, or in “User controllable photochromic (UCPC) devices", Electrochimica Acta, Volume 44, Issue 18, May 1, 1999, pp.
  • UCPC User controllable photochromic
  • thermochromic layer systems are, for example, V02, including doped with tungsten or molybdenum (see, for example, "Thermochromic glazing of Windows with better luminous solar transmittance", Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 71, Issue 4, 1 March 2002, S 537-540, Moon -Hee Lee).
  • Some of the switchable systems described above are not switchable in a controlled manner, ie they react passively to external influences, in particular temperature (thermochromic, thermotropic) and light intensity (photochromic, phototropic).
  • the actively controllable systems eg gas chromium, electrochromic, photoelectrochromic
  • a number of alternative coating techniques are suitable for producing the device according to the invention, on whose optically effective surface structures - may they assume macroscopic or microscopic dimensions - locally selective layer deposits - be they optically switchable or static.
  • sputtering processes are carried out under an argon atmosphere and under pressure conditions in which the mean free path of the gas particles is less than or in the same order of magnitude as the distance from the sputtering source (target) to the substrate, so that the sputtering particles scatter to calculate.
  • massive sputter particles such as tungsten or platinum
  • a light sputter gas such as helium or neon
  • suitably attached screens during the sputtering process is advantageous if one wishes to ensure that only certain angular ranges related to the straight-line direction of propagation of the sputtering particles are free to be coated.
  • Something similar can also be achieved by inclining the target or the substrate, for example by guiding it over rollers in the case of a film coating.
  • Wet-chemical coating processes are also conceivable, such as dipping, spraying, spin coating, knife coating or printing, but the surface structures to be coated must be preprocessed in a first step such that during the coating process, in which the entire surface structure is brought into contact with the coating material, only selective flank areas can be coated by wet chemical deposition.
  • certain structural surface areas have hydrophilic, hydrophobic, lipophilic or lipophobic surface properties.
  • Such surface properties can be generated by small structures, ie structures smaller than 10 ⁇ m. If the structures are kept smaller than the light wavelength, ie smaller than 400 nm, their influence on the optical properties in the area of solar radiation is not that great. For example, they can be transferred to a film substrate surface by mechanical stamping. Depending on the nature of the coating solutions, selective flank coatings can be carried out in this way.
  • detachment layers can be selectively deposited on limited substrate surfaces by means of a sputtering process.
  • an optically switchable layer is applied to the surface substrate over the entire surface. With subsequent removal of the release layer, the optically active layer can subsequently be removed locally, as a result of which the optically active layer remains only on the other surface areas.
  • optically active surface structures it is possible to coat the surface of the surface provided with optically active surface structures over the entire surface with, for example, an optically active layer and then to selectively cover it with a blocking layer.
  • this blocking layer can prevent the switching function, in the case of a static layer its optical properties are greatly impaired.
  • optically switchable multilayer systems such as the combination of a thicker gas-chromium layer with a thinner catalyst layer, it is also possible to selectively deposit only one layer, e.g. the thinner layer, and the remaining layers, so that the switching function only in places of presence of all individual layers.
  • suitable methods are those in which the coating is influenced by illumination of the structured surface and, for example, layer deposition takes place particularly at locations of high or low light intensity. Examples of this can be the polymerisation of monomers under UV lighting or the exposure of photoresist structures with subsequent development and possibly further coating and / or lift-off processes.
  • Fig. 2 window element with optically effective surface structures
  • Fig. 3 a -e window element with thermotropic layer material
  • the above-described device for directing light from at least one partially translucent surface material is preferably suitable for integration into a window element, which is described in detail with reference to the following exemplary embodiments.
  • FIG. 1a shows a schematic cross section through a double-glazed window element which is delimited on both sides by the window glass panes 1 and 4 located opposite one another.
  • the surface material 2 which is designed in the manner of a glass pane and provides surface structures 21 which are macroscopically formed on the top surface of the surface on the left in the illustration.
  • the surface structures 21 each have three side flanks, one of which is oriented parallel to the back of the surface material 2.
  • the glass pane 1 is the outer pane and the glass pane 4 is the inner pane of a window element.
  • an optically switchable layer system 3 is provided, which consists, for example, of an optically switchable layer and a catalyst, for example WO 3 and platinum.
  • the space between the panes 22 can alternately be filled with a reducing gas, for example dilute H 2 and an oxidizing gas, for example dilute 0 2 , as a result of which the layer, for example in the case of WO 3 and platinum, is discolored and decolorized. Further details of such an optically switchable system can also be found in DE 44 40 572.
  • the optically switchable layer system 3 reduces the glare of the geometric structure 21, which, due to the manufacturing process, exists due to a lack of edge designs (keyword: edge rounding).
  • FIG. 1 b shows an exemplary embodiment in which an optically switchable layer 3 is provided over the entire surface of the surface structure of the surface material 2.
  • FIG. 1 c shows an embodiment in which only certain flanks of the surface structure 21 are provided with an optically switchable coating 3.
  • the structure size can be macroscopic, e.g. larger than 100 ⁇ m, or microscopic, e.g. less than 100 ⁇ . his.
  • a light-directing structure can be embossed in a plastic film. It is then selectively coated with a gas-chromium layer by vapor deposition or sputtering, and the film is then applied to the inside of a pane of double glazing.
