Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
  • C09B3/00—Dyes with an anthracene nucleus condensed with one or more carbocyclic rings
  • C09B3/02—Benzathrones
  • C09B3/06—Preparation from starting materials already containing the benzanthrone nucleus
  • C09B3/10—Amino derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F293/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule
  • C08F293/005—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule using free radical "living" or "controlled" polymerisation, e.g. using a complexing agent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F293/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/0041—Optical brightening agents, organic pigments
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L53/00—Compositions of block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/02—Printing inks
  • C09D11/03—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D153/00—Coating compositions based on block copolymers containing at least one sequence of a polymer obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2438/00—Living radical polymerisation
  • C08F2438/01—Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization [ATRP] or reverse ATRP

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a composition containing dispersible inorganic or organic pigment particles and modified ATRP block copolymer or comb type dispersants, a process for preparing the composition, a pigment dispersion containing dispersible inorganic or organic pigment particles and modified ATRP block- or comb-type copolymer dispersants, a process for preparing the pigment dispersion and to the use of the pigment dispersion for preparing coatings, images, lacquers and others.
• Dispersions containing pigments and polymer additives are used in an almost unlimited number of different technical applications, e.g. as coating materials, for printing inks, colouring plastic materials, including fibres, glasses, or ceramic products, for formulations in cosmetics, or for the preparation of paint systems, in particular automotive, industrial and decorative paints.
• polymers in pigment dispersions are manifold. They may act as solubilisers in the given carrier liquid, e.g. water or organic solvents. Suitable polymers are also needed as stabilisers to prevent precipitation or flocculation. Polymers may also improve the gloss of the pigment dispersion or enhance its rheology. Depending on the type and polarity of the dispersing agent, e.g. water, organic solvents or mixtures thereof, polymers of variable structure are chosen. In view of ecological requirements, the use of aqueous pigment dispersions is particularly preferred, as well as dispersions based on organic solvents with high solids content.
• A-B block copolymers containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer blocks
• hydrophobic "A” blocks homo- or copolymers of methacrylate monomers
• hydrophilic "B” blocks neutralised acid or amine containing polymers
• these copolymers are useful for preparing water based pigment dispersions, cf. H. J. Spinelli, Progress in Organic Coatings 27 (1996), 255-260 .
• GTP Group transfer polymerisation
• WO 96 / 30421 discloses a controlled or "living" polymerisation process of ethylenically unsaturated polymers, such as styrene or (meth) acrylates, by employing the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP) method.
• ATRP Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation
• This method produces defined oligomeric homopolymers and copolymers, including block copolymers.
• Initiators are employed which generate radical atoms, such as •Cl, in the presence of a redox system of transition metals of different oxidation states, e.g. Cu(I) and Cu(II), providing "living" or controlled radical polymerisation.
• WO 00 / 40630 discloses pigment dispersions containing block copolymers as dispersants prepared by the ATRP method.
• the block copolymers consist of defined hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer blocks. The difference in polarity is obtained by copolymerising polymer blocks A and B wherein different amounts of monomer units with hydrophilic functional groups are present, such as amino or alkylated amino groups. This changes the hydrophilic/ hydrophobic character of the block copolymer dispersant.
• the individual hydrophobic "A" blocks based on uncharged homo- or copolymers of methacrylate or acrylate monomers form steric stabiliser blocks in solvent based coating formulations.
• the presence of more hydrophilic "B" blocks (e.g. amino functional acrylates or methacrylates) is the basis for pigment affinity to certain organic or inorganic pigments.
• Various additives, such p-toluenesulphonic acid are also disclosed.
• WO 01 / 51534 discloses comb polymer dispersants prepared via macromonomers made by ATRP. Certain additives like p-toluenesulphonic acid are disclosed.
• WO 01/51534 A relates to comb polymers and macromonomers based on acrylates prepared by the ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) method. These polymers have an improved capability of dispersing pigments in the given solvent.
• WO 01/51534 A also relates to compositions comprising the comb polymers and macromonomers dispersible inorganic or organic pigment particles, which are used by applying them to any suitable substrate, for example to metal, wood plastic or ceramic materials.
• WO 00/40630 A relates to a composition containing ATRP polymers and dispersible inorganic or organic pigment particles.
• the pigment composition is useful for preparing coating compositions, prints, images, inks or lacquers and other disperse systems.
• the present invention relates to a composition
• a composition comprising
• the present invention also relates to a pigment dispersion comprising
• the pigment dispersions are useful for a large variety of technical applications, e.g. for the preparation of inks or printing inks in printing processes, such as flexographics, screen, packaging, security ink, intaglio or offset printing, for pre-press stages and textile printing, for office, home or graphic applications, for paper goods, pens, felt tips, fibres tips, card, wood, (wood) stains, metal, inking pads, or inks for impact printing, (with impact-pressure ink ribbons), or for the preparation of colorants, for coatings, e.g.
• paints for textile decoration and industrial marking, for roller coatings or powder coatings or for automotive finishes for high-solids, for low-solvent, water containing or metallic coating materials or for water-containing formulations, water-containing paints, or for the preparation of pigmented plastics, fibres, platters or mold carriers, or for pigmented radiation curable coatings, or for pigmented gel coats, laminates, composites, adhesives and casting resins, or for non-impact printing material, for digital printing, thermal wax transfer printing, inkjet printing or thermal transfer printing, or for the preparation of colour filters, especially for visible light in the range from 400 to 700 nm, which can be used for the production of liquid crystal displays (LCD) or charge combined devices (CCD), for the preparation of cosmetics, toners, or polymeric ink particles for the preparation of toners, such as dry or liquid copy toners or electro photographic toners.
• the toners can be prepared in master batches and be used in turn in master batches for the preparation of coloured plastics.
