EP1347115B1 - Method for creating low-height drained pavements for balconies and terraces and such a pavement assembly - Google Patents

Abstract

Production of drained slabs (24) made from concrete, natural stone and ceramic slabs comprises applying a sealing layer (14) on the upper side of the bare brickwork (10) of a balcony or terrace having a floor layer (12), laying a drainage layer provided with a filter mat (18) on the sealing layer, applying adhesive having no hygroscopic properties on the filter mat in the corner points of the slabs to be laid, placing the corner regions of the slabs to be laid at a distance from each other, and adhering together after binding or hardening. Independent claims are also included for the following: (1) Arrangement of slabs on the bare brickwork of a balcony or terrace; and (2) Stencil for applying adhesive for carrying out the process.

Description

The invention relates to a method for creating drained tile coverings, in particular of concrete slabs, natural stone slabs and large ceramic tiles, etc. with low height on balcony or terrace surfaces and a surface-drainage arrangement of plates on the shell of balconies or terraces.

When renovating balcony and terrace surfaces, there are generally no sufficient construction heights available. This is why relatively rare cast stone or natural stone slabs come into question here, which require at least 30 to 50 mm of split or gravel layers as a substrate if laid loose. The pad thicknesses are then in the range of 60 to 100 mm, which are only rarely available. Even if the construction height of the balcony or patio slabs for such pad thicknesses sufficient problems occur in the field of door openings in the adjacent building wall, because then prescribed in the door area connecting height of 15 cm or in the arrangement of surface water draining drain grates of 5 cm constructively no longer are to be kept. There is therefore an urgent need to keep the installation height of tile flooring on balconies and terraces as low as possible in order to be able to professionally and in a permissible manner remediate the balconies and terraces exposed to the weather with tile coverings.

The invention has for its object to provide a method which allows the creation of draining plate coverings low construction height on balconies and terraces.

Starting from a method of the type mentioned above, this object is achieved in that on the top of the necessary if previously provided with a drainage tendency for precipitation ensuring screed shell wall of the balcony or the terrace, a waterproof sealing layer of small thickness is applied, that on the Abdichtschicht a provided on its upper side with a filter mat capillary-dense drainage layer is placed low height that on the filter mat of the drainage layer respectively in the vertices of the plates to be laid according to the laying progress area-wise spaced areas with an order of a thin curing or setting and after curing or the bonding no adhesive hygroscopic adhesive properties are applied, on which each aufgese the corner regions of the plates to be laid with a predetermined joint spacing Supported and held after curing or hardening adherent. Hereby it becomes possible to create such plate coverings which, including the water drainage layer to be provided over the joints of the plates, can be made by using thin drainage mats, whereby construction heights of 30 mm are possible when using ceramic plates and otherwise 40 mm. The adhesive application used in the corner areas for supporting and fixing the plates is kept relatively low, namely of the order of 1 to 10 mm. A certain - albeit minor - compensation of height tolerances is still possible by the appropriate choice of the layer height of the adhesive application. The application of adhesive should be as hard as possible in the hardened or hardened state Absorb water, ie not be hygroscopic, so that no rainwater penetrating through the plate joints can be guided via the adhesive application to the underside of the plates and from there into the porous plates.

To set the smallest possible joint spacing between the plates to be laid, joint crosses can be used correspondingly narrow width of their adjusting the gap spacing arms, which are provided on or in the not yet set or hardened adhesive application.

In the case of large-format and / or small-thickness plates, an adhesive application can additionally take place in the middle plate areas of the individual panels of the filter mat areas, which then removes stresses acting on the respective panel after setting or hardening, also over the middle panel area on the drainage mat.

In order to prevent that during the installation of the plates by their acting on the adhesive force of the still unbound adhesive is pushed laterally into the space between the bottom of the plates and the filter mats, is provided in an advantageous embodiment of the invention that before applying the setting or hardening adhesive in the area of the corners of the aufzusetzenden plates in the application area a ring of low height on the top of the filter mats drainage mats is placed in which the not yet set or cured adhesive is introduced, the plates to be laid then with the respective areas of their Bottom placed on the trapped by the ring adhesive application and pressed.

