EP1448448A1 - Element verseur refermable - Google Patents
Element verseur refermableInfo
- Publication number
- EP1448448A1 EP1448448A1 EP02781330A EP02781330A EP1448448A1 EP 1448448 A1 EP1448448 A1 EP 1448448A1 EP 02781330 A EP02781330 A EP 02781330A EP 02781330 A EP02781330 A EP 02781330A EP 1448448 A1 EP1448448 A1 EP 1448448A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pouring
- package
- pouring element
- element according
- tube
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
- B65D5/74—Spouts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
- B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
- B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
- B65D5/74—Spouts
- B65D5/746—Spouts formed separately from the container
- B65D5/747—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall
- B65D5/748—Spouts formed separately from the container with means for piercing or cutting the container wall or a membrane connected to said wall a major part of the container wall or membrane being left inside the container after the opening
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D25/00—Details of other kinds or types of rigid or semi-rigid containers
- B65D25/38—Devices for discharging contents
- B65D25/40—Nozzles or spouts
- B65D25/42—Integral or attached nozzles or spouts
- B65D25/46—Hinged, foldable or pivoted nozzles or spouts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
- B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D47/00—Closures with filling and discharging, or with discharging, devices
- B65D47/04—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps
- B65D47/06—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps with pouring spouts or tubes; with discharge nozzles or passages
- B65D47/08—Closures with discharging devices other than pumps with pouring spouts or tubes; with discharge nozzles or passages having articulated or hinged closures
Definitions
- the invention relates to a reclosable pouring element for application to a multilayer composite package, with a base body and a pouring tube which is connected in one piece to this, which is simultaneously designed as an opening element for piercing the package wall of the package in a weakening zone provided therefor, and a package provided therefor.
- Multi-layer composite packs are known in multiple versions, for example as flat gable composite packs or as stand-up pouches. You will find primarily in the field of
- Liquid packaging used in connection with cold, cold, sterile, hot and aseptic filling. While these packs were initially not resealable, today almost exclusively such packs with reclosable pouring elements are customary on the market.
- Multi-layer composite packs are known which are provided with a pouring element which serves to open the pack for the first time and is equipped with a corresponding closure element for its reclosability (EP 0 580 593 B1). There, in the area of the cardboard layer and outer PE layer of the composite material of the pack, a dividing line is provided for weakening the gable material, into which
- the pouring element known therefrom has a pouring tube, which at the same time serves as an opening element for piercing the packing wall.
- this known pouring element is disadvantageous in several respects. On the one hand, this pouring element has a relatively large overall height, which is unfavorable with regard to transport, storage, etc. of the packages provided with it. On the other hand, a secure and tight (re) closure is not reliably solved with this pouring element.
- this known pouring element has a fixed pivot axis, so that the membrane partially surrounds the pouring tube and is damaged in the region of the pivot axis after repeated actuation of the pouring element, which in turn leads to the package leaking.
- the opening of the closed pouring tube points away from the pouring edge of the composite package; this requires an atypical movement of the consumer when opening.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of improving the pouring element mentioned at the beginning and described in more detail in such a way that a reliably opening and reclosing pouring element is available with a low overall height, which has the greatest possible user friendliness in all respects for the consumer.
- the overall height of the pouring element could be significantly reduced by folding the pouring tube flat, which leads to better stackability and a more harmonious design. Due to the fact that the pouring tube is "flat sealed" due to the flat folding and clamping, the pouring element according to the invention is also reliably leak-proof after reclosing, so that, for example, the package can be shaken without any problems and without the product escaping.
- the pouring pipe and / or the membrane has reinforcements that serve as an opening element. This ensures that the weakened packaging material below the pouring element is reliably destroyed when the package is opened for the first time.
- the opening of the pouring tube points in the closed state in the direction of the pouring edge of the package, so that a "usual opening movement" is possible for the consumer by lifting the closure from the front.
- the pouring tube has at least one ventilation channel.
- This ventilation channel expediently protrudes beyond the pouring tube on the pack side and the protruding part of the ventilation channel simultaneously serves as an opening element.
- the ventilation channel preferably has a plurality of individual channels, the cross-section of which tapers conically away from the opening of the ventilation channel. With such a configuration, a valve effect is achieved during the pouring process, which ensures that the ventilation channel always has a sufficient cross section.
- the cross section of the ventilation duct can be polygonal, preferably hexagonal, or round or oval.
- a further teaching of the invention provides that the lower part of the ventilation channel serving as the opening element is provided with a cutting edge or the like.