• Suitable dispersible organic pigments are pigments or pearlescent flakes selected from the group consisting of azo, disazo, naphthol, benzimidazolone, azocondensation, metal complex, isoindolinone, and isoindoline pigments, the chinophthalon pigment, dioxazine pigment and the polycyclic pigment group consisting of indigo, thioindigo, quinacridones, phthalocyanines, perylenes, perionones, anthraquinones, such as aminoanthraquinones or hydroxyan-thraquinones, anthrapyrimidines, indanthrones, flavanthrones, pyranthrones, anthantrones, isoviolanthrones, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and carbazoles, e.g.
• Suitable dispersible inorganic pigments are selected from the group consisting of metallic flakes, such aluminium, aluminium oxide, calcium carbonate, silicon oxide and silicates, iron(III)oxide, chromium(III)oxide, titanium(IV)oxide, zirconium(IV)oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, zinc phosphate, mixed metal oxide phosphates, molybdenum sulphide, cadmium sulphide, carbon black or graphite, vanadates, such as bismuth vanadate, chromates, such as lead(IV)chromate, and molybdates, such as lead(IV)molybdate, and mixtures, crystal forms or modifications thereof, such as rutil, anatas, mica, talcum or kaolin.
• the composition may contain in addition to component a) - pigments- and component b) - dispersing agents - conventional binder materials for preparing coating compositions, e.g. paints, fillers, and other conventional additives, in particular conventional additives selected from the group consisting of surfactants, light stabilisers, UV-absorbers, anti-foaming agents, dyes, plasticisers, thixotropic agents, drying catalysts, anti-skinning agents and levelling agents.
• the composition may also contain conventional additives, such as antioxidants, flow control agents, rheology control agents such as fumed silica, micro gels, screeners, quenchers or absorbers. These additives can be added individually or in mixtures, with or without so-called sterically hindered amines (HALS).
• HALS sterically hindered amines
• the composition may contain the above-mentioned pigment component a) in an amount of 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 50.0% by weight, and particularly preferably 1.0 to 30.0% by weight.
• dispersing agent is defined within the limits of a so-called solid/ liquid dispersion, as opposed to other types of dispersions, such as liquid/ liquid (e.g. emulsions) or solid/gas (e.g. fumes) dispersions.
• Solid/liquid dispersions that apply here consist of a two-phase system containing insoluble solid particles or solid particles of low solubility within a liquid.
• the dispersing agent enables solid particles, in the instant case pigment particles, to be distributed homogeneously within a liquid phase, e.g. water or organic solvent, or mixtures of both, or a polymer melt. Homogeneous distribution means that the concentration of the solid particles within the liquid phase in any volume fraction of the liquid phase is identical or approximately identical (even distribution of the solid particles).
• copolymer comprises block or comb copolymers obtainable by methods wherein at least one polymerisation step consists of ATRP.
• block copolymer comprises random block, multi-block, star-block or gradient copolymers.
• the polymer blocks A and B consist of at least two repeating units of polymerisable ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
• comb copolymer comprises comb type and graft copolymers prepared from macromonomers obtainable by methods wherein at least one polymerisation step consists of ATRP.
• macromonomer comprises homopolymers, random copolymers, AB-type block copolymers, gradient or tapered copolymers.
• Comb polymers are obtainable by copolymerisation of macromonomers with other monomers by any of the known polymerisation methods like conventional or controlled or "living" radical polymerisation, e.g. ATRP.
• Controlled or "living" polymerisation is defined as a process wherein the polymerisation is initiated from an initiating fragment which adds monomers by radical poly-addition reactions under conditions which suppress undesirable side reactions, such as radical transfer to solvent, bimolecular termination or so-called disproportionation. The suppression of these side reactions is effected to such a degree that enables the formation of a block copolymer by subsequent addition of different monomers or the functionalisation of a terminal group to form a macromonomer.
• the method of living polymerisation is described in U.S. Patent Specification No. 4,581,429 .
• the group X represents the polymerisation initiator fragment of a polymerisation initiator of the formula x-Y' q (II), wherein
• a suitable polymerisation initiator is capable of initiating atom transfer radical polymerisation of the fragments A and B. The polymerisation subsequently proceeds by a reaction mechanism known under the term ATRP or related methods.
• a suitable polymerisation initiator which contains a radically transferable atom or group •Y', is described in WO 96/30421 and WO 98/01480 .
• a preferred radically transferable atom or group •Y' is •Cl or •Br, which is cleaved as a radical from the initiator molecule and may subsequently be replaced after polymerisation as a leaving group with a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• the index q is one if one group Y, e.g. chlorine or bromine, is present in the initiator molecule (II).
• a representative initiator molecule (II) wherein q is one is a compound of the formula wherein Hal represents chlorine or bromine.
• Hal represents chlorine or bromine.
• These initiator molecules are prepared by the reaction of a reactive functional derivative of ⁇ -halogen carboxylic acid of the formula e.g. the acid chloride or bromide of this compound, with an alcohol of the formula HO-R 2 , wherein R 2 together with the HO-group represents a branched trihydroxy alcohol, e.g. 1,1,1-(tris-hydroxymethyl) propane or represents a branched tetrahydroxy alcohol, e.g. pentaerythritol.
• a reactive functional derivative of ⁇ -halogen carboxylic acid of the formula e.g. the acid chloride or bromide of this compound with an alcohol of the formula HO-R 2 , wherein R 2 together with the HO-group represents a branched trihydroxy alcohol, e.g. 1,1,1-(tris-hydroxymethyl) propane or represents a branched tetrahydroxy alcohol, e.g. pentaerythritol.
• initiators (II) wherein q represents one and one transferable group Y' is present per initiator fragment X and subsequent replacement of Y' with a polymerisable chain terminal group Y, generates linear macromonomers (I).