When the corner areas of each adjacent panels placed on a common adhesive job and after the Bonding or curing of the adhesive are held firmly adhered to the substrate and connected to each other, the plates of the entire plate covering are summarized by the cured adhesive dots to a respect of thermally induced changes in the longitudinal and transverse dimensions uniform covering. This can lead to stresses in the plate coverings during thermal dimensional changes, which - under unfavorable conditions - can even lead to fractures or tearing of the plates. In practice, therefore, in sections of two to five meters, expansion joints are required. If such movement joints - for example for design reasons - to be avoided, the method can be carried out in accordance with the invention that the regional application of each of the corner regions of adjacent plates associated adhesive takes place so that the adhesive application in each case in one of the joints of the adjacent plates lying area is recessed, so that no stresses on the adhesive areas of adjacent plates can be transferred from the cured adhesive areas.

For the adjustment of the gap between adjacent plates, instead of or in addition to the above-mentioned joint crosses, joint bars can be inserted in the plate joints, which are profiled and shaped so as to allow the passage of surface water through the joints, but by suitable profiling the penetration can be prevented by coarse dirt particles in the substructure.

The method according to the invention makes it possible to produce surface-dewatering arrangements of plates, in particular also concrete slabs, small pieces of natural stone and ceramic plates, etc. on the shell of balconies or terraces, which are characterized by a water-impermeable sealing layer applied over the entire surface of the shell. one on the sealing layer provided full-surface low layer of a water-permeable drainage material with an upper filter mat cover, and by in the range of their vertices on a thin cured or set adhesive application and held, held with a small joint spacing laid panels.

In order to dissipate the accumulating surface water at least for the most part over the surface of the plate covering, so that the drainage capacity of the used water-permeable drainage material sufficient in any case, it is recommended between the shell and the waterproof waterproofing layer in a conventional manner, a screed layer for the removal of Provide precipitation water to an edge of the balcony or the terrace inclined surface at least when the surface of the shell of the balcony or the terrace has no such inclination.

The sealing layer is expediently formed by a layer of a set or solidified sealing slurry. Alternatively, it can also be formed by a sealing foil applied to the top of the shellboard or the screed layer.

The capillary-penetrating drainage material applied to the sealing layer is expediently formed by drainage mats, sheets or plates provided with channels extending in the direction of drainage, on the upper side of which the water-permeable filter mat is provided.

The envisaged in the vertex area of the plates to be stored adhesive application is preferably enclosed by a respective placed in these corner regions ring, which prevents the lateral flow of the not yet set adhesive by the pressure exerted when placing the plates pressure, the rings then at the same time serve as distance adjusting rings between the plates and the drainage mat.

It may be useful if the adhesive coating enclosing rings are formed in the direction of placement of the plates by a predetermined amount elastically or permanently compressible. Minor height tolerances between adjacent panels can then be compensated for by differential loading of the panels during the setting process.

Instead of such rings, the contact surface formed by the adhesive between the drainage mat and the plates of the covering can also be produced by means of square, rectangular or circularly delimited templates.

In order to prevent formation of cracks by thermal elongations in the plate covering, it is expedient if the adhesive application is recessed in the corner regions of adjacent plates below the joints, so that no stress transfer between the plates over the regions of the adhesive application is possible.

For applying the adhesive in the corner regions of the plates while a template is used, which has an attachable in the field of adhesive application on the surface planar applicator plate, which provided by remaining web surfaces separate apertures for the passage of aufzubringendem on the top of the applicator plate adhesive is. During adhesive application, the adhesive applied to the upper side of the applicator plate can then only pass through the apertures to the substrate, while the substrate areas covered by the web surfaces are shielded from the application of adhesive. This ensures that only in the area of the openings individual and spaced adhesive application areas arise which are each associated with the corner region of a plate of the plate covering.

The perforations delimiting web surfaces of the template expediently have a slightly greater width than the predetermined joint width between subsequently applied to the applied adhesive adjacent plates. This ensures that even when placing and pressing the plates of the plate covering the thus displaced adhesive does not bridge the gap between adjacent adhesive area and thereby - after curing - again allows a voltage transfer.

The application plate is expediently provided with a handle projecting over the upper flat side of the plate to facilitate its handling.

Suitably, the applicator plate is made of a smooth-surfaced plastic plate material whose surfaces have little or no adhesive bonding properties with respect to the plate adhesive used. This will ensure that remnants of the adhesive that harden on the template after use can be easily removed.

