EP1417356A2 - Cellule electrolytique, destinee en particulier a la production electrochimique de chlore - Google Patents

Cellule electrolytique, destinee en particulier a la production electrochimique de chlore

Info

Publication number
EP1417356A2
EP1417356A2 EP02794511A EP02794511A EP1417356A2 EP 1417356 A2 EP1417356 A2 EP 1417356A2 EP 02794511 A EP02794511 A EP 02794511A EP 02794511 A EP02794511 A EP 02794511A EP 1417356 A2 EP1417356 A2 EP 1417356A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anode
current collector
frame
cathode
cell according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02794511A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1417356B1 (fr
Inventor
Fritz Gestermann
Hans-Dieter Pinter
Andreas Bulan
Walter Klesper
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Covestro Deutschland AG
Original Assignee
Bayer AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bayer AG filed Critical Bayer AG
Publication of EP1417356A2 publication Critical patent/EP1417356A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1417356B1 publication Critical patent/EP1417356B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
    • C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/60—Constructional parts of cells
    • C25B9/65—Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections

Definitions

  • Electrolysis cell in particular for the electrochemical production of chlorine
  • the invention relates to an electrolysis cell which is particularly suitable for the electrochemical production of chlorine from aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride.
  • hydrochloric acid Aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, hereinafter called hydrochloric acid, are a by-product of many processes, especially those in which organic hydrocarbon compounds are chlorinated with chlorine in an oxidizing manner. It is economically interesting to recover chlorine from these hydrochloric acids, which can then be used for further chlorinations, for example. Chlorine from hydrochloric acids can be recovered electrolytically, for example.
  • the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid to chlorine in an electrolysis cell is known from US Pat. No. 5,770,035.
  • An anode compartment with a suitable anode e.g. a noble metal coated or doped titanium electrode is filled with the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride.
  • the chlorine formed on the anode escapes from the anode compartment and is fed to a suitable treatment.
  • the anode compartment is separated from a cathode compartment by a commercially available cation exchanger membrane.
  • a gas diffusion electrode rests on the cation exchange membrane.
  • a power distributor is located behind the gas diffusion electrode.
  • Gas diffusion electrodes are, for example, oxygen consumable cathodes (SVK). In the case of an SVK as a gas diffusion electrode, an oxygen-containing gas or pure oxygen is usually introduced into the cathode compartment, which is converted at the SVK.
  • SVK oxygen consumable cathodes
  • the pressure can be set, for example, by a Liquid immersion takes place through which the chlorine gas formed in the anode chamber is passed.
  • a high oxygen pressure in the cathode compartment is advantageous because it leads to lower voltage and thus lower energy consumption.
  • 5,770,035 known electrolysis cell has the disadvantage that the pressure in the cathode compartment, i.e. the oxygen pressure can only be increased if the pressure in the anode compartment is increased at the same time, since otherwise the gas diffusion electrode is pushed away from the current collector and no longer rests on it.
  • a simultaneous increase in the pressure in the anode compartment can only be technically ensured by corresponding, complex structural changes to the electrolyzer.
  • a one-sided increase in the pressure in the anode space can lead to an increase in the gap between the anode and the cation exchanger membrane, which leads to an undesirable increase in the operating voltage and thus to an increased energy consumption.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an electrolysis cell, in particular for the electrochemical production of chlorine from aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, in which it is ensured that the anode, the cation exchange membrane, even when there is a pressure difference between the anode space and the cathode space
  • the gas diffusion electrode and the current collector are in direct contact.
  • the electrolytic cell according to the invention has an anode and a current collector, each of which is supported by an anode frame or a cathode frame.
  • a cation exchange membrane is arranged between the anode and the current collector and a gas diffusion electrode is arranged between the cation exchange membrane and the current collector. To the appearance of a gap between them
  • the anode and / or the current collector is elastically connected to the anode frame or the cathode frame. Due to the elastic connection, a force is exerted on the anode and / or the current collector, so that the anode is pressed in the direction of the current collector and / or the current collector in the direction of the anode. As a result, the anode, the cation exchange membrane, the gas diffusion electrode and the current collector are held together, so that no gap or space can arise between them. This prevents an undesirable increase in the operating voltage.
  • the anode and / or the current collector are preferably held elastically in such a way that compressive forces act on the anode and / or the current collector. It is also possible to connect the anode and / or the current collector to the anode or cathode frame in such a way that tensile forces, which are directed in the direction of the other electrode, act on the anode or the current collector.
  • the cathode frame can be elastic or have an elastic element.