- the pouring tube has further reinforcing webs which protrude beyond the pouring tube on the pack side and which support and open the opening process
- these reinforcing webs are profiled in order to achieve better rigidity. For example, an angle profile is possible here. These reinforcing webs are expediently fitted in the extension of the pouring tube in order to achieve a defined pouring cross section.
- the pouring tube has a polygonal, round or oval cross section in the open position. In this way, an optimal pouring cross-section is always achieved and it is also possible to use the pouring tube at the same time as a "mouthpiece".
- the opening angle of the pouring tube of the pouring element according to the invention is preferably between 30 ° and 90 °.
- opening angles1 between 20 ° and 170 ° are also conceivable.
- the flatly folded opening of the pouring tube is kept tightly closed by means of a clamping edge provided on the base body. In this way it is reliably prevented that dirt can get into the inside of the pouring tube before the first use and in addition there is a "feedback" from the consumer
- the pouring element has an originality seal.
- a connection between the flatly folded pouring tube and the base body is preferably provided as a tamper-evident seal, which is then destroyed when the pouring element is opened for the first time.
- the invention further relates to a flat gable pack, in particular cuboid cardboard / plastic composite pack, which is optimally aligned with the application of the base body. It can quickly be seen that a reliable puncture of the packing wall in the area of the weakening zone is only guaranteed if the position of the pouring element corresponds exactly to that of the weakening zone.
- the pouring element is preferably applied to the package by hotmelt bonding or by means of ultrasound or high-frequency welding.
- the packaging material can be weakened in the weakening zone by perforation, preferably laser perforation, and / or hot air activation.
- TH / bs 010940 O 2 shows the pouring element from FIG. 1 in the open position in a perspective view
- FIG. 3 shows the pouring element from FIG. 2 in a side view
- FIG. 4 shows the pouring element from FIG. 2 in a top view
- FIG. 5 shows the pouring element from FIG. 2 in a side view from the front
- FIG. 6 shows the pouring channel of the pouring element from FIG. 2 in plan view in the direction of arrow VI in FIG. 3,
- FIG. 8 is a top view of the pouring element from FIG. 1,
- FIG. 10 shows a longitudinal section through the pouring element from FIG. 8 along the line X - X.
- FIG. 1 shows a pouring element according to the invention in the closed position, specifically in the form in which it is applied to a pack (not shown). It essentially consists of a frame-like base body 1 with a circumferential application flange 2 and a pouring tube 3 that is only fully recognizable in the open position according to FIG. 2. Of this pouring tube 3, only the flatly folded top side 3A can be seen in FIG. 1.
- the pouring tube 3 is surrounded by a circumferential flexible membrane 4, which in turn
- TH / bs 010940 O is integrally connected to the base body 1.
- the membrane 4 has a plurality of triangular or triangular individual surfaces, of which the surfaces 4 A to 4G can be seen in FIG. 2.
- FIGS. 3 to 5 the perspective pouring element from FIG. 2 is shown in FIGS. 3 to 5 in three different views and in FIG. 9 in longitudinal section.
- a ventilation channel 5 inside the pouring tube 3 and reinforcing webs 6 supporting the opening process both the ventilation channel 5 and the reinforcing webs 6 in the open position serving to keep a defined pouring cross section of the packing material which is laterally pushed away when the package is opened.
- the ventilation duct 5, as shown above, protrudes beyond the pouring tube 3 on the package side, and the protruding part 5A of the ventilation duct 5 is simultaneously designed as an opening element.
- the projecting part 5A of the ventilation duct 5 preferably has a cutting edge 7 at its lower end, which can be seen particularly clearly in FIGS. 2 and 5.
- FIG. 2 shows the pouring element as it leaves the injection mold after the injection molding process, namely with the pouring tube 3.
- the pouring tube 3 has a hexagonal cross section in the illustrated and preferred embodiment, which can be clearly seen in FIG. 6 is.
- the wall of the pouring tube 3 has a plurality of predetermined folding points 11. This geometry of the pouring tube
- TH / bs 010940 O 3 is particularly useful in order to be able to fold the pouring tube 3 completely flat when the pouring element is closed.
- a clamping edge 8 can be seen, which in the upper area has a projection 8A facing the pouring pipe, which can be seen particularly clearly in FIG. 3. Furthermore, the clamping edge 8 is recessed in its central area in order to be able to accommodate a projection 9 (serving as an extension of the upper side 3A of the pouring tube 3) of the pouring tube 3 which serves as an opening aid.
- the pouring tube 3 is folded flat and assumes the shape shown in FIGS. 1, 7, 8 and 10.
- the ventilation channel 5 "disappears" in the interior of the base body 1, as can be seen particularly clearly from FIG. 10.