Fig. 1

eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Teilbereichs eines in der erfindungsgemäßen Weise mit einem Plattenbelag versehenen Balkons im Bereich eines Türdurchbruchs in der anschließenden Gebäudewandung;

Fig. 2

eine Schnittansicht durch die Belaganordnung, gesehen in Richtung der Pfeile 2-2 in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3

den in Fig. 2 innerhalb des strichpunktierten Kreises 3 gelegenen Bereich der Belaganordnung in vergrößertem Maßstab;

Fig. 4

eine der Darstellung der Belaganordnung gemäß Fig. 3 entsprechende Ansicht, in welcher die Verwendung eines Fugenkreuzes in den Eckpunkten zwischen benachbarten Platten und die Festlegung der Platten durch jeweils gesonderte Kleberbereiche veranschaulicht ist;

Fig. 5

eine Ansicht gesehen in Richtung der Pfeile 5-5 in Fig. 4, in welcher die Platten des aufzubringenden Plattenbelags nur strichpunktiert angedeutet sind;

Fig. 6

eine Draufsicht auf eine zum Auftragen des Klebers in den Eckbereichen von vier zusammentreffenden Platten eines Plattenbelags vorgesehene Schablone; und

Fig. 7

eine Schnittansicht gesehen in Richtung der Pfeile 7-7 in Fig. 6.

The invention is explained in more detail in the following description of an embodiment of a plate-covering arrangement produced in the manner according to the invention, namely:

Fig. 1

a perspective view of a portion of a provided in the manner according to the invention with a plate covering balcony in the region of a door breakthrough in the subsequent building wall;

Fig. 2

a sectional view through the pad assembly, as seen in the direction of arrows 2-2 in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3

the located in Figure 2 within the dot-dashed circle 3 area of the pad assembly in an enlarged scale.

Fig. 4

a view corresponding to the representation of the covering arrangement according to Figure 3, in which the use of a joint cross in the vertices between adjacent plates and the determination of the plates is illustrated by separate adhesive areas.

Fig. 5

a view seen in the direction of arrows 5-5 in Figure 4, in which the plates of the applied plate covering are indicated only by dash-dotted lines.

Fig. 6

a plan view of a provided for applying the adhesive in the corners of four coincident plates of a Plattenbelags stencil; and

Fig. 7

a sectional view seen in the direction of arrows 7-7 in Fig. 6.

In Fig. 1, a partial section of a balcony in the region of a door opening in the adjoining building wall is shown in a perspective view. In the manner of the invention made of reinforced concrete shell slabs 10 of the balcony, a drained tile covering of low construction height is applied in the manner according to the invention.

On top of the shell plate 10 is to achieve the required slope tendency for the removal of water a screed layer 12 applied, which is only so strong that the required relatively low slope is achieved and which is formed on the upper side substantially planar, so that in a conventional manner, a waterproof cover layer 14 in shape a glued-on sealing foil or hardened sealing slurry can be applied.

On the passage of surface or rainwater to the screed or the shell plate preventing sealing layer 14 is a low capillary drainage mat 16 is applied with an upper mat-shaped cover of a filter fabric 18, which with a plurality of extending below the filter mat 18 in the direction of inclination parallel drainage channels 20 are provided, which derive water passing through the filter mat 18 to the bottom left in FIG. 1 edge of the shell panel 10 in a trough 22 mounted there. On the filter mats mentioned covering is placed, these plates 24 are not fully bonded to the filter mat and the butt joints of the adjacent plate are not grouted. The plates are rather held on the upper side of the filter mat 18 by a respective applied exclusively in the region of the corners of the coincident plates 24 on the top of the filter mat 18 area limited application area of a curing after application and placement of the plate adhesive, the covering thickness of this adhesive application again deliberately kept so low that at most small height tolerances of the plates to be laid can be compensated for still flowable adhesive application. Between the areas of adhesive application open by using appropriate thin cross joints deliberately narrow gaps between adjacent plates open on the filter mat, so that so over the butt joint entering water through the filter mat 18 into the drainage channels 20 of the drainage mat 16 can pass. As an example of the drainage mats or webs used here can be made to the well-known from DE 40 04 901 C2 plastic profile drainage path.

FIG. 1 also shows a drainage channel 30 which is provided for drainage in the area of the door opening and covered by a drainage drain 28, which also dewaters surface water entering via the grate 28 via the drainage channels 20 to the drainage channel 22. A closer description of this low-profile drainage channel 30 with cover grate 28 does not take place here, since it is not part of the present invention.

In Fig. 2, in a perpendicular to the subsequent building wall vertically extending partial sectional view through the balcony shown in Fig. 1, the structure of the created in the manner according to the invention drained tiled low construction height in an enlarged scale again shown, in Fig. 3 of FIG. 2 located within the dot-dashed circle portion of the plate covering arrangement is shown in yet enlarged scale.