  • Typical structures can be periodic prisms with a see-through area, as sketched in Fig.1, whereby individual flanks and / or rounded edges are coated selectively.
  • Typical structure sizes are, for example, in the order of 10 to 50 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 1d shows a detailed illustration of a rounded edge due to the manufacturing process, which can lead to undesired glare effects.
  • the edge area is specifically covered with the optically switchable layer 3, glare effects caused by the rounding can be effectively reduced.
  • photochromic layer materials typically change color when exposed to light, so that in particular those layer areas which experience a high light intensity when irradiated are colored.
  • direct sunlight can be directed to certain areas by appropriate geometric design of light-directing structures Locations of the photochromic layer are directed, which induces local discoloration, while the photochromic layer remains translucent in other locations, for example.
  • the reverse reaction is also conceivable, ie a photochromic material that discolors when exposed to light, but otherwise otherwise remains colored or reflective.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a window element, comparable to the representation in FIG. 1c, but the surface element 2 introduced between the window panes 1 and 4 has microstructures 5, to which an optically effective layer 31 is also applied only in partial areas, which is not necessarily must be designed as an optically switchable layer.
  • the microstructures 5 are designed to be greatly enlarged in FIG. 2 for reasons of better visibility.
  • metal coatings 31 are provided which are able to influence the near-field effects caused by the microstructures 5 in a certain way during irradiation and thus determine the light deflecting capacity of the entire window element.
  • a sharp angular selectivity can in principle be realized, that is to say the light is reflected back in direct sunlight and high positions of the sun above the horizon, as occur especially in summer, whereas low sun positions, especially in winter, the light is let through.
  • wavelength selectivity can also be achieved. This enables protection against overheating in summer and simultaneous use of sunlight in winter for heating the building. By redirecting direct sunlight, for example to the ceiling of the interior in the case of low sun positions in winter, glare can also be avoided at the same time.
  • the microstructures ensure a near field, which is of course much more wavelength-dependent than the optical function of macroscopic structures, in which the geometric optics determine the effect, which in the ideal case is independent of the wavelength.
  • microstructures and optically active layers permits sharper wavelength selectivity, lower absorption and the use of simpler layers, e.g. Single layers, such as metals, with lower demands on the substrate.
  • FIGS. 3a to e show further variants for a light-directing system which, as it were the exemplary embodiments with reference to FIGS. 1a-d, can be integrated in window elements, preferably window elements with double glazing.
  • thermotropic composite pane 6 which is arranged as an outer pane spaced apart from an inner pane 4 designed as prismatic glazing.
  • the thermotropic composite pane 6 is constructed in three layers, a thermotropic material being sandwiched between two otherwise sunlight-transparent glass panes as the optically switchable layer 3.
  • the so-called low-e layer 8 which consists of a material that emits little thermal radiation, is particularly preferably suitable for the glass pane facing the prismatic glazing 7.
  • the prismatic glazing 7 preferably consists of an inner pane 4 which is transparent to normal sunlight and a surface-structured film 21 applied thereon. A gas space is enclosed between the low-e layer 8 and the film 21.
  • thermotropic material on both sides by means of corresponding glass plates or the like, but rather directly opposite the prismatic glazing 7 on a layered composite consisting of a sunlight-transparent outer pane 1 and to provide a low-e layer 8 applied thereon.
  • Figures 3 c to d provide further design variants.
  • the optically switchable layer 3, which preferably consists of thermotropic material, is arranged cantilevered between the layer composite of the outer pane 1 and the low-e layer 8 and the inner pane 4 provided with the surface structure 21.
  • the outer pane 1 is arranged at a distance from the optically switchable layer 3, which is applied directly to the surface structuring 21.
  • the outer pane 1 directly contacts the optically switchable layer 3, which is applied to the surface structure 21 as in FIG. 3d.
  • thermotropic composite window panes With the help of the thermotropic composite window panes described above, it is possible, using suitable thermotropic materials, to specify a completely autonomously operating light control system that ensures that the warming radiation flow in winter can pass into the interior, whereas overheating effects in summer can be avoided. If, contrary to the transmission behavior of conventional thermotropic materials, which are transparent in the cold state and diffuse in the warm state, specifically thermotropic materials are used which have a reverse transmission behavior, i. H. are diffusely scattering in the cold state and largely transparent to sunlight in the warm state, as is the case, for example, with paraffins or other latent storage materials such as, for example, salt solutions, the radiation situations shown in FIGS. 4a and b result.
  • thermotropic layer material 3 is one opaque or diffuse state, whereby incident sunlight is diffusely scattered in the direction of the prismatic glazing 7.
  • the prismatic glazing 7 is in particular designed in such a way that it is largely reflective for high, summer positions in the sun, whereas it is transmissive for lower positions of the sun, especially in winter time. Since at winter temperatures, as described in the previous case, the solar entry into the interior of the room is desired, the reflective effect of the prismatic glazing 7 is almost eliminated by the diffuse light scattering on the thermotropic material layer 3, as a result of which the solar radiation flow can reach the interior largely unhindered (Fig. 4a).
  • thermotropic layer material 3 assumes transparent properties, as a result of which the sunlight shining in from outside falls almost without scatter on the light-guiding surface structures of the prismatic glazing 7. If the position of the sun is suitably high, the sun's rays hitting the prismatic glazing are directed into the interior of the room only at a certain angle. However, the much larger radiation component is reflected back by the prismatic function of the prismatic glazing 7 (as shown in FIG. 4c).

