EP1361488A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Klassifizieren von mit Rädern ausgestatteten Fahrzeugen - Google Patents
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Klassifizieren von mit Rädern ausgestatteten Fahrzeugen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1361488A1 EP1361488A1 EP02010325A EP02010325A EP1361488A1 EP 1361488 A1 EP1361488 A1 EP 1361488A1 EP 02010325 A EP02010325 A EP 02010325A EP 02010325 A EP02010325 A EP 02010325A EP 1361488 A1 EP1361488 A1 EP 1361488A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wheels
- vehicle
- characteristic feature
- image
- view
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
- G08G1/01—Detecting movement of traffic to be counted or controlled
- G08G1/04—Detecting movement of traffic to be counted or controlled using optical or ultrasonic detectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08G—TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS
- G08G1/00—Traffic control systems for road vehicles
- G08G1/01—Detecting movement of traffic to be counted or controlled
- G08G1/015—Detecting movement of traffic to be counted or controlled with provision for distinguishing between two or more types of vehicles, e.g. between motor-cars and cycles
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for automatic classification of with wheels equipped vehicles.
- the Control of vehicles is particularly complex in that the Tolls to be paid are usually not only from the traveled distance, but also from the load should be made dependent by using the Is caused by the respective vehicle. So heavy trucks, for example, are supposed to be higher Pay fees as easy as the heavier Trucks, for example, have a higher wear Cause lanes than lighter vehicles. Therefore are the road fees to be paid depending on the respective weight of the vehicle in load classes have been classified.
- the object of the invention was an automatic feasible method for classifying To create vehicles, especially trucks, that with a high degree of reliability and reliable results leads. Likewise, a device should be created with which this procedure can be carried out in a particularly simple manner can be carried out.
- This task is first accomplished through a process for automatic classification of wheeled vehicles Vehicles solved, one of which is a vehicle side assigned wheels mapping view of each classifying vehicle is recorded, in which at least one characteristic of the wheels of the Vehicle is determined by evaluating the side view and then based on the characteristic feature of Wheels the respective vehicle class is assigned.
- the captured view can be any type Act act to uniquely determine the location and size of the wheels of the vehicle detected in each case are suitable. So it can be a through a transverse to the direction of travel of the vehicle aligned camera captured image of a long side act of the vehicle. It is also possible at Use of appropriately trained evaluation systems, Use images at a certain angle be recorded. In addition, it can be useful stereoscopic images of the side surface in question use. It is only essential that the location and size of the wheels from the captured view sufficient accuracy can be determined.
- the characteristic size of the Wheels can be, for example, a diameter, for example the outside diameter, at least one Tire, the diameter of at least one rim, the Difference in the outer diameter of the tire and rim at least one of the wheels or resulting from the number and Distribution of the assigned to each side of the vehicle View visible wheels resulting in number of axes of the Act vehicle.
- the reliability of the Detection can be increased not only in each case a geometric parameter of the wheels is determined, but that two and more such characteristics determined and when assigning the respective Load class are taken into account. Particularly reliable Results are obtained when the number of Axles of any vehicle with a tire or Wheel rim size of the characteristic parameter be combined.
- the invention is based on the idea that the tires and Rim size together with the number of axles as characteristic parameters can be used, which stand for the permissible total weight. So can be the particular one in trucks Load class based on easily recognizable geometric Sizes of the vehicle to be classified with high Assign reliability.
- the clearly defined, in particular in the view distinctive form of vehicle wheels allows even with an automatic Image acquisition and evaluation a clear, distinctive finding of the associated Classifying features.
- One for carrying out the method according to the invention particularly suitable device is with a Image capture device for capturing the view of the Vehicle and equipped with an evaluation device, which the respective characteristic feature at least one of the wheels of the vehicle by evaluating the from the Image capture device each captured to the Evaluation device determined image and the determined characteristic feature a vehicle class assigns.
- a device can be easily used conventional imaging devices such as one commercial digital video system, operate, which are available at low cost and are simple to set up and can be transported.
- the degree of automation of the Further increase the classification process by the image capture device is a device for automatic detection of the approach of a moving located vehicle includes.
- the invention is based on a Embodiment schematically illustrating drawing explained in more detail.
- the single figure shows a truck 1, which in a for trucks from a certain permissible Total weight enters toll road 2.
