Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/44—Polyester-amides

Definitions

• the present invention relates in general to a method of producing a polyamide resin, in particular, a linear polyamide resin by using a polyester resin.
• Nylon 66, 46, 6T and an aramide resin have been mass-produced as a heat-resistant polyamide resin which exhibits excellent mechanical, chemical and physical properties.
• these nylon 66, 46, 6T and etc. are produced by dehydration and polycondensation of a nylon salt which is obtained by reaction of an organic dicarboxylic acid and an organic diamine.
• this method requires cumbersome process steps, and the polycondensation needs to be effected at a high temperature for a long period of time.
• the aramide resin there are some problems: use of expensive organic dicarboxylic dihalide; corrosion of the reaction device due to halogen; difficulty in recycling the material; and contamination of the environment.
• the inventor of the present invention proposed novel methods of producing a linear polyamide resin by using a polyester resin in JP-A-9-324037, JP-A-11-106504, JP-A-2000-119391 and Japanese Patent Application Nos. 11-60267 and 11-119859. These methods are totally different from the above-indicated conventional method of producing the polyamide resin by polycondensation.
• the conventionally used organic dicarboxylic acid is replaced with the polyester resin.
• the polyester resin reacts with, in a predetermined solvent as a reaction medium, a diamine compound whose molar ratio is determined to be in a specified range for the polyester resin.
• the polyamide resin having a high molecular weight can be obtained in a simplified manner in a relatively short period of time.
• the obtained aramide resin is likely to have a undesirably low degree of yield. Further, it has been found that the polyamide resin tends to be gel or decomposed due to heat applied thereto during polycondensation in a solid state or molten state (i.e., solid-polycondensation or melt-polycondensation), which polycondensation is effected on the polyamide resin obtained after the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound in an attempt to increase the molecular weight of the obtained polyamide resin.
• the polyamide resin to be obtained has a considerably high molecular weight as well as a sufficiently high degree of yield without being suffered from gelation and decomposition, by adding a suitable carboxylic acid-activator and/or an inorganic salt to a reaction product obtained by the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound, and then effecting the solid- or melt-polycondensation on the reaction product to which the carboxylic acid-activator and/or inorganic salt has/have been added.
• the above-indicated object of the present invention may be attained according to a first aspect of the invention, which provides a method of producing a polyamide resin by reacting with at least one diamine compound, at least one linear polyester resin consisting of at least one dicarboxylic acid component and at least one diol component and having an intrinsic viscosity of not less than 0.2 dl/g, so that the at least one diol component of the linear polyester resin is substituted by the diamine compound, resulting in the polyamide resin as a reaction product, wherein the improvement comprises: at least one of a carboxylic acid-activator and an inorganic salt being present in a reaction system of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound.
• the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt is/are present in a reaction system of the predetermined linear polyester resin and the diamine compound which are used in respectively determined amounts, whereby the polyamide resin to be obtained has a significantly high molecular weight and a significantly high degree of yield. Further, the thus obtained polyamide resin is not likely to suffer from gelation or decomposition even after the polyamide resin has been subjected to the solid- or melt- polycondensation for increasing its molecular weight.
• the linear polyester resin reacts with the diamine compound in a reaction medium comprising at least one solvent selected from aprotic solvents.
• the method further comprises a step of effecting polycondensation in a solid state or molten state on the reaction product.
• the polymerization degree of the polyamide resin is sufficiently increased, whereby the polyamide resin has an industrially effectively high molecular weight.
• the polyamide resin produced according to the present invention is not likely to suffer from gelation and decomposition after it has been subjected to the solid- or melt- polycondensation, so that the produced polyamide resin can be employed for a considerably wide variety of applications.
• the carboxylic acid-activator is used in an amount of 0.01-0.5 mol per 1 mol of the linear polyester resin as calculated in the repeating unit thereof.
• the inorganic salt is used in an amount of 0.1-30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the aprotic solvent.
• the method further comprises a step of melting and kneading reaction materials which include the linear polyester resin, the diamine compound, and the at least one of the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt.
• the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound reacts with high efficiency without using a specific solvent as a reaction medium, so that the polyamide resin to be obtained has a molecular weight which is equal to or even higher than that of the polyamide resin obtained by using the reaction medium.
• This arrangement reduces a cost for producing the polyamide resin, and eliminates a problem of environmental contamination which would be caused by leakage of the solvent from the reaction equipment, for instance.
• the diamine compound is used in an amount of 0.05-1.5 mol per 1 mol of the linear polyester resin as calculated in the repeating unit thereof.
• This arrangement advantageously permits production of the polyamide resin having a high molecular weight suitable for practical use.
• the carboxylic-acid activator is used in an amount of 0.001-0.2 mol per 1 mol of the linear polyester resin as calculated in the repeating unit thereof.
• the inorganic salt is used in an amount of 0.01-10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the linear polyester resin.
• the polyamide resin to be produced has a high degree of yield while avoiding or minimizing its gelation and decomposition.
• the step of melting and kneading the reaction materials is effected while adding the diamine compound to the linear polyester resin at least two times until an amount of the diamine compound added to the linear polyester resin is equal to a required amount for reaction with the linear polyester resin.
• the step of melting and kneading the reaction materials is effected after mixing the linear polyester resin in a powder form with the diamine compound, and heating the reaction materials at a temperature in a range between a temperature not lower than a melting point of the diamine compound and a temperature not higher than a melting point of the polyester resin, so as to effect a preliminary reaction between the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound.
• the step of melting and kneading the reaction materials is effected in an atmosphere of an inert gas.