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
  • Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif pour guider la lumière, constitué d'au moins un matériau plat partiellement translucide. Ce dispositif comprend une face supérieure plane présentant des structures superficielles optiquement actives pour guider et/ou disperser la lumière, un revêtement à commutation optique étant appliqué sur ces structures superficielles au moins par endroits. Ce dispositif peut comprendre autrement au moins deux faces supérieures planes, positionnées en vis-à-vis de façon directe ou indirecte, l'une de ces faces présentant des structures superficielles optiquement actives pour guider et/ou disperser la lumière et l'autre face présentant un revêtement à commutation optique recouvrant la face supérieure plane au moins par endroits.
EP03742556A 2002-02-22 2003-02-19 Dispositif pour guider la lumiere Withdrawn EP1476631A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10207564 2002-02-22
DE10207564A DE10207564C1 (de) 2002-02-22 2002-02-22 Vorrichtung zur Lichtlenkung aus wenigstens einem teiltransluzentem Flächenmaterial
PCT/EP2003/001696 WO2003071079A1 (fr) 2002-02-22 2003-02-19 Dispositif pour guider la lumiere

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1476631A1 true EP1476631A1 (fr) 2004-11-17

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EP03742556A Withdrawn EP1476631A1 (fr) 2002-02-22 2003-02-19 Dispositif pour guider la lumiere

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US (1) US20050254130A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1476631A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE10207564C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2003071079A1 (fr)

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US20050254130A1 (en) 2005-11-17
DE10207564C1 (de) 2003-11-20

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