- the device 3 comprises an image capturing device 4, through a conventional digital working, portable video system that is formed on one here tripod, not shown, is placed on the side of the road.
- the image capture device 4 is equipped with a Device 4a for recognizing the approach of a Motor vehicle equipped.
- the image capture device 4 is via a data line 4b with one by a conventional Data processing device formed evaluation device 5 connected.
- the evaluation device 5 is in one also arranged portable housing 5a.
- the evaluation device 5 has a memory device equipped in which the result of that of Evaluation device 5 performed evaluation is saved. The evaluated in each case captured views A also for preservation of evidence can be saved. Likewise, the evaluation device 5 about a suitable, not shown here Remote data transmission device with a likewise not Central monitoring point shown, for example a central data acquisition device or one Traffic control center. Any of these Design enables a fully automatic Classification company for which no intervention by a Operator is required.
- the device 3 can also be part of a Surveillance system, not just the classification of the respective vehicle according to the load class, but also further measures required to identify the vehicle perform as an automatic detection of the Vehicle registration number, automatic detection of identification means etc. carried with the vehicle
- the device can be equipped with a signal device be connected when a one is detected with respect to a suspect improper payment of fees Vehicle a signal to lead this vehicle out of the gives off road traffic.
- the truck 1 has three axles A1, A2, A3 for each a pair of wheels, the first axis A1 in the range of Cab 1a and the other two axes A2, A3 as Twin axes closely adjacent in the area of the tail 1b of the Truck 1 are arranged. Accordingly, are on the right in the direction of travel F, visible in the figure Side of the truck 1 three wheels R1, R2, R3 too detect.
- the evaluation device 5 first uses an appropriate evaluation algorithm to determine the position of the wheels R1, R2, R3 in FIG.
- the distances m1, m2 of the centers of the wheels R1 and R2 or R1 and R3 corresponding to the distances between the axes A1, A2 and A1, A3 are then determined in order to make a clear statement about the number of axles of the truck 1.
- the outer diameter D R of the tire and the outer diameter D F of the rim are determined for the wheel R1.
- the number of axes A1 / A2, A3 and the diameter D R , D F of the tire R1 are then compared as geometric features characterizing the wheels R1, R2, R3 by the evaluation device 5 with data records which are stored in a memory of the evaluation device 5 and indicate which number of axles combined with typical tire and rim diameters is assigned to which load class.
- This comparison shows the load class LK, which is assigned to the truck.
- This load class LK is indicated by the display device 6 displayed to, for example, a monitoring person indicate that the truck 1 is a toll vehicle.
- That supplied by the evaluation device 5 Result for example, an automatic payment or Trigger the posting process, through which an account of the Vehicle owner or driver with the due toll is charged.
- the automatically performed by the device 3 Classification of the truck 1 can by further Recognition procedures are supplemented with which are not only classify the load class, but also an exact one Establishing the identity of the respective vehicle can be carried out.
- the advantage of how the Device 3 consists in that it operation according to the invention a safe selection of vehicles passing her according to her permissible Total weight in real time, so that if necessary, additional recognition or Payment methods are based on the actual toll underlying vehicles. can concentrate.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
- Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
- Discharge Of Articles From Conveyors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- 1
- Lastkraftwagen
- 1a
- Führerhaus des Lastkraftwagens 1
- 1b
- Heck des Lastkraftwagens 1
- 2
- mautpflichtige Straße
- 3
- Vorrichtung zum automatischen Feststellen der Gewichtsklasse der in die Straße 2 einbiegenden Lastkraftwagen
- 4
- Bilderfassungseinrichtung
- 4a
- Einrichtung zum Erkennen des Herannahens eines Kraftfahrzeugs
- 4b
- Datenleitung
- 5
- Auswerteinrichtung
- 5a
- transportables Gehäuse der Auswerteinrichtung 5
- 6
- Anzeigeeinrichtung
- A
- Aufnahme der sichtbaren Seitenansicht des Lastkraftwagens 1
- A1,A2,A3
- Achsen des Lastkraftwagens 1
- DR
- Außendurchmesser des Reifens des Rades R1
- DF
- Außendurchmesser der Felge des Rades R1
- F
- Fahrtrichtung
- LK
- Lastklasse
- m1,m2
- Abstände der Achsen der Räder R1,R2 bzw. R1,R3
- R1,R2,R3
- Räder des Lastkraftwagens 1
Claims (15)
- Verfahren zum automatischen Klassifizieren von mit Rädern (R1,R2,R3) ausgestatteten Fahrzeugen (1) umfassend folgende Schritte:Erfassen einer die einer Fahrzeugseite zugeordneten Räder (R1,R2,R3) abbildenden Ansicht (A) des jeweils zu klassifizierenden Fahrzeugs (1),Ermitteln mindestens eines charakteristischen Merkmals der Räder (R1,R2,R3) durch Auswerten der Ansicht (1), undZuordnen des ermittelten charakteristischen Merkmals (m1,m2,DR,DF) der Räder (R1,R2,R3) zu einer Fahrzeugklasse (LK).
