EP2148022B1 - Method of manufacturing paved areas and ventilation and/or drainage material to implement the method - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a process for the production of dewatering and / or deaerating base courses of flowable or free-flowing or plastic, after setting hardening substances with adhesive bond on load-bearing substrates for after hardening applied to the base layer floor coverings, in particular plate coverings and a surface venting and / or drainage material for carrying out the method.

In the creation of heavy-duty floor coverings made of tiles, art or natural stone slabs, etc. on sustainable substrates, such as concrete floors or structural panels of terraces or balconies of buildings then difficulties may arise when only a small height for the applied flooring is available. To accommodate a high load is a prerequisite for a composite arrangement of the plate coverings with the substrate by a correspondingly high-stress adhesive mortar or screed support layer of low layer thickness. This can cause problems in the removal of over the joints of the plates of the covering in the composite layer penetrating water in the sense that the moisture penetrated can not be dissipated sufficiently quickly, so that - especially in the cold season - the risk of destruction the composite layer consists of freezing. Specifically for this case, so-called epoxy resin-bonded thin-bed drainage systems have been developed by the industry using a pourable mixture of mono-material mineral materials and reactive resin-formed thin-bed drainage material which, after curing, ensures the thin-layered composite of the plates of the plate covering with the substrate porosity remaining between the resin-bound monocomponents enables dewatering of the thin-bed support layer and so the risk of frost damage is reduced. However, especially with large-area floor coverings, the dewatering effect of this thin-bed drainage has been proven to be very limited, so that there is an urgent need to improve the drainage and venting performance of such composite layers in the building exterior and at the same time to reduce the material consumption of the reaction resin, see for example DE 20 2005 009301 U1 . US 6151854 A ,

When installing panels inside the building directly on the top of concrete floors or even a screed, the problem arises that the application of a tile coverings is possible only after extensive drying of the substrate, in order to avoid damage, e.g. by cracking, in which to prevent the plates connecting to the subsurface thin-bed adhesive mortar layer. Although such adhesive mortars have a certain porosity, which basically allows drying by evaporation of moisture passing from the substrate, but this drying is significantly delayed by the applied plate coating. Gypsum-based calcium rutile screeds may have a residual moisture of not more than 0.3% in heated floor constructions. Folieartige closed decoupling mats, as they are often used in conjunction with such screeds, encapsulate the moisture.

The problems mentioned occur not only in the creation of to be drained plate coverings with a low construction height on the ground, but also in cases where greater spatial heights of installation height of the tile coverings, d. H. higher base layer thickness can be realized.

The invention is based on the object to provide a method for the production of tile coverings on rigid load-bearing substrates in highly loadable composite arrangement, in which the removal or evaporation of in which the plates and the ground connecting support layer moisture is ensured to such an extent that impairments of the load-bearing capacity of the composite arrangement by moisture which has entered the supporting layer from the outside or from the ground are excluded with certainty.

Based on a method of the type mentioned, this object is achieved by the features of claim 1, wherein additionally in the walls of the venting and / or drainage channels passage openings for the derivation of accumulating in the support layer water or water vapor can be provided inside the duct system. The system of venting and / or drainage channels introduced in the base layer ensures that the flow or drying paths within the base layer to the moisture or water vapor-removing channels are substantially shortened compared with a large-area base layer, ie the removal of the moisture from or out ., The drying of the support layer takes place very quickly.

The height of the venting and / or drainage channels corresponds at most to the height intended for the base layer, but may also be lower so that the base layer completely covers the channels after their application and curing.

In order to improve the strength of the composite arrangement, it is then advisable, in the region above the channel system still in the flowable or pourable state, to apply a layer of reinforcement made of elongated thin structural elements made from materials of high tensile strength connected to a two-dimensional lattice structure. For this reinforcement can be used with advantage in construction known per se glass mesh fabric.

When creating outdoor tiling, a mixture of a chemically reacting two-component epoxy resin or another chemical binder and a free-flowing monocommaterial is preferably used, which after setting or hardening of the chemical component, the highly stable gas, water vapor and / or liquid-permeable support layer forms.

On the other hand, when creating floor coverings inside the building, it is also possible to use cement or anhydride mortar or screed material for the hardening base course.