In this drawing figure it can be seen that the adhesive application 26 can be prevented by a in each case in the corner regions of the coincident plates 24 on the filter mat ring 32 of a certain extent elastically deformable plastic against lateral flow away from the support area due to the pressure applied by the plates , The preparation of the ring 32 in the direction of the plates elastically or permanently compressible material such as elastomeric plastic, foam rubber, etc. allows a certain - albeit minor - height change of a superposed on the adhesive layer 26 plate, as long as the adhesive is not set or solidified.

In Figures 4 and 5, a modification of the manner of application of the adhesive application illustrated in Figure 3 is illustrated. Instead of a uniform continuous application of adhesive 26 as shown in FIG. 3, each four spaced and each of the corner of a four coincident plates 24 associated separate Kleberauftragsbereiche 26 'are provided, respectively in the lying under the joints 34 between adjacent plates 24 areas of the substrate, i. in the illustrated case of the filter fabric 18 are free of adhesive, so that the transfer of voltage from one to an adjacent plate 24, e.g. due to thermal expansion of the plates 24, which is conceivable in a uniform application of adhesive for the vertices of several coincident plates according to FIG. 3, is avoided with certainty.

For adjusting the joint spacing of the plates 24, a joint cross 36 is provided in the intermediate adhesive-free regions located between the adhesive application regions 26 '.

As an alternative or in addition to the mentioned joint crosses, joint bars (EP 1 083 269 A2) which are known per se may also be provided between the edges of adjacent plates which are profiled in such a way that they allow surface water flowing in via the upper side of the plates to pass through to the substructure.

For application of the adhesive application areas 26 'on the substrate to be provided with a plate covering of plates 24 - in the case of a corner point of four coincident plates 24, the template 40 shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 can be used, which is formed by a thin, rigid, planar application plate 42 is and - in the case shown - at its lower edge an integrally attached upwardly bent handle-like handle 46 has. In the Application plate 42 are openings 48 provided at a predetermined distance, between which web surfaces 50 remain.

The template 40 is placed on the ground when laying panels on the vertex of four coincident panels 24 and is even more sculptural, i. not yet set or cured adhesive applied to the top of the applicator plate 42, which is then scraped off with the flat side of a trowel or a rail. In the area of the openings 48, the adhesive is then applied to the substrate, whereupon the template 40 is lifted off. The result then is the image shown in FIG. 5 of four adhesive application areas 26 'formed at predetermined distances from each other, the height of which corresponds to the thickness of the application plate 42.

Then, the joint cross 36 is placed on the adhesive-free crossing region of the web surfaces 50, whereupon the corners of the plates to be laid in the predetermined by the intersecting rib-like arms of the joint cross 36 alignment placed on the ground and pressed into the respective associated adhesive application area 26 '.

It can be seen that within the scope of the inventive concept, modifications and developments of the plate covering arrangement described as an exemplary embodiment can be realized. In the case of large-area or thin-walled plates 24, it may be expedient, in addition to the adhesive application in the plate corner areas, to provide a further area with an adhesive application below each plate, which - after hardening or setting - stresses acting on the plate also in the middle plate area removes the underlying construction. The illustrated in the embodiment and described inclined screed layer 12 may be omitted or by an irregularities in the surface of the shell plate 10 filling filling thin layer be replaced when the shell plate 10 has been made from home with the required for the removal of surface water inclination. It is essential in any case that the adhesive used in the vertices of the plates after curing or setting no longer has hygroscopic properties, so that penetration of water supplied via the joints in the adhesive application and the forwarding of the water within the order in the porous Bottom sides of the corner areas of the resting plates is excluded. Moisture of the plate from the bottom with the result of efflorescence of dissolved mineral components or breaks and destruction of the plates in the moistened area with frost effect are thus prevented.