  • At least one elastic holding element such as a spring, is preferably provided, which is connected to the anode frame or the cathode frame. It is particularly preferred to provide a plurality of holding elements, which are in particular arranged regularly.
  • the holding elements are preferably arranged and / or designed such that an essentially uniform pressure is exerted on the anode and / or the current collector. The force per unit area is thus in the case of essentially flat anodes or
  • the holding elements are preferably designed as spring elements, which can be, for example, leaf or spiral springs.
  • the Holding elements either connected directly to the frame or via a rear wall of the anode or cathode compartment to the corresponding frame.
  • the size of the anode and / or the current collector is preferably selected such that it can be arranged within the frame and does not rest on or rest on the frame.
  • the anode and / or the current collector is thus held exclusively by the holding element or elements.
  • the electrical contact to the anode and / or to the current collector also takes place via the holding elements.
  • An additional electrical connection to the anode and / or current collector can thus be omitted in this preferred embodiment.
  • Anode and / or current collector can, for example, by means of springs or other electrically conductive, elastic connections such as e.g. Carbon felts or metal sponges are made.
  • the elastic fastening is preferably carried out by means of metallic springs.
  • springs are used as holding elements
  • Titanium or titanium alloys are used because they are not damaged by the chemical substances present in the electrolytic cell. To the electrical
  • Improving the conductivity of the titanium springs can also e.g. Copper springs coated with titanium are used.
  • the cell construction according to the invention ensures that the anode lies directly on the cation exchange membrane, this directly on the gas diffusion electrode and this in turn lies directly on the current collector, i.e. that there is no gap between the components mentioned. This is also reliably the case if the electrolysis cell is operated in such a way that in the anode compartment and in the
  • the anode frame and the cathode frame also preferably consist of durable materials, such as, for example, noble metal-coated or doped titanium or titanium alloys.
  • Gas diffusion electrodes are preferably used which contain a platinum group catalyst, preferably platinum or rhodium. Examples include gas diffusion electrodes from E-TEK (USA), which have 30% by weight platinum on activated carbon with a noble metal coating of the electrode of 1.2 mg Pt / cm 2 .
  • Suitable cation exchange membranes are, for example, those made of perfluoroethylene, which contain sulfonic acid groups as active centers.
  • commercially available membranes from DuPont can be used, such as the Nafion® 324 membrane.
  • Suitable anodes are, for example, titanium anodes, in particular with an acid-resistant, chlorine-developing coating, e.g. based on titanium coated with ruthenium.
  • the current distributor on the cathode side can consist, for example, of titanium expanded metal or titanium coated with noble metal, it also being possible to use alternative resistant materials.
  • the electrolytic cell according to the invention is particularly suitable for the electrochemical production of chlorine from aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride or aqueous solutions of an alkali metal chloride, in particular sodium chloride.
  • the pressure in the cathode compartment is preferably greater than that in the anode compartment if the current collector is held elastically.
  • the differential pressure between the anode and cathode compartments can be, for example, between 0.01 and 1 bar, although larger differential pressures are also possible.
  • the differential pressure is 20 to 350 mbar.
  • the anode is kept elastic, it is advantageous if the pressure in the anode space is greater than that in the cathode space.
  • a process for the production of chlorine which can be carried out using the electrolytic cell according to the invention is explained in more detail below using the example of the reaction of aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride.
  • the likewise possible conversion of alkali metal chlorides, in particular sodium chloride, can be carried out in a similar manner, with process conditions possibly having to be varied.
  • an oxygen-containing gas for example pure oxygen, a mixture of oxygen and inert gases, in particular nitrogen, or air is introduced into the cathode compartment, preferably oxygen or an oxygen-rich gas.
  • Pure oxygen in particular a purity of at least 99% by volume, is particularly preferably used as the oxygen-containing gas.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is preferably supplied in such an amount that
  • Oxygen based on the amount theoretically required according to equation (1) is more than stoichiometric.
  • the stoichiometric excess is preferably 1.1 to 3 times, preferably 1.2 to 1.5 times the stoichiometric amount.
  • the excess oxygen can be recycled, so that the stoichiometric excess is only of minor importance.
  • the aqueous solution of the hydrogen chloride is introduced into the anode chamber.
  • the temperature of the supplied aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is preferably 30 to 80 ° C, particularly preferably 50 to 70 ° C.
  • Aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride with a hydrogen chloride concentration of 5 to 20% by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 15, are preferred
  • the electrolysis is preferably carried out at a pressure in the anode space greater than 1 bar absolute.