• the linear polyester resin is used in a powder form and reacts with the diamine compound at a temperature in a range between a temperature not lower than a melting point of the diamine compound and a temperature not higher than a melting point of the linear polyester resin. According to this arrangement, the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound reacts with high efficiency without using a specific solvent as a reaction medium, so that the polyamide resin to be obtained has a significantly high molecular weight.
• the linear polyester resin reacts with the diamine compound in an atmosphere of an inert gas.
• thermoplastic polyalkylene terephthalate resin is used as the linear polyester resin
• polyethylene terephthalate resin is used as the thermoplastic polyalkylene terephthalate resin
• the above-indicated object of the present invention may also be attained according to a second aspect of the invention, which provides a method of producing a polyamide resin comprising the steps of reacting with at least one diamine compound, at least one linear polyester resin consisting of at least one dicarboxylic acid component and at least one diol component and having an intrinsic viscosity of not less than 0.2dl/g, the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound being reacted in a reaction medium comprising at least one solvent selected from aprotic solvents, so that the at least one diol component of the linear polyester resin is substituted by the diamine compound, so as to provide a reaction product; adding at least one of a carboxylic acid-activator and an inorganic salt to the reaction product; and effecting polycondensation in a solid state or molten state on the reaction product to which at least one of the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt has been added.
• the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt is/are added to the reaction product obtained by reaction of the predetermined linear polyester resin and the diamine compound which react in respectively determined amounts in the predetermined solvent, and the solid- or melt-polycondensation is effected on the reaction product to which the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt has/have been added.
• the present arrangement permits production of the polyamide resin having a high degree of yield as well as a remarkably high molecular weight suitable for practical use.
• the polyamide resin obtained according to this arrangement is not likely to suffer from gelation and decomposition which would otherwise be caused by the solid- or melt- polycondensation.
• the carboxylic acid-activator is used in an amount of 0.1-20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the reaction product.
• the inorganic salt is used in an amount of 0.1-10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the reaction product.
• thermoplastic polyalkylene terephthalate resin is used as the linear polyester resin
• polyethylene terephthalate resin is used as the thermoplastic polyalkylene terephthalate resin
• the linear polyester resin used in the present method is obtained by polycondensation of a dicarboxylic acid component formed of an organic dicarboxylic acid or its derivative, and a diol component formed of a dihydric alcohol compound or dihydric phenol compound.
• organic dicarboxylic acid or its derivative examples include: an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and its derivative such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, terephthalic acid dichloride, diphenyl dicarboxylic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and its derivative such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid and fumaric acid.
• aromatic dicarboxylic acid and its derivative such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, terephthalic acid dichloride, diphenyl dicarboxylic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid
• an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid and its derivative such as oxalic acid, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid and fum
• dihydric alcohol compound examples include: alkylene glycol such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane-1, 3-diol, butane-1,4-diol and tetramethylene glycol; and cyclohexanediol.
• alkylene glycol such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane-1, 3-diol, butane-1,4-diol and tetramethylene glycol
• cyclohexanediol examples of the dihydric alcohol compound.
• bisphenol A is used, for instance. Any one of, or any combination of, those dicarboxylic acid components may be used. Similarly, any one of, or any combination of, the diol components as described above may be used.
• the linear polyester resin a thermoplastic polyalkylene terephthalate resin which is formed of the terephthalic acid as the dicarboxylic acid, and the alkylene glycol as the dihydric alcohol, such as ethylene glycol or butane-1,4-diol. It is more preferable to use a polyethyleneterephthalate resin (hereinafter referred to as "PET" resin), in particular, a recycled PET resin.
• PET polyethyleneterephthalate resin
• the linear polyester resins may be used in combination.
• the polyester resin may contain an organic polymer or an inorganic compound.
• the polyester resin used in the present method needs to have an intrinsic viscosity of not less than 0.2dl/g, preferably not less than 0.3dl/g, as measured at the temperature of 30°C by using hexafluoroisopropanol (hereinafter referred to as HFIP) as the solvent.
• HFIP hexafluoroisopropanol
• the intrinsic viscosity of the polyester resin lower than the lower limit of 0.2dl/g undesirably lowers the intrinsic viscosity of the polyamide resin to be obtained.
• the polymerization degree of the polyamide resin is not sufficiently increased even after the polyamide resin has been subjected to the solid-polycondensation or the melt-polycondensation. Therefore, the obtained polyamide resin does not have an industrially effectively high molecular weight.
• the form of the polyester resin used in the present method is not particularly limited, it is preferable that the polyester resin be in the form of a powder having an average grain size of not larger than 1mm.
• the water content of the polyester resin is generally not more than 500ppm, preferably not more than 100ppm.
• diamine compound which reacts with the linear polyester resin examples include the following: aliphatic diamines such as ethylene diamine, trimethylene diamine, 1,2-propane diamine, tetramethylene diamine, pentamethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, dodecamethylene diamine, and 2,2,4-trimethyl hexamethylene diamine; aromatic diamines such as p-phenylene diamine, o-phenylene diamine, m-phenylene diamine, m-toluylene diamine, p-xylylene diamine, m-xylylene diamine, 4,4'-diamino biphenyl, 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diamino biphenyl, 3,3'-dichloro-4,4'-diamino biphenyl, 4,4'-diamino diphenyl ether, 3,4'-diamino diphenyl ether, 3,
• polymers each having amino groups at its opposite ends are used as the diamine compound.
• examples of such polymers include polydimethyl siloxane, polyamide, and polyalkylene oxide, each of which has amino groups at its opposite ends. Any one of, or any combination of, the diamine compounds as described above may be used.