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als charakteristisches Merkmal der Räder (R1,R2,R3) ein Durchmesser (DR) des Reifens mindestens eines der Räder (R1) ermittelt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als charakteristisches Merkmal der Räder (R1,R2,R3) der Durchmesser (DF) der Felge mindestens eines der Räder (R ermittelt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als charakteristisches Merkmal der Räder (R1,R2,R3) die Differenz des Außendurchmessers (DR,DF) von Reifen und Felge mindestens eines der Räder (R1) ermittelt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als charakteristisches Merkmal der Räder (R1,R2,R3) die Anzahl der Achsen (A1,A2,A3) des Fahrzeugs ermittelt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Ansicht (A) mittels einer digitalen Bilderfassungseinrichtung (4) erfasst wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bilderfassungseinrichtung mindestens zwei Kameras umfasst.
- Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Arbeitsschritt der Erfassung der Ansicht (A) das selbsttätige Erkennen des Herannahens eines Fahrzeugs (1) umfasst.
- Verfahren nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es sich bei den Fahrzeugen um Lastkraftwagen (1) handelt.
- Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 ausgebildeten Verfahrens zum Klassifizieren von Kraftfahrzeugen (1)mit einer Bilderfassungseinrichtung (4) zum Erfassen eines Bildes (A) der Ansicht des Fahrzeugs (1),mit einer Auswerteinrichtung (5) zum Ermitteln des charakteristischen Merkmals mindestens eines der Räder (R1,R2,R3) des Fahrzeugs (1) durch Auswerten des von der Bilderfassungseinrichtung (4) jeweils erfassten, an die Auswerteinrichtung (5) gelieferten Bildes (A) und zum Zuordnen des ermittelten charakteristischen Merkmals zu einer Fahrzeugklasse (LK).
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bilderfassungseinrichtung (4) eine Einrichtung (4a) zum automatischen Erkennen des Herannahens eines in Bewegung befindlichen Fahrzeugs (1) umfasst.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 10 oder 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie eine Anzeigeeinrichtung (6) zum Ausgeben der dem jeweils erfassten Fahrzeug (1) zugeordneten Fahrzeugklasse (LK) umfasst.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie tragbar ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bilderfassungseinrichtung (4) mindestens zwei Kameras umfasst.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Auswerteinrichtung (5) und die Bilderfassungseinrichtung (4) eine Baueinheit bilden.