  • the pressure in the cathode compartment is preferably greater than 1 bar absolute, particularly preferably 1.02 to 1.5 bar, particularly preferably 1.05 to 1.3 bar. Namely, it was found that at a higher pressure in the cathode compartment, i.e. a higher oxygen pressure, the electrolysis at the same current density at a lower voltage, i.e. with lower energy consumption.
  • the pressure in the cathode compartment can be set, for example, by the oxygen-containing gas supplied to the cathode compartment being blocked by a pressure-maintaining device.
  • a suitable pressure maintenance device is, for example, liquid immersion, by means of which the cathode compartment is shut off. Throttling via valves is also a suitable method for setting the pressure.
  • Fig. 1 an electrolytic cell according to the invention with elastically attached
  • Fig. 2 an electrolytic cell according to the invention with elastically attached
  • FIG. 3 an electrolytic cell according to the invention with elastically attached
  • Fig. 4 a further embodiment of the electrolytic cell according to the invention with an anode fastened elastically.
  • the electrolysis cells shown schematically in FIGS. 1 to 4 are the better ones
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of an electrolysis cell according to the invention.
  • the current collector 10 is elastically attached to the cathode frame 12.
  • the cathode frame 12 is also connected to a rear wall 14.
  • a cathode space 16 is formed by the current collector 10, the cathode frame 12 and the rear wall 14.
  • the current collector 10 is held elastically via a plurality of spiral springs 18.
  • the springs 18 are fastened to the rear wall 14 via intermediate parts, for example Z or trapezoidal profiles 20.
  • intermediate parts for example Z or trapezoidal profiles 20.
  • several springs 18 are provided, which are arranged in a regularly distributed manner.
  • springs 18 are arranged in multiple rows and columns to hold a substantially rectangular current collector 10.
  • the current collector 10 is surrounded by a seal 22 in the assembled state on the cathode frame 12.
  • the shape of the seal 22 essentially corresponds to the shape of the cathode frame 12.
  • An anode 24 is provided opposite the current collector 10 and is supported by an anode frame 26.
  • the attachment can be carried out, for example, by suitable attachments provided on the anode frame 26 or Z or trapezoidal profiles (not shown here) attached to the rear wall 28, on which the anode 24 rests.
  • an anode space 30 is formed by the anode frame 26, the anode 24 and a rear wall 28.
  • a gas diffusion electrode 32 and a cation exchange membrane 34 are arranged between the anode 24 and the current collector 10. The dimensions of the gas diffusion electrode 32 are preferably such that it completely covers the current collector 10.
  • the cation exchange membrane 34 is larger, so that it is arranged between the two frames 12, 26 and is held in the assembled state by the frames 12, 26. Furthermore, in order to ensure a secure seal of the two frames 12, 26 and the two spaces 16, 30, a seal 36 is provided between the cation exchange membrane 34 and the anode frame 26, and a seal 22 between the cation exchange membrane 34 and cathode frame 12.
  • the gas diffusion electrode 32 is pressed by the current collector 10 onto the cation exchange membrane 34 and this onto the anode 24. It is particularly advantageous if the anode 24 forms a plane with the seal 36 in the installed state.
  • the construction according to the invention allows the pressure in the cathode chamber 16 to be selected independently of the pressure in the anode chamber 30. In this embodiment variant, a higher pressure is preferably selected in the cathode chamber 16 than in the anode chamber 30.
  • the individual elements of the electrolytic cell are sealed by means of the seals 22, 36.
  • the anode compartment 30 is filled with hydrochloric acid via an HCl inlet 38 and the cathode compartment 16 is filled with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas via an O 2 inlet 40.
  • the temperature of the hydrochloric acid in the electrolysis is preferably 50 to 70 ° C. However, the electrolysis can also be carried out at a lower temperature.
  • Hydrochloric acid can flow through the anode compartment 30 during the electrolysis operation.
  • the chlorine formed leaves the anode compartment 30, for example above, via a Cl 2 outlet 42. It is also conceivable that other flow-through variants are selected. For example, a flow through the anode space 30 is possible from top to bottom. It is also conceivable that none
  • the cathode chamber 16 can be flowed through by the oxygen or the oxygen-containing gas. It is also conceivable to influence the oxygen within the cathode space 16 by means of internals in its flow direction. For example, porous materials, both electrically conductive and non-conductive, can be used in the space behind the current collector 10. As shown in FIG. 1, the oxygen can be introduced from below via the O 2 inlet 40 and discharged again via an O 2 outlet 44 at the top. However, it is also possible that the oxygen flows from top to bottom or that there is a lateral flow in cathode space 16 from, for example, bottom left to top right. With regard to the reaction taking place, oxygen should be offered over-stoichiometrically.
  • the anode 24 can be installed in the electrolysis cell so that it
  • Anode frame 26 protrudes so far that when the seal 36 is in place, the anode 24 forms a surface with the seal 36. It is also possible that the anode 24 lies so far below the seal 36 that in the assembled state Cell components, the seal 36 forms a plane with the anode 24. The compressibility of the seal 36 and the tightening torques when assembling the cell components must be taken into account.
  • the pressure in the anode and cathode compartments can be chosen to be the same. It is also conceivable that the pressure in the cathode chamber 16 is greater than that in the anode chamber 30. This pressure difference can also be selected at a higher absolute pressure.