• the amount of the diamine compound to be used is in the range of 0.01-1.5 mol, preferably in the range of 0.02-1.3 mol, more preferably in the range of 0.03-1.2 mol, for 1 mol of the linear polyester resin as calculated in the repeating unit thereof. If the amount of the diamine compound is less than 0.01 mol, the obtained polyamide resin does not exhibit desired properties. On the other hand, if the amount of the diamine compound exceeds 1.5 mol, the molecular weight of the obtained polyamide resin is undesirably low. Further, the use of the diamine compound in an amount exceeding 1.5 mol does not significantly enhance the effect to be achieved.
• the water content of the diamine compound is generally not more than 500 ppm, preferably not more than 100 ppm.
• the reaction medium used in the amidation reaction between the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound according to the present method is selected from aprotic solvents which include: aliphatic, aromatic, aliphatic-aromatic, or alicyclic hydrocarbons such as n-butane, i-butane, n-pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, n-heptane, 2-methylhexane, 3-methylhexane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, i-decane, n-tridecane, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, n-propyl
• any one of, or any combination of, the above-indicated solvents may be used.
• petroleum ether, petroleum benzine, gasoline, kerosene or solvent naphtha may be used as the reaction medium.
• aldehydes, ketones, esters, carboxylic acids, alcohols, phenol solvent, and water which are usually used as the solvent since these solvents tend to react with the diamine compound or hydrolyze the polyester resin.
• the water content of the solvent as the reaction medium is generally not more than 1000ppm, preferably not more than 500ppm, more preferably not more than 100ppm.
• the amount of the reaction medium is in the range of 100-5000 parts by weight, preferably 200-3000 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the polyester resin. If the amount of the reaction medium is less than 100 parts by weight, the polyester resin is not sufficiently dispersed in the reaction medium, and the reaction does not proceed homogeneously. On the other hand, the amount of the reaction medium exceeding the upper limit of 5000 parts by weight makes the reaction system dilute, so that the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound does not sufficiently proceed.
• the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound as the reaction material, and the suitably selected solvent as the reaction medium are put into a suitable container having stirring or agitating means, and the mixture is heated, whereby a desired reaction (i.e., ester-amide substitution reaction) proceeds, wherein the diol component in the linear polyester resin is substituted by the diamine compound.
• a desired reaction i.e., ester-amide substitution reaction
• the total water content in the reaction system is adjusted to not more than 1000ppm, preferably not more than 500pm, more preferably not more than 100ppm.
• the reaction product to be obtained is a so-called polyester amide copolymer having the ester bonds as well as the amide bonds.
• this polyesteramide copolymer is also referred to as the polyamide resin.
• the temperature at which the reaction between the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound in the reaction medium is effected varies depending upon the reaction pressure, reaction time, agitating state of the mixture in the reactor as well as the amount and kinds of the reaction materials to be used.
• the reaction temperature is not lower than 100°C, preferably not lower than 120°C. If the reaction temperature is lower than 100°C, it requires a relatively long time period to form the polyamide resin.
• the reaction temperature is higher than the boiling point of the solvent to be used (as the reaction medium) and the diamine compound, it is preferable that the reactor be pressure-tightly closed or kept under pressure.
• the time period required for the reaction between the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound varies depending upon various factors.
• the reaction time is in the range of 0.2-100 hours, preferably in the range of 0.5-50 hours. If the reaction time is less than 0.2 hours, the formation of the polyamide resin is insufficient. On the other hand, the reaction time exceeding 100 hours does not significantly enhance the formation of the polyamide resin. It is preferable to remove the by-product which is generated during the reaction from the reaction system at a reduced pressure or in the presence of an inert gas.
• a carboxylic acid-activator i.e., an agent for activating a carboxylic acid
• an inorganic salt is introduced into the reactor, whereby the reaction between the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound effectively proceeds in the presence of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt.
• the presence of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt in the reaction system of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound permits production of the polyamide resin having a relatively high molecular weight and a high degree of yield, and prevents gelation and decomposition of the polyamide resin even after the solid- or melt- polycondensation has been effected on the obtained polyamide resin.
• the addition of the carboxylic acid-activator permits reesterification of the generated carboxylic acid, and removes the trace amount of water from the reaction system while the addition of the inorganic salt permits activation of the diamine compound and improves the solubility of the formed polyamide resin, resulting in an improvement of the yield and the molecular weight of the obtained polyamide resin while avoiding its gelation and decomposition.
• the carboxylic acid-activator added to the reaction system of the polyester resin and the diamine compound reacts with the carboxylic acid to form an active acyl intermediate compound such as acid chloride, acid anhydride, or active ester.
• the carboxylic acid-activator include: phosphorus compounds such as phosphites, phosphates, phosphorodichloridites, phosphorodichloridates, phosphorochloridites, phosphorochloridates, phosphoroamides, phosphines, phosphinic acids, phosphonous acids, phosphonic acids, diphosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus trichloride, and thionyl chloride.
• phosporus esters having at least one aryl group such as aryl phosphite, aryl phosphate, aryl phosphine, aryl phosphinite, aryl phosphinate, aryl phosphonite, aryl phosphonate, diphosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus trichloride, and thionyl chloride.