In the case of plate arrangements in which the construction height between the substrate and the plate covering is not critical, it may be advantageous if a sheet-like or plate-shaped drainage material is applied to the substrate before the application of the cavity-forming system. In this case, the arrangement of openings in the walls of the venting and / or drainage channels can also be omitted, since the passage of water or water vapor into the drainage channels can also take place via the drainage material.

The system of interconnected venting and / or drainage channels to be applied according to the invention prior to the application of the support layer-forming material to the substrate is inventively characterized by a system of interconnected plate-coating side closed by the film material and open at the bottom side channel profiles or a contiguous in an originally planar plastic film Cavity formed, the remaining between the sewer network flat film areas are at least partially cut out. In these cut-out film areas, therefore, the support layer which has been poured up before the application of the boards can pass unhindered to the underside, whereby the desired secure bond between the substrate and the board covering is obtained.

In the area of the side walls of the system supporting the channel or cavity system on the underside, it is expedient to provide passage of media in the gas, water vapor or liquid state into the channel network enabling passage of moisture into the interior of the channel network can.

According to a first embodiment of the invention, the channel network is formed by a plurality of spaced-apart, substantially rectangular crossing channel profiles.

These channel profiles preferably have the cross section of a trapezoid open at the bottom.

To stiffen the individual channel profile sections, it is expedient if are attached to the underside facing edges of the side walls of the channel profiles parallel to the top side, the side walls stiffening foil sections of small width.

In an alternative embodiment, the channel network may also include the spaces remaining between the sidewalls of a plurality of uniformly or non-uniformly distributed recesses in the originally planar sheet material and the cut-out foil areas remaining between the thus formed channel or cavity system after deformation of the bottom surfaces of the recesses forming film portions are preferably formed, wherein the configuration is preferably made such that the recesses formed in the originally planar sheet in the form of a conical or truncated pyramid or a regular or irregular irregularly shaped geometric body, for. B. a langovalen, from the base surface of conically tapered body whose originally closed upper end faces are cut out.

At the underlying free edges of the peripheral walls of the conical or truncated pyramid-shaped or otherwise shaped geometric body then parallel to the plane of the original film surface running, the peripheral walls stiffening foil sections of small width can be recognized.

In the between the molded into the planar sheet of recesses with cut bottom surfaces remaining film areas additional depressions may be formed in addition, which then expedient same height as the wells with cut bottom surfaces.

The additional recesses with are then preferably smaller in plan view than the recesses are dimensioned with cut-out bottom surface.

The recesses formed in the originally planar sheet material may, in a specific embodiment, have the shape of geometrical bodies of the same shape and dimensions formed in a regular arrangement in the originally planar sheet, which are cut out in the region of their end faces which are offset in height from the original sheet surface or in other ways. for example, by over-milling - open are.

In an expedient refinement, a material permeable to the flowable or pourable material of the base layer permeable, preferably formed by a high-strength glass mesh fabric reinforcement may be applied on top of the cavity-forming material.

Fig. 1a u.1b

jeweils eine senkrechte Schnittansicht durch eine in der erfindungsgemäßen Weise unter Verwendung des in den Fig. 3, 4a und 5 dargestellten Entlüftungs- und/oder Drainagematerials erstellten Dünnschicht-Plattenbelagsanordnung;

Fig. 1c

eine senkrechte Schnittansicht durch eine in der erfin dungsgemäßen Weise unter Verwendung des in Figur 4b dargestellten Entlüftungs- und/oder Drainagematerials erstellten Plattenbelagsanordnung mit größerer Schichtdicke;

Fig. 2

eine perspektivische Ansicht eines in der Anordnung gemäß Fig. 1 zusätzlich zur Bewehrung der Dünnbett-Tragschicht verwendeten Glasgittergewebes;

Fig. 3

eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Teilabschnitts des Entlüftungs- und/oder Drainagematerials;

Fig. 4a

eine Schnittansicht, gesehen in Richtung der Pfeile 4-4 in Fig. 3;

Fig. 4b

eine in der Schnittführung der Fig. 4a entsprechende Schnittansicht durch das in der Fig. 1c dargestellten Plattenanordnung verwendete Entlüftungs- und/oder Drainagematerial;