• Branched comb polymers (I) are obtainable from these macromonomers, particularly branched comb polymers from the "star-shaped" initiators of the formulae above.
• a preferred polymerisation initiator (II), which generates linear polymers, block copolymers or macromonomers, is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 8 alkyl halides, C 6 -C 15 aralkyl-halides, C 2 -C 8 haloalkyl esters, arene sulphonyl chlorides, ⁇ -haloalkane nitriles, ⁇ -haloacrylates and halolactones.
• a and B represent polymer blocks composed of repeating units of ethylenically unsaturated monomers selected from the group consisting of styrenes, acrylic and methacrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters, acrylic and methacrylic acid-hydroxy-C 2 -C 8 alkyl esters, acrylic and methacrylic acid-dihydroxy-C 3 -C 4 alkyl esters and acrylic and methacrylic acid esters having poly-C 2 -C 4 alkyleneglycol ester groups, wherein the ester groups may be substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkoxy groups.
• Suitable styrenes may be substituted at the phenyl group by one to three additional substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, halogen, e.g. chloro, and C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl.
• Suitable acrylic acid or methacrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters are acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters esterified by methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isobornyl, isodecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl or n-octadecyl.
• Acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 6 -C 11 aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters esterified by benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 1- or 2-naphthylmethyl or 2-(1-or 2-naphthyl)-ethyl.
• the phenyl or naphthyl groups may be additionally substituted with one to three additional substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, halogen, e.g. chloro, and C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl or methyl.
• Acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 6 -C 11 aryloxy-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters esterified by 2-phenoxyethyl or 2-benzyloxyethyl.
• Acrylic acid and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl esters (HEA, HEMA) or acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-hydroxypropyl ester (HPA, HPMA).
• Acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-polyhydroxy-C 3 -C 6 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid esterified by ethylene glycol or glycerol.
• Acrylic acid- and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-silyloxy-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-trimethylsilyloxyethyl esters (TMS-HEA, TMS-HEMA).
• Acrylic acid- or C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 3 silyl-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-trimethylsilylethyl esters or acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-3-trimethylsilyl-n-propyl esters.
• Acrylic acid- and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-heterocyclyl-C 2 -C 4 alkyl esters are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid-2-(N-morpholinyl, 2-pyridyl, 1-imidazolyl, 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl, 4-methylpiperidin-1-yl or 2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-ethyl esters.
• Representative C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid esters having poly-C 2 -C 4 alkyleneglycol ester groups, wherein the ester groups may be substituted with C 1 -C 24 alkoxy groups are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid esters of ethoxylated decanol or ethoxylated lauryl or stearyl alcohol, wherein the degree of ethoxylation, as expressed by the index n in the formula above, is typically in the range from 5 to 30.
• Acrylic and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 1-2 amide are acrylic acid- or methacrylic acid N-methyl, N,N-dimethyl, N-ethyl or N,N-diethyl amide.
• esters of maleic acid or fumaric acid are the C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters, e.g. the methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isobornyl, isodecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl or n-octadecyl esters, the C 6 -C 11 aryl, e.g.
• the phenyl or naphthyl groups may be additionally substituted with one to three additional substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, e.g. methoxy or ethoxy, halogen, e.g. chloro, and C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. methyl.
• N-substituted maleinimides are the N-C 1 -C 4 alkyl, e.g. N-methyl or N-ethyl, or N-aryl, e.g. N-phenyl substituted maleinimides. 12
• the repeating unit of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer substituted with a basic group present in one of the polymer blocks A and B is represented by a compound of the formula (III), wherein
• the repeating unit of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer substituted with a basic group present in one of the polymer blocks A or B as described above forms a salt with the salt forming compound (ii) by acid-base reaction, acid addition or quaternisation reaction.
• the unsaturated monomer substituted with a basic group present in one of the polymer blocks A and B is represented by an 2-ammoniumethyl ester group of the formula wherein R a , R b and R c independently of one another represent hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 4 alkyl, aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl and (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 1-3 aryl.
• the repeating unit of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer substituted with a basic group is represented by an amino monomer selected from the group consisting of 4-aminostyrene, 4-dimethylaminostyrene, an amino alkyl (meth)acrylate selected from the group consisting of 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2-diethylaminoethyl acrylate (DEAEA), 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), 2-t-butylaminoethyl acrylate (t-BAEA), 2-t-butylaminoethyl methacrylate (t-BAEMA) and 3-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-vinylpyridine and 1-vinylimidazole.
• DMAEMA 2-dimethylaminoethyl meth
• the index numbers x and y independently of one another define the number of monomer units present in the polymer blocks A and B.
• One of x and y represents zero, one or a numeral greater than one and the other one represents a numeral greater than one. At least one of the index numbers x and y represents a numeral greater than one.
• the copolymer (I) is a macromonomer which may be converted to a comb polymer.
• a range from two to 1000 is preferred for the sum of x and y.
• the preferred molecular weight range of both polymer blocks A and B is from about 1 000 to 100 000, preferably about 1 000 to 50 000.
• a particularly preferred molecular weight range is from about 1 000 to 15 000.
• the polymerisation process may be carried out in the presence of water or an organic solvent or mixtures thereof. Additional co-solvents or surfactants, such as glycols or ammonium salts of fatty acids, may be added to the reaction mixture. The amount of solvent should be kept as low as possible.
• the reaction mixture may contain the above-mentioned monomers or oligomers in an amount of 1.0 to 99.9% by weight, preferably 5.0 to 99.9% by weight, and especially preferably 50.0 to 99.9% by weight, based on the monomers present in the polymerisate.