• Examples of the phosphorus ester having at least one aryl group, which is preferably used as the carboxylic acid-activator, include triphenyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, trinonylphenyl phosphite, phenyl chlorophosphite, triphenyl phosphate, diphenyl chlorophosphate, triphenyl phosphine, phenyl diphenylphosphinite, phenyl diphenylphosphinate, diphenyl chlorophosphine, phenyl diphenylphosphonite, diphenyl phenylphosphonate, phenylphosphonous acid dichloride, diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzisoxazol-3-yl-phosponate, phenyl bis(2,3-dihydro-2-oxobenzothiazol-3-yl) phophinate, and diphenyl (2,3-
• the carboxylic acid-activator is present in the reaction system in an amount of 0.01-0.5 mol, preferably in an amount of 0.05-0.3 mol, per 1 mol of the linear polyester resin as calculated in the repeating unit thereof. If the amount of the carboxylic acid-activator is less than 0.01 mol, the effect to be achieved by the addition of the carboxylic acid-activator is insufficient. On the other hand, the amount of the carboxylic acid-activator exceeding 0.5 mol does not significantly enhance the effect.
• the water content of the carboxylic acid-activator is generally not more than 500 ppm, preferably not more than 100 ppm.
• the inorganic salt present in the reaction system of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound is a compound wherein metal ions and anions are bonded together so that the positive electric charge of the metal ions and the negative electric charge of the anions are neutralized with each other.
• the inorganic salt is formed of metal ions such as an alkaline metal ion, alkaline earth metal ion, and transition metal ion, and anions such as chloride ions, bromide ions, and iodide ions.
• Example of the inorganic salt include lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, lithium bromide, potassium bromide, lithium iodide, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, nickel chloride, and copper iodide.
• lithium chloride, calcium chloride and copper iodide are preferably employed as the inorganic salt.
• the inorganic salt is present in the reaction system generally in an amount of 0.1-30 parts by weight, preferably in an amount of 0.5-20 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the aprotic solvent as the reaction medium. If the amount of the inorganic salt to be added to the reaction system is less than 0.1 part by weight, the effect to be achieved by the addition of the inorganic salt is insufficient. On the other hand, the amount of the inorganic salt exceeding 30 parts by weight does not significantly enhance the effect.
• the water content of the inorganic salt is generally not more than 500 ppm, preferably in an amount of 100 ppm.
• the polyamide resin as a reaction product which is present in the reaction medium is separated and collected therefrom. If the polyamide resin is dispersed in the form of a slurry in the reaction medium, the polyamide resin slurry is collected from the reaction medium. If the polyamide resin is dissolved in the reaction medium, the reaction medium is dried by spraying, so as to collect the polyamide resin. Alternatively, the dissolved polyamide resin is deposited by using a suitable precipitant, and then subjected to known filtration or centrifugation to collect the polyamide resin.
• the thus collected polyamide resin is completely dried according to a known drying method such as hot gas drying or vacuum drying, so as to provide a desired polyamide resin.
• the thus obtained polyamide resin generally has an intrinsic viscosity in the range of 0.3-3.0 dl/g, and has a yield larger than that of a polyamide resin produced according to the conventional method.
• the polyamide resin obtained by the reaction of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound in the reaction medium in the presence of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt may be subjected to the solid-polycondensation or the melt-polycondensation, as needed, for further increasing its molecular weight.
• the solid-polycondensation is effected for increasing the degree of polymerization, i.e., the molecular weight, of the obtained polyamide resin while it is kept in a solid state.
• the polyamide resin is heated at a temperature within a range between a temperature 50°C higher than the glass-transition temperature of the polyamide resin and the temperature at which the polyamide resin starts to flow, preferably within a range between a temperature 80°C higher than the glass-transition temperature and a temperature 20°C lower than the temperature at which the polyamide resin starts to flow.
• This heat treatment is effected at a reduced pressure of not more than 1000 Pa, preferably not more than 300 Pa, or in the presence of an inert gas.
• the time period during which the heat treatment is effected varies depending upon the temperature, the amount of the polyamide resin as the reaction product, and the configuration of the device to be used, it is preferable to effect the heat treatment generally for 0.2-20 hours, preferably for 0.5-10 hours.
• the melt-polycondensation is effected for increasing the degree of polymerization, i.e., the molecular weight, of the obtained polyamide resin while it is heated and kept in a molten state at a reduced pressure or in the presence of an inert gas.
• the polyamide resin is heated at a temperature within a range between a temperature higher than the temperature at which the reaction product (polyamide resin) starts to flow and a temperature lower than the decomposition temperature of the polyamide resin, preferably in a range between a temperature higher than the temperature at which the reaction product starts to flow by at least 20°C and a temperature lower than the decomposition temperature of the polyamide resin by at least 30°C.
• the melt-polycondensation is effected for 0.2-15 minutes, preferably for 0.5-10 minutes.
• the melt-polycondensation is effected by using any suitable device which is capable of kneading a polymer having a high viscosity under heat, such as a roll, extruder, or kneader. It is preferable to use a vent-type extruder or a kneader which assures easy kneading of the polymer at a high temperature, permits the molecular weight of the polymer to sufficiently increase in a relatively short period of time, and facilitates retrieval of the polymer.
• the extruder a single-screw or multi-screw extruder is used as the extruder.
• the reaction by-product is removed through the vent of the extruder at a reduced pressure.
• the reduced pressure is not higher than 1000 Pa, preferably not higher than 300 Pa.
• the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound as the reaction materials, and the reaction medium are initially introduced into a reactor for reaction between the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound. After the reaction is terminated, a reaction product present in the reaction medium is separated and collected from the reaction medium. Thereafter, the collected reaction product is dried, and at least one of the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt is added thereto. Then, the reaction product to which the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt has been added is subjected to the solid- or melt-polycondensation as described above.