Fig. 5

eine Draufsicht, gesehen in Richtung des Pfeils 5 in Fig. 4;

Fig. 6

eine perspektivische Ansicht eines abgewandelten Ausführungsbeispiels eines zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens verwendbaren Entlüftungs- und/oder Drainagematerials;

Fig. 7

eine Draufsicht auf das in Fig. 6 gezeigte Material;

Fig. 8

eine Schnittansicht, gesehen in Richtung der Pfeile 8-8 in Fig. 7;

Fig. 9

eine Schnittansicht, gesehen in Richtung der Pfeile 9-9 in Fig. 7;

Fig. 10

eine perspektivische Ansicht eines weiter abgewandelten Ausführungsbeispiels eines zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens verwendbaren Entlüftungs- und/oder Drainagematerials; und

Fig. 11

eine Schnittansicht gesehen Richtung der Pfeile 11-11 in Fig. 10.

The invention is explained in more detail in the following description in conjunction with the drawing, in which: FIG.

Fig. 1a u.1b

each a vertical sectional view through one in the manner according to the invention using the in the Fig. 3 . 4a and 5 illustrated venting and / or drainage material created thin-film Plattenbelagsanordnung;

Fig. 1c

a vertical sectional view through a in the inventions to the invention manner using the in FIG. 4b illustrated venting and / or drainage material produced Plattenbelagsanordnung with larger layer thickness;

Fig. 2

a perspective view of one in the arrangement according to Fig. 1 glass mesh fabric used in addition to the reinforcement of the thin bed support layer;

Fig. 3

a perspective view of a portion of the venting and / or drainage material;

Fig. 4a

a sectional view, as seen in the direction of arrows 4-4 in Fig. 3 ;

Fig. 4b

one in the cut of the Fig. 4a corresponding sectional view through that in the Fig. 1c illustrated plate assembly used venting and / or drainage material;

Fig. 5

a plan view, as seen in the direction of arrow 5 in Fig. 4 ;

Fig. 6

a perspective view of a modified embodiment of a usable for carrying out the method according to the invention venting and / or drainage material;

Fig. 7

a top view of the in Fig. 6 shown material;

Fig. 8

a sectional view, as seen in the direction of arrows 8-8 in Fig. 7 ;

Fig. 9

a sectional view, as seen in the direction of arrows 9-9 in Fig. 7 ;

Fig. 10

a perspective view of a further modified embodiment of a suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention venting and / or drainage material; and

Fig. 11

a sectional view seen in the direction of arrows 11-11 in Fig. 10 ,

In Fig. 1a is shown in section in a section on the concrete Tragptatte 10 a terrace in the manner according to the invention in a composite arrangement applied plate coating. The plate covering formed in the illustrated case of thin-walled tiles 12 is connected via a support layer 14 firmly adhering to the support plate 10, which at its upper side by a - formed for example by a hardened Dichtschlämme - firmly adhering sealing layer 16 against ingress of moisture from the support layer 14 is. The support layer 14 which brings about the composite of the tiles 12 with the support plate 10 is formed by what is known as a drainage thin bed, which is prepared from a mixture of a granular mineral material of predetermined particle size with a two-component epoxy resin. When freshly prepared, this mixture is pourable, ie can be applied with the required low layer height on top of the support plate or the sealing layer, and then solidified by the chemical reaction between the resin components to the rigid, as a result of the hardened on the hardened resin bridges only partially adhering compound of the granular particles moisture-permeable support layer 14 ,

However, the water-removing properties of the base layer 14 used are limited, so that - especially in large-scale plate coverings - drainage of, for example, over the joints of the tiles 12 penetrated water would be possible only with undesirable time delay. In the event of an unexpected nocturnal frost break, moisture trapped in the base layer could then freeze and reduce or eliminate the load bearing capacity of the layer, because the originally existing solid bond between the monocrystal particles of the base layer 14 bursts and the solid bond between the tiles and the substrate ceases to exist given is.