• suitable solvents or mixtures of solvents are typically pure alkanes (hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane), hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene), alkanols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), esters (ethyl n-propyl, n-butyl or n-hexyl acetate) and ethers (diethyl or dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran), or mixtures thereof.
• alkanes hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane
• hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, xylene
• alkanols methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether
• esters ethyl n-propyl
• reaction mixture can be supplemented with a water-miscible or hydrophilic co-solvent.
• a water-miscible or hydrophilic co-solvent Any water-soluble or water-miscible co-solvent may be used, as long as the aqueous solvent medium is effective in providing a solvent system, which prevents precipitation or phase separation of the reactants or polymer products until full completion of the polymerisation.
• Exemplary co-solvents useful in the process may be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic alcohols, glycols, ethers, glycol ethers, pyrrolidines, N-alkylpyrrolidinones, N-alkylpyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, amides, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, esters, organosulphides, sulphoxides, sulphones, alcohol derivatives, hydroxyether derivatives such as butyl carbitol or cellosolve, amino alcohols, ketones, and the like, as well as derivatives and mixtures thereof.
• water to co-solvent weight ratio is typically in the range of about 99: 1 to about 10: 90.
• mol% is based on an average molecular weight of the mixture.
• the polymerisation temperature may range from about 50°C to about 180°C, preferably from about 80°C to about 150°C. At temperatures above about 180°C, the controlled conversion of the monomers into polymers may decrease, and undesirable by-products like thermally initiated polymers are formed or decomposition of the components may occur.
• a suitable catalyst capable of activating ATRP is a transition metal complex catalyst salt present as an oxidisable complex ion in the lower oxidation state of a redox system.
• Preferred examples of such redox systems are selected from the group consisting of Group V(B), VI(B), VII(B), VIII, IB and IIB elements, such as Cu + /Cu 2+ , Cu 0 /Cu + , Fe 0 /Fe 2+ , Fe 2+ /F e3+ , Cr 2+/ Cr 3+ , Co + /Co 2+ , Co 2+ /Co 3+ , Ni 0 /Ni + , Ni + /Ni 2+ , Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ , Mn 0 /Mn 2+ , Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , Mn 3+ /Mn 4+ or Zn + /Zn 2 +.
• the ionic charges are counterbalanced by anionic ligands commonly known in complex chemistry of transition metals, such hydride ions (H - ) or anions derived from inorganic or organic acids, examples being halides, e.g. F, Cl - , Br - or I - , halogen complexes with transition metals, such as Cu l Br 2 - , halogen complex ions of the type BF 4 - , PF 6 - , SbF 6 - or AsF 6 - , anions of oxygen acids, alcoholates or acetylides or the anion of cyclopentadiene.
• transition metals such as hydride ions (H - ) or anions derived from inorganic or organic acids, examples being halides, e.g. F, Cl - , Br - or I - , halogen complexes with transition metals, such as Cu l Br 2 - , halogen complex ions of
• Anions of oxygen acids are, for example, sulphate, phosphate, perchlorate, perbromate, periodate, antimonate, arsenate, nitrate, carbonate, the anion of a C 1 -C 8 carboxylic acid, such as formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, benzoate, phenylacetate, mono-, di- or trichloro- or -fluoroacetate, sulphonates, for example methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl- or n-butylsulphonate, trifluoromethylsulphonate (triflate), unsubstituted or C 1 -C 4 alkyl-, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy- or halo-, especially fluoro-, chloro- or bromo-substituted phenylsulphonate or benzylsulphonate, for example tosylate, mesylate, brosylate,
• Anionic ligands and neutral may also be present up to the preferred coordination number of the complex cation, especially four, five or six. Additional negative charges are counterbalanced by cations, especially monovalent cations such as Na + , K + , NH 4 + or (C 1 -C 4 alkyl) 4 N + .
• Suitable neutral ligands are inorganic or organic neutral ligands commonly known in complex chemistry of transition metals. They coordinate to the metal ion through a ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ - or ⁇ -type bonding or any combinations thereof up to the preferred coordination number of the complex cation.
• Suitable inorganic ligands are selected from the group consisting of aquo (H 2 O), amino, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrosyl.
• Suitable organic ligands are selected from the group consisting of phosphines, e.g.
• Heterocyclic e - donor ligands are derived, for example, from unsubstituted or substituted heteroarenes from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, bis-pyridine, picolylimine, ⁇ -pyran, ⁇ -thiopyran, phenanthroline, pyrimidine, bis-pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, coumarone, thionaphthene, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, oxazole, thiazole, bis-thiazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, quinoline, bis-quinoline, isoquinoline, bis-isoquinoline, acridine, chromene, phenazine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, triazine, thianthrene,
• the oxidisable transition metal complex catalyst can be formed in a separate preliminary reaction step from its ligands or is preferably formed in-situ from its transition metal salt, e.g. Cu(I)Cl, which is then converted to the complex compound by addition of compounds corresponding to the ligands present in the complex catalyst, e.g. by addition of ethylenediamine, EDTA, Me 6 TREN or PMDETA.
• transition metal salt e.g. Cu(I)Cl
• the transition metal in the oxidisable transition metal complex catalyst salt is converted from its lower oxidation state in the above-mentioned redox systems to its higher oxidation state.
• a Cu(I) complex catalyst salt is converted to the corresponding Cu(II) oxidation state.
• the copolymers (I) as obtained by the process have a low polydispersity.
• the polydispersity is from 1.01 to 2.20, more preferably from 1.01 to 1.90, and most preferably from 1.01 to 1.50.
• Y represents a polymer chain terminal group.