• the addition of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt to the reaction product when it is subjected to the solid- or melt-polycondensation permits the formed polyamide resin to have a significantly enhanced molecular weight and an intrinsic viscosity of not less than 0.3 dl/g as well as a sufficiently high degree of yield while avoiding or minimizing the gelation and the decomposition of the formed polyamide resin.
• the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt added to the reaction product when it is subjected to the solid- or melt- polycondensation are the same as described above.
• the amounts of the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt are suitably determined such that the addition of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt assures the advantages described above.
• the carboxylic acid-activator is used generally in an amount of 0.1-20 parts by weight, preferably 0.5-10 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the reaction product.
• the inorganic salt is used generally in an amount of 0.1-10 parts by weight, preferably 0.5-5 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the reaction product.
• the amounts of the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt are less than the respective lower limits, the effect to be achieved by the addition of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt is insufficient.
• the amounts of the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt exceeding the respective upper limits do not significantly enhance the effect obtained by the addition of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt.
• the polyamide resin to be obtained has a high molecular weight since the reaction can proceed with high efficiency even without using the reaction medium, by (A) adding, to the linear polyester resin, the diamine compound in steps until the amount of the diamine compound added to the polyester resin is equal to a required amount for reaction with the polyester resin while the mixture of the polyester resin and the diamine compound is melted and kneaded, (B) by mixing the polyester resin in a powder form with the diamine compound, heating the mixture at a temperature in a range between a temperature not lower than the melting point of the diamine compound and a temperature not higher than the melting point of the polyester resin, so as to effect a preliminary reaction between the polyester resin and the diamine compound, and melting and kneading a reaction product obtained by the preliminary reaction, or (C) by mixing the polyester resin in a powder form
• polyester resin used in the method of this embodiment are the same as those described with respect to the above preceding embodiment.
• the diamine compound which reacts with the linear polyester resin according to the method of this embodiment are the same as those described with respect to the above preceding embodiment.
• the amount of the diamine compound is suitably determined so that the desired polyamide resin can be advantageously obtained.
• the amount of the diamine compound is in a range of 0.05-1.5 mol, preferably in a range of 0.08-1.3 mol, more preferably in a range of 0.1-1.2 mol per 1 mol of the linear polyester resin as calculated in the repeating unit thereof. If the amount of the diamine compound is less than 0.05 mol, the obtained polyamide resin does not exhibit the desired properties.
• the water content of the diamine compound is generally not larger than 500 ppm, preferably not larger than 100 ppm.
• the linear polyester resin reacts with the diamine compound, so that a portion of, or the entirety of, the diol component of the linear polyester resin is substituted with the diamine compound.
• the reaction is effected without using the reaction medium according to either one of the above-described arrangements (A) through (C), to thereby provide the polyamide resin having the desired properties.
• the required amount of the linear polyester resin is initially introduced into a suitable melting and kneading device.
• a portion of the required amount of the diamine compound is added, so that the mixture of the polyester resin and the diamine compound is melted and kneaded upon actuation of the melting and kneading device, whereby the added diamine compound reacts with the polyester resin.
• the melting and kneading device is preferably pressure-tightly closed.
• the diol component is generated as the reaction by-product, the device is temporarily open to the atmosphere during the melting and kneading process, so as to remove the by-product from the reaction system.
• the diamine compound is added to the polyester resin at least two times until the amount of the diamine compound added thereto is equal to the required amount for reaction with the polyester resin.
• the diamine compound is added to the polyester resin in a suitable number of steps (more than two) depending upon the kinds of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound, and the degree of the reaction.
• the form of the linear polyester resin as the reaction material is not particularly limited.
• the polyester resin is preferably shaped such that it can be easily introduced into the cylinder of the device through the hopper.
• the air in the melting and kneading device is substituted with a suitable inert gas, and the melting and kneading process is effected in the atmosphere of the inert gas, so that the reaction of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound is effected in the presence of the inert gas.
• any known inert gas such as a helium gas, a nitrogen gas or a krypton gas is used, it is preferable to employ the nitrogen gas in the present invention.
• the temperature at which the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound is effected by melting and kneading as described above is suitably determined depending upon various factors such as the kinds and the amounts of the reaction materials to be used as well as the reaction time. In general, the reaction temperature is held within a range of 150°C ⁇ 400°C, preferably within a range of 200° ⁇ 350°C.
• the reaction time during which the reaction of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound is effected by melting and kneading is suitably determined by taking account of the kinds and the amounts of the polyester resin and the diamine compound to be used. In general, the reaction time is in a range of 0.1 ⁇ 10 minutes. If the reaction time is less than 0.1 minute, the reaction tends to be insufficient. On the contrary, the reaction time exceeding 10 minutes does not significantly enhance the formation of the polyamide resin.
• the melting and kneading device used in the present arrangement needs to be capable of melting and kneading a polymer having a high viscosity under heat in the pressure-tightly closed state while supplying the diamine compound and removing the reaction by-product to and from the reaction system.
• a melting and kneading device a vent-type extruder or kneader having inlets is preferably used.
• a single-screw or multi-screw extruder is preferably used, which permits easy kneading of the polymer at a high temperature and whose cylinder is provided with a plurality of inlets and vents such the each inlet and each vent are alternatively arranged with each other in a direction of extrusion, so that the injection of the diamine compound through the inlets and the retrieval of the reaction product from the vent can be effected repeatedly and successively.
• the thus constructed extruder wherein each of the inlets and each of the vents are alternatively arranged in the cylinder in the direction of extrusion permits sequential melting and kneading of the reaction materials while adding the diamine compound in steps described above.