To shorten the flow paths and thus faster removal of moisture from the support layer 14 is in this therefore an areal distributed relatively close-meshed network of channels 20 for removing moisture in the liquid and gaseous or vaporous state of aggregation located between the channels of the tiles formed to the subsurface continuous areas of the support layer on short distances from which the moisture and accelerated dissipated. These channels 20 are formed by deposition of the below in connection with the Fig. 3 . 4a and 5 is still generated in the channel-forming venting or drainage material 24 described in more detail on the substrate 10 before the application of the support layer 14, wherein the bond between the substrate and plate covering is not significantly weakened.

At the in Fig. 1a illustrated application, the support layer 14 is still by a prior to the application of the support layer on the channel network launched reinforcing material, for example, a schematically in Fig. 2 shown glass mesh fabric 26, reinforced.

The highly durable bond firmly adhering the tiles 12 on the top of the support layer 14 is ensured in the application shown by troweling a thin layer 28 of a bonding mortar. These However, the layer can be dispensed with if the tiles 12 are laid directly on the support layer immediately after the application of the base layer 14 in their still flowable state, so that the adhesive bond then takes place directly between the tile undersides and the base layer 14.

In the Fig. 1b shown plate pad assembly differs from the above in connection with Fig. 1a inscribed in that the thin layer forming the drainage thin-bed support layer 14 is applied during application of the mixture of mineral particles and two-component epoxy resin only in such Schütthöhe that its upper surface is flush with the surface facing away from the top of the channels 20. After the backing layer 14 has set, the tiles are then laid by means of the layer 28 of the adhesive mortar applied over the entire surface to the upper side of the base layer 14 interrupted by the channels 20.

In the installation of slabs in the interior of buildings in which to accelerate the construction progress, the plates are not completely laid by dried concrete or screed, can basically in the same way as in connection with Fig. 1 described, can be used, in which case also for the support layer 14, alternatively, porous curing cement or anhydride mortar or screed material can be used. In order to allow the drying of the substrate on the porous support layer 14, however, then the described sealing layer 16 on the substrate 19 must be omitted.

The above-mentioned, the channels 20 in the support layer 14 forming venting and / or drainage material 24 is in the Fig. 3 . 4 a and 5 shown separately. In particular in Fig. 3 It can be seen that the material 24 obtained from an originally planar rigid plastic film by deformation and partial removal of film regions forms an integral network of channel profiles 24a, 24b which are open at right angles and are closed on the flat upper side with obliquely inclined sidewalls in Fig. 1a, 1b and Fig. 4 recognizable underside open trapezoidal cross section have. In the lower edges of the side walls, low passage openings 24 c are provided, via which moisture or water vapor from the region 25 enclosed by the channel profiles 24 a, 24 b pass into their interior, ie into which the channels 20 and can be removed from there. For stiffening the side walls of the channel profiles, foil sections 24d of small width extending parallel to the upper side are integrally attached to their edges facing the lower side, which are interrupted in the region of the passage openings 24c.

In the Fig. 1c shown plate pad assembly differs from that in conjunction with Fig. 1a described in that it realizes a higher construction height of the support layer 14 and thus also the channel 20 due to the spatial conditions. This can be compared to that in the arrangements according to Fig. 1 a and 1b described drainage material 24 modified drainage material 24 'are used, which in Fig. 4b is shown separately. The plate assembly according to Fig. 1c differs in addition to the mentioned larger construction height additionally characterized in that between the substrate 10 and the underside of the drainage material 24 'is still a thin layer of a plate-like or web-shaped load-bearing drainage material 18 is arranged.

The drainage material 24 'differs from the drainage material 24 according to FIGS Fig. 3 . 4a and 4b only by the greater height of the channel profiles 24a. The passage openings 24c, which are shown in the drainage material 24 'and are introduced into the regions of the channel profiles facing towards the bottom, could be in the in Fig. 1c illustrated applications with the additionally applied to the substrate 10 web or plate-shaped drainage material 18 also omitted, so that then the drainage into the channels 20 from its open bottom takes place. If the additional layer of the sheet or plate-shaped drainage material 18 is formed to be impermeable to the ground, the sealing layer 16 provided on the support plate 10 can then also be dispensed with.

Especially in the Fig. 3 and 5 it can be seen that the areas 25 enclosed by the channel profiles 24a, 24b, in which the foil areas remaining after the deformation of the originally planar foil are cut away or punched out, have a comparatively large area compared to the areas covered by the channel profiles 24a, 24b, so that not only the lining side but also the underside a correspondingly large-area connection with the support layer 14 is given.