• a suitable chain terminal group is a radically transferable group, a polymerisable chain terminal group or a saturated polymer chain terminal group, which is formed by polymerisation or copolymerisation of a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• a radically transferable group is a group that results from ATRP with suitable initiators of the formula II described above, such as chlorine or bromine.
• compositions comprising copolymers (I), e.g. macromonomers, wherein Y is a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• Y is a polymerisable chain terminal group.
• Such group contains at least one polymerisable, ethylenically unsaturated monomer unit that has the same preferred meanings in respect of the polymerised saturated monomer units present in a linear chain terminal group Y.
• a preferred polymerisable chain terminal group is an ethylenically unsaturated group corresponding to monomers selected from the group consisting of styrenes, acrylic acid, C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid, amides, anhydrides and salts of acrylic acid or C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid, acrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters and C 1 -C 4 alkylacrylic acid-C 1 -C 24 alkyl esters, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, vinyl substituted heterocycles, styrene sulphonic acid and salts, vinyl benzoic acid and salts, vinyl formamide and amidosulphonic acid derivatives.
• the macromonomers are prepared by known methods such as the ones described WO 01 / 51534 , e.g. by reacting a copolymer (I) obtainable by ATRP, wherein Y is a radically transferable atom or group, e.g. halogen, with ethylenically unsaturated monomers as defined above.
• the elimination of the transfer group Y, e.g. halogen, with the polymerisable chain terminal group X is advantageously performed in such a way that the polymerisate is dissolved in a solvent and the monomeric compound corresponding to X is added in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base such as diazabicycloundecene (DBU) or other bases at higher temperatures.
• DBU diazabicycloundecene
• the reaction which is a conventional esterification reaction, takes place under the conditions of a regular esterification reaction within a temperature range from room temperature to the boiling temperature of the reaction mixture, preferably from room temperature to 100°C.
• Copolymers (I) wherein Y is saturated polymer chain terminal group Y are obtained by further polymerising the macromonomers of above with ethylenically unsaturated monomers by any known method of polymerisation, such as radical polymerisation with initiators of the nitrile type, e.g. AlBN, or peroxides, e.g. benzoyl peroxide or di-tert-butyl peroxide.
• the copolymerisation of the macromonomer with co-monomers can also be conducted by ATRP or any other method of controlled radical polymerisation, such as like nitroxyl mediated controlled free radical polymerisation.
• a preferred embodiment relates to a composition, which comprises a copolymer of the formula (I), wherein
• composition which comprises a copolymer of the formula (I), wherein
• the salt forming compound (ii) or (ii') forms a salt with the copolymer (I) by acid-base reaction, acid addition or quaternisation reaction.
• the acidic group such as the sulpho, carboxy or phosphono group, the sulphonic acid-C 1 -C 4 alkylester group or the C 1 -C 8 alkyl halide group, which is present in the salt forming compound (ii), forms a salt by reaction with a basic group, such as the free amino group or a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group, which is present in one of the polymer blocks A and B or the chain terminal group Y of the copolymer component (I).
• the acidic group such as the sulpho, carboxy or phosphono group is present in one of the polymer blocks A and B or the chain terminal group Y of the copolymer component (I).
• the salt forming compound (ii') then contains the free amino group or a primary, secondary or tertiary amino group.
• a suitable salt forming compound (ii) is an organic acid selected from the group consisting of monocyclic or polycyclic sulphonic, mono- or polycyclic carboxylic or phosphonic acids, aliphatic sulphonic, carboxylic or phosphonic acids substituted with mono- or polycyclic groups, C 1 -C 8 alkyl halides substituted with mono- or polycyclic groups and C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters of mono- or polycyclic sulphonic acids, provided that p-toluenesulphonic acid is excluded as salt-forming component (ii).
• the salt forming compound (ii) is an organic acid selected from the group consisting polycyclic sulphonic, mono- or polycyclic carboxylic or phosphonic acids, aliphatic sulphonic, carboxylic or phosphonic acids substituted with mono- or polycyclic groups, C 1 -C 8 alkyl halides substituted with mono- or polycyclic groups and C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters of mono- or polycyclic sulphonic acids.
• monocyclic defines the presence of a carbo- or heterocycloaliphatic, e.g. C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, or an aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic group, e.g. phenyl.
• polycyclic defines the presence of more than one cyclic group in a given molecular structure, especially two or three cyclic groups.
• the cyclic groups may be saturated or unsaturated, carbocyclic or heterocyclic.
• Polycyclic sulphonic acids have at least two cyclic groups, e.g. two aromatic, e.g. two condensed aromatic groups, or condensed bicycloaliphatic or bicycloaliphatic aromatic groups.
• Mono- or polycyclic sulphonic, carboxylic or phosphonic acids comprise within their given molecular structure at least one cyclic group, e.g. one or two aromatic, e.g. two condensed aromatic groups, or one or two cycloaliphatic groups, condensed bicycloaliphatic or cycloaliphatic aromatic groups.
• the mono- or polycyclic groups present in the sulphonic, carboxylic and phosphonic acids or the mono- or polycyclic substituents of the aliphatic sulphonic, carboxylic or phosphonic acids are selected from the group consisting of saturated or unsaturated mono- or bicycloaliphatic, heteromonocycloliphatic or heterobicycloaliphatic, carbomonocyclic or carbobicyclic aromatic, partially saturated carbobicyclic aromatic, heteromonocyclic or heterobicyclic aromatic and partially saturated heterobicyclic aromatic groups.
• a preferred group of substituted mono- or polycyclic sulphonic, carboxylic and phosphonic acids is represented by the general formula: wherein
• Two substituents from the group R 1 and R 2 may also represent bivalent, bridge-type C 2 -C 6 alkylen-, C 4 -C 8 alkyldiyliden- or C 4 -C 8 alkenyldiyliden groups which are connected with one of the above-mentioned cyclic or bicyclic groups.