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE50210498T DE50210498D1 (de) | 2002-05-07 | 2002-05-07 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Klassifizieren von mit Rädern ausgestatteten Fahrzeugen |
AT02010325T ATE367601T1 (de) | 2002-05-07 | 2002-05-07 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum automatischen klassifizieren von mit rädern ausgestatteten fahrzeugen |
DK02010325T DK1361488T3 (da) | 2002-05-07 | 2002-05-07 | Fremgangsmåde og anordning til automatisk klassificering af köretöjer udstyret med hjul |
EP02010325A EP1361488B1 (de) | 2002-05-07 | 2002-05-07 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Klassifizieren von mit Rädern ausgestatteten Fahrzeugen |
PCT/EP2003/003513 WO2003096300A1 (de) | 2002-05-07 | 2003-04-04 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum automatischen klassifizieren von mit rädern ausgestatteten fahrzeugen |
AU2003226781A AU2003226781A1 (en) | 2002-05-07 | 2003-04-04 | Method and device for the automatic classification of wheeled vehicles |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02010325A EP1361488B1 (de) | 2002-05-07 | 2002-05-07 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Klassifizieren von mit Rädern ausgestatteten Fahrzeugen |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1361488A1 true EP1361488A1 (de) | 2003-11-12 |
EP1361488B1 EP1361488B1 (de) | 2007-07-18 |
Family
ID=29225619
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02010325A Expired - Lifetime EP1361488B1 (de) | 2002-05-07 | 2002-05-07 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Klassifizieren von mit Rädern ausgestatteten Fahrzeugen |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1361488B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE367601T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2003226781A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE50210498D1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK1361488T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2003096300A1 (de) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005001792A1 (de) * | 2003-06-30 | 2005-01-06 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur verringerung des verletzungsrisikos von fahrzeuginsassen bei einem unfall |
EP1702313A1 (de) * | 2003-12-24 | 2006-09-20 | Redflex Traffic Systems PTY LTD. | System und verfahren zur bestimmung der fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit |
WO2016026568A1 (de) * | 2014-08-22 | 2016-02-25 | Jenoptik Robot Gmbh | Verfahren und achsenzähl-vorrichtung zur berührungslosen achsenzählung eines fahrzeugs sowie achsenzählsystem für den strassenverkehr |
EP3026653A1 (de) * | 2014-11-27 | 2016-06-01 | Kapsch TrafficCom AB | Verfahren zur Steuerung eines Verkehrsüberwachungssystems |
JP2017049846A (ja) * | 2015-09-02 | 2017-03-09 | 三菱重工メカトロシステムズ株式会社 | 料金収受機、料金収受システム、料金収受方法及びプログラム |
JP2017054246A (ja) * | 2015-09-08 | 2017-03-16 | 三菱重工メカトロシステムズ株式会社 | 料金収受機、料金収受システム、統計システム、料金収受方法及びプログラム |
DE102019125188A1 (de) * | 2019-09-19 | 2021-03-25 | RailWatch GmbH & Co. KG | Kontaktloses Erfassen der Anzahl Achsen eines fahrenden Schienenfahrzeugs |
US20210237574A1 (en) * | 2020-02-05 | 2021-08-05 | Paccar Inc | Dynamic chassis and tire status indications |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AU2004303899B2 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2010-06-03 | Rts R & D Pty Ltd | Vehicle speed determination system and method |
RU2486597C1 (ru) * | 2012-02-09 | 2013-06-27 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Техно-траффик" | Способ автоматической классификации транспортных средств |
Citations (3)
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US4813004A (en) * | 1986-04-28 | 1989-03-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Method for measuring the maximum gross weight of a motor vehicle |
JPH11224325A (ja) * | 1998-02-06 | 1999-08-17 | Toshiba Corp | 進入検知システム及び進入検知方法 |
JP2001283375A (ja) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-12 | Fujitsu Ltd | 車種計測装置 |
Family Cites Families (8)
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GB675426A (en) * | 1950-06-15 | 1952-07-09 | Eastern Ind Inc | Improvements in or relating to traffic counting apparatus |
FR2693301B1 (fr) * | 1992-07-06 | 1994-08-05 | Est Centre Tech Equip | Dispositif pour detecter une ou plusieurs roues d'un engin mobile roulant. |