- the low overall height of the pouring element according to the invention which contributes significantly to an appealing overall aesthetic impression of the pouring element and to a good stackability of the packs provided therewith ,
- the flatly folded pouring tube 3 is bent over a clamping web 10 projecting upward from the base body 1 with a slight pretension, as can be seen particularly clearly in FIGS. 7 and 10.
- the pouring tube 3 is pressed together flat from below by the clamping web 10 and from above by the clamping edge 8, so that its opening is closed in a sealing manner. This enables drip-free shaking of one provided with a pouring element according to the invention
- the pouring element according to the invention can furthermore have a tamper-evident seal (not shown), which can be arranged, for example, between the clamping edge 8 and between the flat-folded pouring tube 3 and is destroyed when a package provided with a pouring element according to the invention is opened for the first time, so that the consumer can see at a glance whether the package is still in the unopened state or not.
- a tamper-evident seal (not shown), which can be arranged, for example, between the clamping edge 8 and between the flat-folded pouring tube 3 and is destroyed when a package provided with a pouring element according to the invention is opened for the first time, so that the consumer can see at a glance whether the package is still in the unopened state or not.
- the opening angle is approximately 65 °. This is sufficient for a complete drip-free emptying of the package, but any opening angle between 30 ° and 90 ° is also technically possible. If the pouring element according to the invention is used with stand-up pouches, opening angles between 20 ° and 170 ° are also conceivable.
- the pouring element according to the invention is to be applied exactly in the area of the weakening zone on the composite package so that when opened the weakening area of the composite package can be reliably destroyed in order to reliably achieve a sufficiently large opening cross-section.
- the pouring element is preferably arranged on the package in such a way that the opening of the pouring tube 3, in the closed state, faces the pouring edge of the package in order to achieve maximum ease of use.
Landscapes
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Cartons (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Bag Frames (AREA)
- External Artificial Organs (AREA)
- Seal Device For Vehicle (AREA)
- Massaging Devices (AREA)
- Percussion Or Vibration Massage (AREA)
- Closures For Containers (AREA)
- Compounds Of Unknown Constitution (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SI200230141T SI1448448T1 (en) | 2001-11-26 | 2002-11-26 | Reclosable pouring element |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10157685 | 2001-11-26 | ||
DE10157685A DE10157685A1 (de) | 2001-11-26 | 2001-11-26 | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement |
PCT/EP2002/013257 WO2003045797A1 (fr) | 2001-11-26 | 2002-11-26 | Element verseur refermable |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1448448A1 true EP1448448A1 (fr) | 2004-08-25 |
EP1448448B1 EP1448448B1 (fr) | 2005-04-06 |
Family
ID=7706839
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02781330A Expired - Lifetime EP1448448B1 (fr) | 2001-11-26 | 2002-11-26 | Element verseur refermable |
Country Status (18)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20050173454A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1448448B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2005510421A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20040093664A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1278908C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE292580T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU2002349045B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR0214415A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2466364A1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE10157685A1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2240826T3 (fr) |
HK (1) | HK1075874A1 (fr) |
IL (2) | IL161922A0 (fr) |
MX (1) | MXPA04004784A (fr) |
PL (1) | PL200344B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2294869C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2003045797A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA200403630B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10361587A1 (de) * | 2003-12-30 | 2005-08-04 | Sig Technology Ag | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement zum Applizieren auf eine Mehrschichtverbundpackung und eine dafür vorgesehene Mehrschichtverbundpackung |
NL1026794C2 (nl) | 2004-08-05 | 2006-02-07 | Weasy Pack Internat Ltd | Schenkverpakking en schenkorgaan. |
CA2671882A1 (fr) * | 2007-01-31 | 2008-08-07 | Terxo Ag | Dispositif de fermeture en plastique pourvu d'un tube coupant |