• PTSA p-Toluenesulphonic acid
• naphthalene 1,3,6-trisulphonic acid naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid 2-naphthylamine-6,8-disulphonic acid and isomers Naphthalene-1,5-disulphonic acid and isomers pyridine-3-sulphonic acid 7-amino-1-naphthol-3-sulphonic acid
• Preferred sulphonic acid-C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters suitable as a salt forming compounds (ii) are the methyl or ethyl esters of p-toluenesulphonic acid or the methyl or ethyl esters of the sulphonic acids mentioned above and illustrated by their structural formulae.
• Preferred C 1 -C 8 alkyl halides substituted with the above-mentioned mono-, bi- or tricyclic groups are benzyl chloride, 2-chlorobenzylchloride, 4-chlorobenzylchloride, 2,4-dichlorobenzylchloride.
• the salt groups on the copolymer are derived from an aminic structure of a compound (III) by quaternisation with active aryl-C 1 -C 4 alkyl halides or C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters of organic sulphonic acids.
• examples of preferred salt forming compounds (II) are benzyl chloride, 2-chlorobenzylchloride, 4-chlorobenzylchloride, 2,4-dichlorobenzylchloride, p-toluenesulphonic acid methyl ester, p-toluenesulphonic acid ethyl ester and the methyl- or ethyl esters of the polycyclic sulphonic acids described above.
• the acidic group present in the salt forming compounds (ii), particularly the sulpho, carboxy or phosphono group may be attached directly or with a bivalent bridge group to any aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aliphatic cycloaliphatic, aromatic or aromatic aliphatic hydrocarbon backbone from a UV-absorber moiety.
• UV-light absorber moiety comprises any structural moiety effective as a photostable UV-filter which is derived from UV-light absorber compounds present in cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations for protecting the human epidermis or human hair from UV-radiation, particularly in the range from 290 to 400 nm.
• suitable UV-light absorber moieties are described in U.S. Patent Specification 6,132,703 .
• a preferred UV-light absorber moiety is a substituent selected from the group consisting of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, 2-hydroxybenzophenones, benzoic acid esters, oxanilides and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines.
• 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles are 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(2',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-[3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxycarbonyl-2-ethyl)-phenyl]-benzotriazole, 2-[3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxycarbonyl-2-ethyl)-phenyl]-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl)-benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-
• 2-hydroxybenzophenones are, for example, the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4-decyloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 2,4-dihydroxy, 4,2',4'-trihydroxy and 2'-hydroxy-4,4'-di-methoxy derivatives.
• benzoic acid esters are, for example, 4-tert-butyl-phenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 2-methyl-4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate.
• oxanilides are, for example, 2-ethyl-2'-hydroxyoxanilide, 4,4'-dioctyloxyoxanilide, 2,2'-diethoxyoxanilide, 2,2'-dioctyloxy-5,5'-di-tert-butyloxanilide, 2,2'-didodecyloxy-5,5'-di-tert-butyloxanilide, 2-ethoxy-2'-ethyloxanilide, N,N'-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)oxalamide, 2-ethoxy-5-tert-butyl-2'-ethyloxanilide and its mixture with 2-ethoxy-2'-ethyl-5,4'-di-tert-butyloxanilide and mixtures of o- and p-methoxy- and of o- and p-ethoxy-disubstituted oxanilides.
• 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazines are, for example, 2,4-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-6-(2,6-di-hydroxy)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-di-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propoxyphenyl)-6-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)
• UV-light absorbers selected from the group consisting of (2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone, 2-benzotriazol-2-yl-4-methylphenol, 4-benzotriazol-2-ylbenzene-1,3-diol, 3-[3-tert-butyl-5-(5-chlorobenzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-propionic acid, 3-[5-(benzotriazol-2-yl)-3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionic acid; 4-(4,6-diphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl-benzene1,3-diol, 4-[4,6-bis(biphenyl-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-benzene-1,3-diol, 4-[4,6-di-(2,4-di-hydroxyphenyl)1,3,5-triazin2-yl
• the composition may contain the above-mentioned polymer component b) in an amount of 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 50.0% by weight, and particularly preferably 1.0 to 30.0% by weight.
• the invention relates to a composition
• a composition comprising
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to the process for preparing the above-mentioned pigment dispersion, which comprises preparing the copolymer (I) by copolymerising the fragments A and B by ATRP and optionally replacing or polymerising further the chain terminal group Y; and
• the process comprises the additional step of isolating the pigment and the modified copolymer and optional other conventional additives in a solid product form essentially free from liquid carrier medium.
• the copolymer (I) is modified by addition of the salt forming compound (ii) or (ii') defined above, and isolating the modified block copolymer (I) in pure form or as a solution or dispersion in water or an organic solvent or a mixture of both.
• the modified block copolymer is then added in pure form or as a solution or dispersion to dispersible pigment particles and optionally binder materials, fillers or other conventional additives.
• the polymers or copolymers can be further processed and used in most cases without any further purification step. This is an important advantage when industrial scale-up is intended.
• the copolymer (I) is modified with the salt forming compound (ii) or (ii') in the presence of dispersible pigment particles and optionally binder materials, fillers or other conventional additives.
• the pigments are dispersed in the presence of the modified copolymer dispersant by using conventional techniques, such as high speed mixing, ball milling, sand grinding, attritor grinding or two or three roll milling.
• the resulting pigment dispersion may have a pigment to dispersant binder weight ratio of about 0.1 : 100 to 1500 : 100.
• the organic solvents present in the dispersion are mentioned above, cf. process, and preferably are commonly used solvents in coatings technology.