Claims (18)

1. A process for creating drained paved coverings on balcony or terrace surfaces, especially of concrete flagstones, natural flagstones, ceramic tiles, etc with a low construction height,
   characterised in that
   a waterproof sealing layer (14) of low thickness is applied to the top surface of the raw building slab (10) of the balcony or the terrace, provided beforehand, if necessary, with a floor pavement (12) ensuring a drainage gradient for rainwater; that a capillary-breaking drainage layer (16) of low thickness, whose top surface is provided with a filter mat (18), is applied to the sealing layer; that a coating of a thin-hardening or curing adhesives (26) that has no hygroscopic properties after the hardening or the curing is applied to the filter mat of the drainage layer in each of the corners of the flagstones (24) to be laid, corresponding to the progress of the laying, in areas, offset from one another, on which each of the corner areas of the flagstones to be laid is placed at prescribed joint distances, and which are kept supported adhesively after the curing or hardening.
2. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that during the laying of the flagstones on the still uncured or still unhardened adhesive area, cross-spacers (36) are provided in the adhesive coating for adjustment of the joint distance.
3. A process according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that for large-format flagstones and/or flagstones of low thickness, an adhesive coating is also placed in areas of the filter mat corresponding to the middle of the flagstone area of the individual flagstones, which, after the curing or hardening, also supports the loads acting on the middle of the flagstone area on the drainage mat.
4. A process according to one of claims 1 through 3, characterised in that before the coating of the curing or hardening adhesive in the area of the corners of the flagstones to be installed in the coating area, a ring (32) of low height is placed in each case on the top of the filter mat of the drainage mats, into which ring the not yet cured or not yet hardened adhesive is placed, where the flagstones to be laid are placed with each of their corner on adhesive coating areas enclosed by the ring and pressed.
5. A process according to one of claims 1 through 4, characterised in that the area-wise coating of adhesive corresponding to each of the corner areas of adjacent flagstones occurs in such a way that the adhesive coating in the areas lying under the joints of adjacent flagstones remains free in each case, so that no stress can be transferred from the hardened adhesive areas to the adhesive areas of adjacent flagstones.
6. A process according to one of claims 1 through 5, characterised in that for adjustment of the joint distance between adjacent flagstones, joint bars are inserted in the joints, which are profiled and/or formed so that they permit the penetration of surface water through the joints.
7. An arrangement to remove water from flagstones (24) on balconies or terraces, especially of concrete flagstones, natural flagstones, and ceramic tiles of low thickness, etc., on the raw building slab (10),
   characterised by
   a waterproof sealing layer (14) applied to the entire top side of the raw building slab (10), a water-permeable drainage material of low height provided over the entire sealing layer (14) with a covering filter mat (18) on top, and flagstones (24), supported and maintained on a thin hardened or set adhesive coating (26) in their corner areas, lying adjacent to each other at low joint distances.
8. An arrangement according to claim 7, characterised in that between the raw building slab (10) and the waterproof sealing layer (14), a floor pavement (12) is provided with an inclined surface to remove rain water to an edge of the balcony or the terrace.
9. An arrangement according to claim 7 or 8, characterised in that the sealing layer (14) is formed from a layer of a hardened or solidified sealing slurry.
10. An arrangement according to claim 7 or 8, characterised in that the sealing layer (14) is formed by a sealing film applied to the top side of the raw building slab (10) or the floor pavement (12).
11. An arrangement according to one of claims 7 through 10, characterised in that the capillary-breaking drainage layer on top of the sealing layer (14) is formed by drainage mats, tracks, or plates that are provided with channels running in the water-draining direction, on the top side of which a filter mat (18) is provided.
12. An arrangement according to one of claims 7 through 11, characterised in that the adhesive coating (26) on the filter mat (18) of the drainage material is enclosed in each case by a ring (32) placed on the corner areas of the flagstones (24) to be placed.
13. An arrangement according to claim 12, characterised in that the ring (32) is formed as elastically or permanently compressible in the placement direction of the flagstones (24) by a prescribed amount.
14. An arrangement according to one of the claims 7 through 11, characterised in that the adhesive coating (26') in the corner areas of adjacent flagstones (24) is left free underneath the joints (34).
15. A template (40) for the adhesive coating to implement the process according to claim 5, characterised by a flat application plate (42) that can be placed in the area of the adhesive coating on the bottom (filter mat 18) and provided with holes (48), separated from one another by remaining frame surfaces (50), for penetration of the adhesive to be applied on the top side of the application plate (42).
16. A template according to claim 15, characterised in that the frame surfaces (50) limiting the holes (48) have a somewhat larger width than the prescribed joint width between adjacent flagstones (24) to be placed subsequently on the coated adhesive area (26').
17. A template according to claim 13 or 16, characterised in that the application plate (42) is supplied with a handle (46) projecting above the upper flat side of the plate.
18. A template according to one of the claims 15 through 17, characterised in that the application plate (42) is produced from a smooth-surface plastic plate material, whose top surface has little or no adhesive connective properties with respect to the flagstone adhesive used.

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