EA024048B1 (ru) * | 2009-10-08 | 2016-08-31 | Якыджи, Месут | Крышка упаковки для жидкости с воздушным каналом |
DE102010015002B3 (de) * | 2010-04-14 | 2011-04-28 | Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh | Verschlusskappe für einen mit einer medizinischen Flüssigkeit befüllten Behälter und Behälter mit einer Verschlusskappe |
US20210122540A1 (en) * | 2017-03-13 | 2021-04-29 | Paha Designs, Llc | Pressure equalization apparatus for a container and methods associated therewith |
CN107878911A (zh) * | 2017-11-01 | 2018-04-06 | 深圳市麦士德福科技股份有限公司 | 一种瓶盖及具有所述瓶盖的容器 |
DE102020211667A1 (de) | 2020-09-17 | 2022-03-17 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Klappöffnungshilfe |
IT202000028466A1 (it) * | 2020-11-25 | 2022-05-25 | Easy Plast S R L | Tappo per l'apertura/chiusura di contenitori per prodotti versabili. |
DE102022208931A1 (de) | 2022-08-29 | 2024-02-29 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Wiederverschließbare Öffnungsvorrichtung für Verpackungen |
DE202023100263U1 (de) | 2023-01-19 | 2023-01-30 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Laschenförmige Öffnungshilfe für Verpackungen |
DE102023114635A1 (de) | 2023-01-19 | 2024-07-25 | Refresco Deutschland Gmbh | Laschenförmige Öffnungshilfe für Verpackung |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3750915A (en) * | 1971-07-19 | 1973-08-07 | P Kearney | Wine pourer and resealer |
KR910006010Y1 (ko) * | 1987-03-25 | 1991-08-16 | 이기석 | 음료수 용기 |
US5101999A (en) * | 1990-07-10 | 1992-04-07 | Combibloc, Inc. | Package closure and package preparation |
US5392968A (en) * | 1993-06-14 | 1995-02-28 | Dark; Richard C. G. | Dispensing closure and method |
DE19727996C2 (de) * | 1997-01-30 | 2000-12-07 | Sig Combibloc Gmbh & Co Kg | Wiederverschließbares Ausgießelement zum Applizieren auf eine Flachgiebelpackung |
US6161728A (en) * | 1999-08-18 | 2000-12-19 | Dark; Richard C. G. | Barrier piercing dispensing closure |
DE20010210U1 (de) * | 2000-06-09 | 2000-09-07 | SIG Combibloc International Systems GmbH, 52441 Linnich | Ausgießelement zum Applizieren auf eine Flachgiebelpackung |
TWI226300B (en) * | 2001-01-05 | 2005-01-11 | Sig Technology Ltd | A guarantee closure for a liquid or free-flowing material container |
-
2001
- 2001-11-26 DE DE10157685A patent/DE10157685A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-11-26 DE DE50202742T patent/DE50202742D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-11-26 JP JP2003547264A patent/JP2005510421A/ja active Pending
- 2002-11-26 US US10/496,618 patent/US20050173454A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-11-26 ES ES02781330T patent/ES2240826T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-26 AT AT02781330T patent/ATE292580T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-11-26 AU AU2002349045A patent/AU2002349045B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-11-26 EP EP02781330A patent/EP1448448B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-26 RU RU2004119403/12A patent/RU2294869C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-11-26 MX MXPA04004784A patent/MXPA04004784A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2002-11-26 CA CA002466364A patent/CA2466364A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 2002-11-26 KR KR10-2004-7007986A patent/KR20040093664A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-11-26 CN CNB028235061A patent/CN1278908C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-11-26 WO PCT/EP2002/013257 patent/WO2003045797A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2002-11-26 IL IL16192202A patent/IL161922A0/xx active IP Right Grant
- 2002-11-26 BR BR0214415-8A patent/BR0214415A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-11-26 PL PL368979A patent/PL200344B1/pl unknown
-
2004
- 2004-05-11 IL IL161922A patent/IL161922A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-05-12 ZA ZA200403630A patent/ZA200403630B/en unknown
-
2005
- 2005-09-07 HK HK05107832A patent/HK1075874A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO03045797A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE292580T1 (de) | 2005-04-15 |
PL368979A1 (en) | 2005-04-04 |
IL161922A (en) | 2008-06-05 |
ZA200403630B (en) | 2005-05-19 |
CN1278908C (zh) | 2006-10-11 |
EP1448448B1 (fr) | 2005-04-06 |
RU2004119403A (ru) | 2006-01-10 |
KR20040093664A (ko) | 2004-11-06 |
DE10157685A1 (de) | 2003-06-12 |
CA2466364A1 (fr) | 2003-06-05 |
IL161922A0 (en) | 2005-11-20 |
CN1592700A (zh) | 2005-03-09 |
BR0214415A (pt) | 2004-09-14 |
RU2294869C2 (ru) | 2007-03-10 |
JP2005510421A (ja) | 2005-04-21 |
AU2002349045B2 (en) | 2008-01-31 |
HK1075874A1 (en) | 2005-12-30 |
WO2003045797A1 (fr) | 2003-06-05 |
PL200344B1 (pl) | 2008-12-31 |
US20050173454A1 (en) | 2005-08-11 |
AU2002349045A1 (en) | 2003-06-10 |
MXPA04004784A (es) | 2004-07-30 |
DE50202742D1 (de) | 2005-05-12 |
ES2240826T3 (es) | 2005-10-16 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20040526 |
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