• polar, water-miscible solvents such as C 1 -C 4 alkohols, e.g. methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol, glycol ethers like butyl glycol, or methoxypropylene glycol, polyols, e.g. glycerol, or ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, triethylene or propylene glycol are used.
• solvent based coating systems preferably less polar solvents like aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters like butyl acetate, or glycol ethers like methoxypropylene glycol or glycol ether esters like methoxypropylene glycol acetate are used.
• ⁇ ) or ⁇ ) fine pigment dispersions are prepared by mixing the pigments with a solution of the modified copolymers or an aqueous emulsion of the modified copolymers, concentrating the resulting mixture by distilling off the solvents and/or water, preferably to dryness, and optionally further subjecting the resulting concentrate to thermal and/or mechanical treatment to prepare a mixture comprising pigments and modified copolymers which may then be subsequently dispersed in aqueous and/or organic solvents.
• the solid composition of pigment and modified copolymer is easy to disperse and does not require time and energy intensive grinding to be incorporated into e.g. a paint formulation.
• compositions such as high speed mixing, ball milling, sand grinding, attritor grinding or two or three roll milling may in the alternative be employed when preparing the dispersion.
• the present invention also relates to the use of the pigment dispersion described above for preparing coating compositions, prints, images, inks, lacquers, pigmented plastics, adhesives, casting resins, filled composites, glass fibre reinforced composites, laminates, cement based construction materials like plaster and tile adhesives.
• compositions for example paints
• the invention therefore also relates to compositions, wherein film-forming binders for coatings are added to the composition comprising components a) and b) described above.
• the novel coating composition preferably comprises 0.01 - 100.0 parts by weight of the combined components a) and b) in the composition, in particular 0.05 - 50.0 parts, especially 0.1 - 20.0 parts, per 100 parts by weight of solid binder.
• Suitable binders are the ones customarily used, for example the ones described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Edition, Vol. A18, pp. 368-426, VCH, Weinheim 1991, Germany .
• the film-forming binder is based on a thermoplastic or thermosetting resin, predominantly on a thermosetting resin. Examples thereof are alkyd, acrylic, polyester, phenolic, melamine, epoxy and polyurethane resins and mixtures thereof. Also resins curable by radiation or air-drying resins can be used.
• Binders that may be used are any cold- or hot-curable binders; the addition of a curing catalyst may be advantageous. Suitable catalysts that accelerate the curing of binders are described, for example, in Ullmann's, Vol. A18, loc. cit., p. 469.
• coating compositions comprising a functional acrylate resin and a cross linking agent.
• coating compositions containing specific binders are:
• the coating composition according to the invention preferably comprises a light stabiliser of the sterically hindered amine type, the 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine and/or the 2-hydroxyphenyl-2H-benzotriazole types.
• a light stabiliser of the sterically hindered amine type the 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine and/or the 2-hydroxyphenyl-2H-benzotriazole types.
• Further examples for light stabilisers of the 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine type advantageously to be added can be found e.g. in the published patent literature, e.g.
• the coating composition can also comprise further components, examples being solvents, pigments, dyes, plasticisers, stabilisers, thixotropic agents, drying catalysts and/or levelling agents.
• examples are those described in Ullmann's, Vol. A18, pp. 429-471 .
• Possible drying catalysts or curing catalysts are, for example, organometallic compounds, amines, amino-containing resins and/or phosphines.
• organometallic compounds are metal carboxylates, especially those of the metals Pb, Mn, Co, Zn, Zr or Cu, or metal chelates, especially those of the metals Al, Ti or Zr, or organometallic compounds, such as organotin compounds.
• metal carboxylates are stearates of Pb, Mn or Zn, octanoates of Co, Zn or Cu, naphthenoates of Mn and Co or the corresponding linoleates, resinates or tallates.
• metal chelates are aluminium, titanium or zirconium chelates of acetylacetone, ethyl acetylacetate, salicylaldehyde, salicylaldoxime, o-hydroxyacetophenone or ethyl trifluoroacetylacetate, and the alkoxides of these metals.
• organotin compounds are dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dilaurate or dibutyltin dioctoate.
• amines are, in particular, tertiary amines, for example tri-n-butylamine, triethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, N-dimethylethanolamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-methylmorpholine or diazabicyclooctane (triethylenediamine) and salts thereof.
• quaternary ammonium salts for example trimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride.
• Amino-containing resins function simultaneously as binder and curing catalyst. Examples thereof are amino-containing acrylate copolymers.
• the curing catalyst used can also be a phosphine, for example triphenylphosphine.
• the novel coating compositions include radiation-curable coating compositions.
• the binder essentially comprises monomeric or oligomeric compounds containing ethylenically unsaturated bonds, which after application are cured by actinic radiation, i.e. converted into a crosslinked, high molecular weight form.
• the system is UV-curing, it generally contains a photoinitiator as well.
• the novel stabilisers can also be employed without the addition of sterically hindered amines.
• the coating compositions according to the invention can be applied to any desired substrates, for example to metal, wood, plastic or ceramic materials. They are preferably used as base coats in the finishing of automobiles. If the topcoat comprises two layers, of which the lower layer is pigmented and the upper layer is not pigmented, the novel compositions can be used preferably for the lower layer.
• novel coating compositions can be applied to the substrates by the customary methods, for example by brushing, spraying, pouring, dipping or electrophoresis; see also Ullmann's, Vol. A18, pp. 491-500 .
• the coatings can be cured at room temperature or by heating.
• the coatings are preferably cured at 50 - 150°C, and in the case of powder coatings or coil coatings even at higher temperatures.
• the coating compositions can comprise an organic solvent or solvent mixture in which the binder is soluble.
• the coating composition can otherwise be an aqueous solution or dispersion.
• the vehicle can also be a mixture of organic solvent and water.