• the hopper and the screw drive portion be completely filled with the above-described inert gas while keeping the vents at a reduced pressure.
• a plurality of extruders may be connected in series so as to constitute a tandem type melting and kneading device for effecting the melting and kneading of the reaction materials as described above.
• the diamine compound and the polyester resin in a powder form as the reaction materials are initially introduced, in the respective required amounts, into a suitable reactor having heating and agitating means.
• the atmosphere in the reactor is substituted with a suitable inert gas and the reactor is pressure-tightly closed, the mixture of the diamine compound and the linear polyester resin is heated at a temperature in a range between a temperature not lower than the melting point of the diamine compound and a temperature not higher than the melting point of the linear polyester resin, and agitated preferably at a rotation speed of 100 rpm or more, so as to effect a preliminary reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound.
• the diol component in the polyester resin is substituted with the diamine compound.
• the amount of the diol component which has been substituted with the diamine compound is smaller than that in the polyester resin to be obtained as a final product.
• a substantially half of the diol component in the polyester resin is substituted with the diamine compound, in other words, a substantially half of the ester group (-COO-) in the polyester resin is substituted with the amide group (-CONH-) after the preliminary reaction.
• the polyester resin to be used in the present arrangement is in a powder form, which has been passed through a sieve whose mesh size is not larger than 10, preferably not larger than 50, more preferably not larger than 100.
• the inert gas is suitably selected from known inert gases including the nitrogen gas.
• the preliminary reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound is effected at a temperature in a range between a temperature not lower than the melting point of the diamine compound and a temperature not higher than the melting point of the linear polyester resin, generally at a temperature in a range of 100°C ⁇ 250°C. While the preliminary reaction time varies depending upon the size of the polyester resin powder, the reaction time is generally in a range of 0.5 ⁇ 50 hours, preferably in a range of 1 ⁇ 40 hours, more preferably in a range of 2 ⁇ 30 hours.
• Any suitable reactors such as a vertical, horizontal, or rotary type metal reactor, and a high-speed mixer for powder are employed in effecting the preliminary reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound, provided that the reactor is provided with an inlet through which the reaction materials introduced into the reactor and an outlet from which the formed product is retrieved, and that the reactor is capable of heating and agitating the reaction materials while it is pressure-tightly closed after the atmosphere in the reactor has been substituted with the suitably selected inert gas.
• the product obtained by the preliminary reaction is introduced into a suitable melting and kneading device, so that the preliminary reaction product is melted and kneaded for further proceeding the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound, to thereby provide the desired polyamide resin.
• the atmosphere in the melting and kneading device is substituted with the suitable inert gas in this arrangement, and the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound is effected in the atmosphere of the inert gas.
• the temperature at which the preliminary reaction product is melted and kneaded for reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound varies depending upon the reaction time as well as the kinds and the amounts of the preliminary reaction product and the reaction materials. In general, the temperature is held in a range of 150 ⁇ 400°C, preferably in a range of 200 ⁇ 350°C. If the temperature is less than 150°C, the preliminary reaction product is not sufficiently melted. On the contrary, if the temperature exceeds 400°C, the formed polyamide resin is thermally decomposed to an excessive extent.
• the reaction time varies depending upon various factors. In general, the reaction time is in a range of 0.1 ⁇ 10 minutes. If the reaction time is less than 0.1 minute, the reaction does not sufficiently proceed, while the obtained polyamide resin tends to be gel if the reaction time exceeds 10 minutes.
• any known melting and kneading device such as a roll, extruder, or kneader can be employed, provided that the device is capable of kneading a polymer having a high viscosity under heat. It is particularly preferable to employ a vent-type extruder or kneader which permits easy kneading of the polymer at a high temperature and which assures easy retrieval of the formed polymer.
• a single-screw or multi-screw extruder is advantageously used. By using such an extruder, the polyamide resin is easily obtained in pellets while removing the reaction by-product through the vent at a reduced pressure.
• the linear polyester resin in a powder form and the diamine compound as the reaction materials are initially introduced, in the respective required amounts, into a suitable reactor having heating and agitating means.
• the atmosphere in the reactor is substituted with an inert gas such as a nitrogen gas and the reactor is pressure-tightly closed, the reaction materials in the reactor is heated at a temperature in a range between a temperature not lower than the melting point of the diamine compound and a temperature not higher than the melting point of the polyester resin while being agitated preferably at a rotation speed of 100 rpm or more, so that the diol component in the polyester resin is substituted with the diamine compound.
• the method according to this arrangement (C) is effective to produce the polyamide resin, e.g., all aromatic polyamide resin, whose melting point is close to, or higher than its thermal decomposition temperature, rendering its production by melting and kneading as effected in the above-described arrangement (A) and (B) impossible.
• the polyamide resin e.g., all aromatic polyamide resin, whose melting point is close to, or higher than its thermal decomposition temperature
• the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound is effected at a temperature in a range between a temperature not lower than the melting point of the diamine compound and a temperature not higher than the melting point of the polyester resin, generally in a range of 150°C ⁇ 250°C.
• the reaction time is suitably determined depending upon the kinds of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound used as the reaction materials. In general, the reaction time is in a range of 1 ⁇ 100 hours, preferably in a range of 2 ⁇ 80 hours, more preferably 4 ⁇ 50 hours.
• the reaction temperature is higher, and the reaction time is longer, than those in the method according to the above-described arrangement (B).