  • FIG. 2 corresponds in principle to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1. Identical or similar components are therefore identified by the same reference symbols.
  • the only difference from the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 is that it is not the current collector 10, but the anode 24 via the springs 8 and the intermediate parts, e.g. Z or trapezoidal profiles, 20 are connected to the rear wall 28.
  • the anode 24 is elastically connected to the anode frame 26 via the rear wall 28.
  • Cation exchange membrane 34 this pressed onto the gas diffusion electrode 32 and this in turn onto the current collector 10.
  • the material flows oxygen and hydrochloric acid
  • the material flows can be carried out in a similar manner to that in the embodiment variant which is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the pressure in the cathode chamber 16 can be selected to be the same as that in the anode chamber 30.
  • the pressure in the anode chamber 30 should be at least the same as that in the cathode chamber 16 so that the gas diffusion electrode 32 rests on the current collector 10.
  • the third embodiment (Fig. 3) is a combination of those shown in Figs. 1 and 2 shown embodiments. In this embodiment, both the anode 24 and the current collector 10 are connected elastically to the rear wall 28 and 14 via springs 18.
  • the anode 24 thus presses against the cation exchange membrane 34 and the opposite current collector 10 presses against the gas diffusion electrode 32, so that in this embodiment there is a particularly high level of certainty that the corresponding components of the electrolytic cell rest against one another without a gap.
  • the material flow of oxygen and hydrochloric acid can be carried out similarly to that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 shown embodiments.
  • the electrolysis cell can be operated in a large pressure range, which ensures that the gas diffusion electrode 32 rests on the current collector 10.
  • the fourth embodiment also corresponds to that based on FIGS. 1 to 3 described electrolysis cell.
  • the same or similar components are therefore again identified by the same reference numerals.
  • the essential difference of the electrolysis cell shown in FIG. 4 is the type of holding elements 46 used.
  • the holding elements 46 are not spiral springs 18, as in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, but a type of leaf spring that is attached to an inner side 48 of the anode frame 26 and the anode 24. Through the holding element 46 is also in the direction of
  • the possible pressure differences and the material flow guidance are possible at least by holding the anode 24 and / or the current collector 10 as described above.
  • Electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride was carried out in an electrolysis cell, as shown schematically in FIG. 1 and described in more detail above.
  • the anode 24 was installed in the electrolysis cell in such a way that it protruded beyond the anode frame 26 to such an extent that when the seal 36 was placed on it, the anode 24 formed a surface with the seal 36.
  • the anode 24, the anode frame 26, the current collector 10, the cathode frame 12 and the electrically conductive springs 18 consisted of a titanium-palladium alloy with 0.2% by weight of palladium.
  • the anode 24 was in the form of an expanded metal and was additionally activated with a ruthenium oxide layer. The thickness of the expanded metal was 1.5 mm.
  • the seals 36 were composed of a fluoroelastomer, such as that sold by DuPont under the name Viton ®.
  • the current collector 10 was likewise designed in the form of a titanium expanded metal coated with ruthenium oxide.
  • the current collector 10 was contacted to the elastic springs 18 by spot welding.
  • the cation exchange membrane 34 it was a membrane from. DuPont based on a perfluorosulphonate polymer that is commercially available under the name Nafion ® 324th
  • the electrolysis cell was separated into an anode and a cathode space by the cation exchange membrane 34.
  • the anode compartment was charged with a 14% by weight hydrochloric acid.
  • the temperature of the hydrochloric acid was 53 ° C.
  • the cathode compartment was filled with pure oxygen with a content of more than 99% by volume.
  • the pressure in the cathode compartment was 1 bar.
  • the differential pressure between the cathode compartment and the anode compartment was 0 bar.
  • the electrolysis was operated at a current density of 3000 A / m 2 , a voltage of 1.05 V being established.
  • Example 2 comparativative example
  • Electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride was carried out in an electrolysis cell as described in Example 1, but in this case the current collector 10 was not elastically connected to the cathode frame 12.
  • the anode compartment was charged with a 14% by weight hydrochloric acid.
  • the temperature of the hydrochloric acid was 53 ° C.
  • the cathode compartment was filled with pure oxygen with a content of more than 99% by volume.
  • the pressure in the cathode compartment was
  • Example 1 The differential pressure between the cathode compartment and the anode compartment was 0.3 bar, resulting in a pressure of 1.3 bar in the anode compartment.
  • the application of a differential pressure was necessary so that the gas diffusion electrode 32 was pressed onto the current collector 10.
  • the electrolysis was operated as in Example 1 at a current density of 3000 A / m 2 .
  • a voltage of 1.21 V was set.
  • Example 1 shows that at a given pressure in the cathode compartment and a constant current density set, the electrolysis cell according to the invention (Example 1) can be operated with a lower pressure in the anode compartment and a lower voltage occurs, which results in a significant reduction in the energy requirement ,