US6304321B1 (en) * | 1992-11-23 | 2001-10-16 | Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc. | Vehicle classification and axle counting sensor system and method |
DE4304298A1 (de) * | 1993-02-15 | 1994-08-18 | Atlas Elektronik Gmbh | Verfahren zum Klassifizieren von einen vorgegebenen Wegpunkt passierenden Fahrzeugen |
JP3752725B2 (ja) * | 1995-08-10 | 2006-03-08 | 神鋼電機株式会社 | 車種判別装置 |
KR970049929A (ko) * | 1995-12-30 | 1997-07-29 | 김광호 | 디지탈 방식을 이용한 차종 분류 방법 및 그에 따른 장치 |
JP2001282875A (ja) * | 2000-03-30 | 2001-10-12 | Toyota Motor Corp | 自動車の側面輪郭記述データから特徴点を抽出する方法とカテゴリを分類する方法 |
JP2002074582A (ja) * | 2000-08-29 | 2002-03-15 | Minolta Co Ltd | タイヤ判別システムおよび車両通行規制システム |
-
2002
- 2002-05-07 AT AT02010325T patent/ATE367601T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-05-07 DK DK02010325T patent/DK1361488T3/da active
- 2002-05-07 DE DE50210498T patent/DE50210498D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-07 EP EP02010325A patent/EP1361488B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-04-04 WO PCT/EP2003/003513 patent/WO2003096300A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-04-04 AU AU2003226781A patent/AU2003226781A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
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US4813004A (en) * | 1986-04-28 | 1989-03-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Method for measuring the maximum gross weight of a motor vehicle |
JPH11224325A (ja) * | 1998-02-06 | 1999-08-17 | Toshiba Corp | 進入検知システム及び進入検知方法 |
JP2001283375A (ja) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-12 | Fujitsu Ltd | 車種計測装置 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1999, no. 13 30 November 1999 (1999-11-30) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2002, no. 02 2 April 2002 (2002-04-02) * |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005001792A1 (de) * | 2003-06-30 | 2005-01-06 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur verringerung des verletzungsrisikos von fahrzeuginsassen bei einem unfall |
EP1702313A1 (de) * | 2003-12-24 | 2006-09-20 | Redflex Traffic Systems PTY LTD. | System und verfahren zur bestimmung der fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit |
EP1702313A4 (de) * | 2003-12-24 | 2009-11-11 | Redflex Traffic Systems Pty Lt | System und verfahren zur bestimmung der fahrzeuggeschwindigkeit |
CN106575473A (zh) * | 2014-08-22 | 2017-04-19 | 业纳遥控设备有限公司 | 用于对车辆进行非接触式计轴的方法和计轴设备以及用于道路交通的计轴系统 |
WO2016026568A1 (de) * | 2014-08-22 | 2016-02-25 | Jenoptik Robot Gmbh | Verfahren und achsenzähl-vorrichtung zur berührungslosen achsenzählung eines fahrzeugs sowie achsenzählsystem für den strassenverkehr |
CN106575473B (zh) * | 2014-08-22 | 2021-06-18 | 业纳遥控设备有限公司 | 用于对车辆进行非接触式计轴的方法、设备及计轴系统 |
AU2015306477B2 (en) * | 2014-08-22 | 2020-12-10 | Jenoptik Robot Gmbh | Method and axle-counting device for contact-free axle counting of a vehicle and axle-counting system for road traffic |
EP3026653A1 (de) * | 2014-11-27 | 2016-06-01 | Kapsch TrafficCom AB | Verfahren zur Steuerung eines Verkehrsüberwachungssystems |
AU2015352462B2 (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2017-11-16 | Kapsch Trafficcom Ab | Method of controlling a traffic surveillance system |
US10699567B2 (en) | 2014-11-27 | 2020-06-30 | Kapsch Trafficcom Ab | Method of controlling a traffic surveillance system |
WO2016083553A1 (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2016-06-02 | Kapsch Trafficcom Ab | Method of controlling a traffic surveillance system |
JP2017049846A (ja) * | 2015-09-02 | 2017-03-09 | 三菱重工メカトロシステムズ株式会社 | 料金収受機、料金収受システム、料金収受方法及びプログラム |
JP2017054246A (ja) * | 2015-09-08 | 2017-03-16 | 三菱重工メカトロシステムズ株式会社 | 料金収受機、料金収受システム、統計システム、料金収受方法及びプログラム |
DE102019125188A1 (de) * | 2019-09-19 | 2021-03-25 | RailWatch GmbH & Co. KG | Kontaktloses Erfassen der Anzahl Achsen eines fahrenden Schienenfahrzeugs |
US20210237574A1 (en) * | 2020-02-05 | 2021-08-05 | Paccar Inc | Dynamic chassis and tire status indications |
US11623519B2 (en) * | 2020-02-05 | 2023-04-11 | Paccar Inc. | Dynamic chassis and tire status indications |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU2003226781A1 (en) | 2003-11-11 |
DE50210498D1 (de) | 2007-08-30 |
EP1361488B1 (de) | 2007-07-18 |
DK1361488T3 (da) | 2007-10-15 |
WO2003096300A1 (de) | 2003-11-20 |
ATE367601T1 (de) | 2007-08-15 |
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