• the reactor similar to that used for the preliminary reaction in the above-described arrangement (B) may be advantageously used for the reaction according to the present arrangement (C).
• the formed polyamide resin When the polyamide resin is produced according to the arrangements (A) through (C), the formed polyamide resin generally has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.3 ⁇ 2.0 dl/g, in other words, it has a high degree of polymerization degree, i.e., a high molecular weight.
• the above-described arrangements (A) through (C) permits easy production of the polyamide resin having a desired high molecular weight without using a specific solvent as the reaction medium in the reaction of the polyester resin and the diamine compound.
• the polyamide resin is produced according to the above-described arrangements (A) through (C), at least one of the carboxylic acid-activator and the inorganic salt is present in the reaction system of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound.
• the reaction of the linear polyester resin and the diamine compound proceeds in the presence of the carboxylic acid-activator and/or the inorganic salt, whereby the polyamide resin to be obtained has a high degree of yield while effectively avoiding or minimizing its gelation and decomposition.
• Examples of the carboxylic acid-activator present in the reaction system are the same as described with respect to the above first embodiment wherein the polyester resin and the diamine compound reacts in the specific solvent as the reaction medium.
• the amount of the carboxylic acid-activator used herein is suitably determined so as to assure the advantages described above.
• the carboxylic acid activator is present in the reaction system in an amount of 0.001 ⁇ 0.2 mol, preferably in an amount of 0.01 ⁇ 0.1 mol, per 1 mol the linear polyester resin as calculated in the repeating unit thereof. If the amount of the carboxylic acid-activator is less than 0.001 mol, the effect to be attained by the addition of the carboxylic acid-activator is insufficient. The amount of the carboxylic acid-activator exceeding 0.2 mol does not significantly enhance the effect.
• the inorganic salt present in the reaction system are the same as described with respect to the above first embodiment.
• the amount of the inorganic salt used herein is suitably determined so as to assure the advantages described above.
• the inorganic salt is present in the reaction system in an amount of 0.01 ⁇ 10 parts by weight, preferably in an amount of 0.1 ⁇ 5 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the linear polyester resin. If the amount of the inorganic salt is less than 0.01 part by weight, the effect to be attained by the addition of the inorganic salt is insufficient. The amount of the inorganic salt exceeding 10 parts by weight does not significantly enhance the effect
• the polyamide resin obtained according to the present invention there are added, as needed, various known additives such as a heat stabilizing agent, a light stabilizing agent, a coloring agent, a lubricant, a reinforcing agent, and a filler. Any one of, or any combination of, the additives may be added.
• the polyamide resin is formed into a desired product according to a known molding method such as compression molding, injection molding or extrusion.
• the polyamide resin may be used for forming a fiber or a film by casting, or a coating layer while the polyamide resin is dissolved in a suitable solvent.
• Hexamethylene diamine (HMD) as the diamine compound which is available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan, was passed through a packed column of a molecular sieve 4A (available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan) and dried. After metal sodium was added to the thus dried diamine compound, it was distilled at a reduced pressure and purified. As the reaction medium, there was prepared dehydrated N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP; used for organic synthesis and available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan).
• NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
• TPP triphenyl phosphite
• LiCl lithium chloride
• reaction product specimens Nos. 1-3 each in a white powder form.
• Each specimen was heated at 200°C for one hour under vacuum at 1 Torr, in other words, each specimen was subjected to the solid-polycondensation.
• a comparative specimen No. 1 was obtained in a manner similar to that described above, except that TPP as the carboxylic acid-activator and LiCl as the inorganic salt were not used.
• each specimen was dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol to examine whether or not the specimen suffered from gelation and to measure the intrinsic viscosity [ ⁇ ].
• the comparative specimen No.1 suffered from gelation, rendering the measurement of its intrinsic viscosity impossible.
• the specimens Nos. 1-3 according to the present invention did not suffer from gelation and had sufficiently high intrinsic viscosity values. Therefore, it is recognized that each of the specimens Nos. 1-3 of the present invention had a significantly high molecular weight.
• a reaction product specimen No. 4 and a comparative specimen No. 2 were obtained in a manner similar to that in the above Example 1, except that the reaction materials were heated at 150°C for 10 hours, using 80g of dehydrated acetonitrile (for organic synthesis and available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan) as the reaction medium in place of NMP used in the Example 1.
• the amounts of TPP, P 2 O 5 , and CaCl 2 are indicated in the following Table 3.
• the mixture in the flask was heated at 200°C for 10 hours by a stream of the nitrogen gas (140mL/minute). 500 mL of acetone was added to each of the obtained reaction solutions, to thereby precipitate the reaction product. Then, the reaction product was subjected to filtration. After adding 500 mL of purified water to each of the obtained filtrates, it was vacuum-dried at a temperature of 120°C and at a pressure of 1 Torr, so that reaction product specimens Nos. 5-8 according to the present invention and a comparative specimen No. 3 were obtained. The obtained reaction product specimens were in an amber powder form. Subsequently, each of the specimens was heated at 300°C for one hour in the atmosphere of the nitrogen gas, in other words, each specimen was subjected to the solid-polycondensation.
• the specimens Nos. 5-8 of the present invention had high degree of yields as well as high degree of amidation ratios, and those specimens had large molecular weights without suffering from gelation even after the heat-treatment (the solid-polycondensation). Accordingly, the polyamide resin produced according to the present method is less likely to suffer from gelation as compared with that produced according to the conventional method, and has a significantly enhanced yield.
• polydimethyl siloxane having amino groups at its opposite ends which is a modified silicone available as "X-22-161AS" from Shinetsu Kagaku Kogyo, Co., Ltd., Japan and having a molecular weight of 900.