• the coating composition may be high-solids paint or can be solvent-free (e.g. a powder coating material). Powder coatings are, for example, those described in Ullmann's, A18, pp. 438-444 .
• the powder coating material may also have the form of a powder-slurry (dispersion of the powder preferably in water).
• the above-mentioned coating compositions or disperse systems may additionally contain fillers, such as calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibers, glass beads, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulphate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood powders, powders and fibres of other natural products, synthetic fibres, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology additives, catalysts, flow auxiliaries, optical brighteners, flame retardants, or antistatic or blowing agents.
• fillers such as calcium carbonate, silicates, glass fibers, glass beads, talc, kaolin, mica, barium sulphate, metal oxides and hydroxides, carbon black, graphite, wood powders, powders and fibres of other natural products, synthetic fibres, plasticisers, lubricants, emulsifiers, pigments, rheology additives, catalysts, flow auxiliaries, optical brighteners, flame retardants, or
• the mixture is made homogeneous by stirring, and the slightly exothermal polymerisation reaction is started at RT.
• the mixture is subjected to polymerisation for 4 h and the conversion is determined by 1 H-NMR-analysis in CDCl 3 (90%).
• 120 ml ethyl acetate and 25 g ALOX are added.
• the purified polymer is obtained after stirring for 1 h at room temperature, filtration and drying in the rotary evaporator at 80°C, followed by drying in the vacuum pump. 139.8 g (98%) of a viscous polymer are obtained.
• the pure viscous block copolymer 1.1.2 is dissolved in butyl acetate at 80% solids to give a clear solution and is used in the preparation of pigment dispersions.
• 80 g of the above-mentioned block-copolymer (containing 118 mmol N) is diluted with 39.1 ml butyl acetate solution and stirred at room temperature in a 350 ml round flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer. 11.26 g (59.2 mmol, corresponding to 50% neutralisation of the amines) PTSA (Fluka, purum), dissolved in 30 ml hot n-butyl acetate (Fluka, purum) is slowly added and the reaction mixture stirred during 1 h. 144 g of a slightly yellow-orange viscous solution is obtained. The solution of the modified copoymer 1.1.3 with solids content of 60% is used without further purification.
• the mixture is evacuated and rinsed with nitrogen 3 times and homogenised by stirring at 50°C. After the addition of 15.2 g (10.1 ml, 91 mmol) MBP (initiator, Fluka purum) with a syringe and heating up to 110°C in the oil bath the exothermal polymerisation reaction is started. The temperature rises quickly and is controlled at a level of 110-116°C (ice bath). The mixture is polymerised for 4 h. After this time the conversion of the monomer reaches 90%, determined by 1 H-NMR-analysis in CDCl 3 . The mixture is cooled to 80°C and 400 ml ethyl acetate is added.
• the mixture is cooled to room temperature and 200 ml ethyl acetate and 200 g neutral ALOX (for chromatography, Merck) are added.
• the mixture is stirred for 1 h at room temperature and filtrated.
• the filtered solution is directly used for the methacrylate functionalisation: 13.43 g (13.2 ml, 156 mmol) Methacrylic acid (Fluka, purum) is added followed by 23.75 g (156 mmol) DBU (Fluka, purum).
• the mixture is stirred for 20 h at room temperature, filtered, stirred with 200 g silicagel and filtered again to remove all of the DBU-hydrobromide formed.
• the macromonomer is obtained after drying for 1 h in the rotary evaporator at 90°C. 763 g (99%, taking into account the 90% polymer conversion) of a yellow, viscous polymer is obtained.
• GPC THF, PS-standards: M n : 6930, M w : 7650, PDI: 1.10;
• Elementary analysis C H Br Calc 65.35 9.38 0.0 Found 64.91 9.31 ⁇ 0.3
• the performance of the different ATRP copolymers modified with the different salt forming compounds is evaluated in millbase preparations and corresponding coating formulations made therefrom.
• a polyester millbase formulation is prepared according to the following prescripition: Dynapol® H700-08 11.99 g Pigment 9.60 g Dispersant (60% active) 3.20 g Xylene/Butylacetate 40/60 55.21 g Total 80.00 g
• the formulation is slightly adjusted by solvents and DYNAPOL resin in order to adjust a pigment binder ratio of about 1.
• the components are ground for 4 h with glass beads on a shaking machine (DIN 53238-13).
• the viscosity of the millbase after grinding is measured at different shear rates with a cone-plate rheometer (Paar Physica UDS 200).
• Good dispersant efficiency can be seen by lowering of the millbase viscosity especially at mid to low shear rates, e.g. at a shear rate of 16.
• Two different processes for the preparation of the millbase may be used:
• the modified copolymer dispersant is prepared separately in the form of a concentrate additive solution.
• the additive solution is added together with the other components of the millbase and then ground for 4 hours.
• the aminic block copolymer or comb polymer and the corresponding salt forming compound are added separately to the other components of the millbase and then ground for 4h.
• the modified copolymer is formed in-situ during the grinding of the millbase.
• the fullshade formulation is drawn down on a glass plate, dried at room temperature and cured at 130°C for 30 min. Gloss measurements are made on the cured coatings. High gloss indicates a good dispersion of the pigment in the final coating.
• Table 1 shows the composition of the dispersants and the results of application tests in a typical millbase formulation and a fullshade coating formulation made therefrom.
• the formulations containing modified copolymers of the invention are compared to reference formulations containing other pigment dispersants made by controlled free radical polymerisation.
• Application results are based on the commercial pigment Iragazin® DPP Rubine TR in a coating system polyester/melamine/CAB.
• the results demonstrate that the dispersants modified with the different salt forming compounds of the invention possess superior rheology of the millbase and/or improved gloss of the full shade coating.

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