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une cellule électrolytique, comprenant un cadre d'anode (26), une anode (24), une membrane échangeuse de cations (34), une électrode à diffusion de gaz (32), un collecteur de courant (10) et un cadre de cathode (12). L'anode (24), la membrane échangeuse de cations (34), l'électrode à diffusion de gaz (32) et le collecteur de courant (10) sont maintenus ensemble de façon élastique de sorte qu'il n'y ait pas d'espace entre ces différents composants. La cohésion élastique est obtenue de préférence par fixation élastique du collecteur de courant (10) au cadre de cathode (12) et/ou par fixation élastique de l'anode (24) au cadre d'anode (26).
EP02794511A 2001-08-03 2002-07-22 Cellule electrolytique, destinee en particulier a la production electrochimique de chlore Expired - Lifetime EP1417356B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10138214 2001-08-03
DE10138214A DE10138214A1 (de) 2001-08-03 2001-08-03 Elektrolysezelle und Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Herstellung von Chlor
PCT/EP2002/008132 WO2003014419A2 (fr) 2001-08-03 2002-07-22 Cellule electrolytique, destinee en particulier a la production electrochimique de chlore

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1417356A2 true EP1417356A2 (fr) 2004-05-12
EP1417356B1 EP1417356B1 (fr) 2005-01-12

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EP02794511A Expired - Lifetime EP1417356B1 (fr) 2001-08-03 2002-07-22 Cellule electrolytique, destinee en particulier a la production electrochimique de chlore

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US6841047B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1417356B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004538365A (fr)
KR (1) KR20040030924A (fr)
CN (1) CN1564878A (fr)
AT (1) ATE286995T1 (fr)
BR (1) BR0211694A (fr)
CA (1) CA2456048A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10138214A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2236610T3 (fr)
HU (1) HUP0401578A3 (fr)
PT (1) PT1417356E (fr)
WO (1) WO2003014419A2 (fr)

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JP2004538365A (ja) 2004-12-24
BR0211694A (pt) 2004-07-13
DE50202014D1 (de) 2005-02-17
HUP0401578A2 (hu) 2004-11-29
WO2003014419A2 (fr) 2003-02-20
HUP0401578A3 (en) 2005-07-28
ATE286995T1 (de) 2005-01-15
CN1564878A (zh) 2005-01-12
PT1417356E (pt) 2005-05-31
ES2236610T3 (es) 2005-07-16
US20030047446A1 (en) 2003-03-13
WO2003014419A3 (fr) 2003-09-18
KR20040030924A (ko) 2004-04-09
CA2456048A1 (fr) 2003-02-20
DE10138214A1 (de) 2003-02-20
US6841047B2 (en) 2005-01-11
EP1417356B1 (fr) 2005-01-12

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