• polydimethyl siloxane was dehydrated by using the molecular sieve 4A, it was distilled at a reduced pressure and purified.
• reaction solvent there was prepared o-dichlorobenzene (available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan). After this o-dichlorobenzene was dehydrated by using the molecular sieve 4A, it was distilled and purified.
• the obtained filtrate was vacuum-dried at a temperature of 120°C at a pressure of 1 Torr for 12 hours, so that 54g of a reaction product was obtained in a beige powder form.
• This reaction product (specimen No. 9 according to the present invention) showed an infrared spectrum having a double peak peculiar to the siloxane bond in the absorbance wave number band of 1020 ⁇ -1100cm -1 .
• 38g of a reaction product (comparative specimen No. 4) was obtained in a white powder form.
• the absorbance peak of the infrared spectrum of this comparative specimen No. 4 was smaller than that of the specimen No. 9 obtained according to the present invention.
• a reaction product specimen No. 10 was obtained as follows. Initially, there was prepared the reaction product in a white powder form which was obtained according to the same manner as in the above Example 1 for obtaining the comparative specimen No. 1, except for the solid-polycondensation. 20g of the thus obtained white powder reaction product was mixed with 20g of acetone solution which includes TPP at a concentration of 10wt.%. After the acetone was substantially evaporated from the mixed solution at the room temperature, the solution was vacuum-dried at 50°C at a reduced pressure of 1 Torr, to thereby provide the reaction product specimen No. 10 in the form of polyamide-TPP mixed powder. For comparison, there was prepared a comparative specimen No. 5 which was obtained in the same manner as in the above Example 1 for obtaining the comparative specimen No. 1, except for the solid-polycondensation.
• each of the specimen No. 10 of the present invention and the comparative specimen No. 5 was introduced into a high-temperature melt indexer (available from TECHNOL SEVEN CO., LTD., Japan) whose atmosphere was completely substituted with the nitrogen gas, and was subjected to a heat-treatment (i.e., the solid-polycondensation) at 320°C for one minute. Thereafter, each specimen was extruded.
• the specimen No. 10 of the present invention was extruded without any trouble, and the inspection of the extruded specimen which was dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol revealed that the specimen did not suffer from gelation.
• the comparative specimen No. 5 was hard to be extruded because it suffered from thermal decomposition.
• twin-screw extruder As an extruder, there was used a twin-screw extruder ("2D25W available from TOYO SEIKI SEISAKUSHO, Japan) having two inlets and two vents which are disposed in a cylinder such that each inlet and each vent are alternately arranged with each other in the axial direction of the cylinder.
• the inside of the cylinder was completely filled with the nitrogen gas by substituting the atmosphere therein with the nitrogen gas.
• the PET resin powder prepared as described above was put into the hopper provided on the extruder.
• the cylinder temperature was set such that the temperature gradually increases from 240°C to 320°C in a direction from the lower end of the hopper toward the top end of the die.
• the screws were rotated at 70 rpm.
• the PET resin powder was supplied from the hopper into the cylinder at a rate of 30g/minute with the two vents being placed at a reduced pressure of 500 mmHg.
• HMD hexamethylene diamine
• the PET resin powder was supplied from the hopper into the cylinder at a rate of 30g/minute with the two vents being placed at a reduced pressure of 500 mmHg.
• hexamethylene diamine (HMD; available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan and having a melting point of 41°C) kept at 50°C was added into the cylinder at a rate of 7g/minute through each of the vents, such that the molar ratio of HMD with respect to the PET resin is equal to 0.77 (wherein the molar amount of the PET resin was calculated in the repeating unit thereof).
• the thus obtained sample was subjected to the infrared analysis and measured of its intrinsic viscosity at a temperature of 30°C using hexafluoroisopropanol as a solvent. It was confirmed that the obtained sample was a polyesteramide resin whose amidation ratio was 60% and which had an intrinsic viscosity of 0.48 dl/g.
• the thus obtained preliminary reaction product was subjected to the infrared analysis and measured of its intrinsic viscosity. It was confirmed that the preliminary reaction product was a polyesteramide resin whose amidation ratio was 48% and which had an intrinsic viscosity of 0.16 dl/g.
• the polyester amide resin obtained as described above was introduced into the hopper provided on the extruder as used in the above Example 6 with its vents being closed. After the cylinder of the extruder was filled with the nitrogen gas, the extruder was operated at the same cylinder temperature and the screw rotation speed as those in the above Example 6, and the preliminary reaction product in the hopper was supplied into the cylinder at a rate of 30g/minute, so that the preliminary reaction product was melted and kneaded. Thereafter, the preliminary reaction product was extruded from the die. The extruded product (sample) was cooled in water immediately after the extrusion. The sample was subjected to the infrared analysis and measured of its intrinsic viscosity. It was confirmed that the sample was a polyamide resin whose amidation ratio was 100% and which had an intrinsic viscosity of 0.56 dl/g.
• Example 8 1kg of the pulverized PET resin powder (which had been passed through the 100-mesh sieve) as used in the above Example 8, 141g of p-phenylene diamine (available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan and having a melting point of 147°C), and 422g of m-phenylene diamine (available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan and having a melting point of 63°C) were introduced into the 5L-capacity autoclave as used in Example 8 which was filled with the nitrogen gas.
• p-phenylene diamine available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan and having a melting point of 147°C
• m-phenylene diamine available from WAKO JUNYAKU KOGYO CO., LTD., Japan and having a melting point of 63°C

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