A modified embodiment of a dewatering and / or drainage material 30 suitable for the production of tile coverings on load-bearing substrates in a composite structure with a low structural height in the manner according to the invention is shown in FIGS Fig. 6 to 9 shown. Also this in the intended installation position patch on the substrate 10, embedded in the subsequently applied support layer material is made of an originally planar plastic sheet material, in which a plurality of closely spaced depressions are formed distributed over the entire film surface. These depressions 32 each have the shape of a low truncated cone, the truncated cone base surface opposite end face in the intended mounting position on a ground facing down, ie the peripheral wall of the truncated cone forming peripheral walls 32a of the recesses 32 converge from the original horizontal film surface in downward direction. The areas of the film forming the bottom surface after the indentations 32 have been formed are then cut or punched out again, except for the film sections 32b which adjoin the lower edges of the circumferential walls 32a and which reinforce the peripheral walls, so that substantially circular, large-area open through openings 34 are provided are formed, through which, applied to the material 30, the later support layer 14 forming pourable material on the exposed top surface of the underground and can enter into the desired adhesive connection. In this case as well, lower peripheral walls of the recesses 30 are again provided in the region of the lower edge of the recesses, which openings interrupt the film sections 38, via which moisture or water vapor contained in the base layer can be removed. In the remaining between the recesses 30 planar areas of the film starting material further frusto-conical recesses 36 of significantly smaller diameter with closed bottom surface are impressed, which have the same height as the diameter larger recesses with cut bottom portion 34. The respectively remaining between the continuous recesses 32 planar area of the film material are thus supported by the recesses 36 additionally on the ground.

In this case, the channel system enabling the removal of moisture or water vapor therefore passes through the entire area beneath the planar foil material between the outer circumferential walls 32a of the depressions 32 space formed.

The 10 and 11 show a modification of the above in connection with the Fig. 6 to 9 described venting and / or drainage material 30, which is designated in its entirety by 40. The material 40 differs from the afore-described venting and / or drainage material 30 only in that the frustoconical recesses 42 in the illustrated case are formed in a regular arrangement and with the same dimensions closely adjacent to the planar sheet material. Since the material 40 otherwise coincides in the basic functional design with the material 30 and functionally identical regions of the material 40 are assigned in the drawing figures reference numerals, which are different from the reference numerals of the embodiment according to the Fig. 6 to 9 differ only by the number 4 instead of the erststelligen number 3 of the material 30, it is sufficient here - to avoid unnecessary repetition - to refer to the above description of the venting and / or drainage material 30. The venting and / or dewatering material 40 has the manufacturing technical advantage that it with relatively little effort from the known, commercially available plastic dimpled sheets with conical, or truncated pyramid or other shaped depressions by milling or knives of the closed-end faces and subsequent incorporation of the passage openings can be made in the free edges of the peripheral surfaces.

It can be seen that within the scope of the inventive concept, modifications and developments of the described exemplary embodiments of the venting and / or drainage material 24 or 30 used for carrying out the method according to the invention can be realized. Such modifications may relate to geometric shapes of the channel profiles or depressions. Instead of the frustoconical recesses 32 described, these recesses may also have the shape of truncated pyramids or long oval or geometric bodies with deviating in plan view polygonal or irregularly limited base surfaces which are each cut end face or bottom side to form the through holes 34 or punched out.

The in connection with the Fig. 1a to 1c described additional reinforcement the support layer through a glass mesh fabric 26 or - alternatively - a metallic reinforcing mesh can - depending on the properties of the material used for the support layer 14 - are provided or eliminated. For cases in which a reinforcement is required, for example, to prevent cracking in the base layer, the glass mesh fabric 26 may also be adhesively applied to the top surface of the venting and / or drainage material 24 and 30, respectively, whereby the separate operation of the introduction of the Reinforcement in the base layer is eliminated.

Claims (21)

1. Method for producing draining and/or ventilating support layers (14) composed of free-flowing or pourable or plastic substances, which cure after setting, for floor/ground coverings, in particular slab coverings, which are to be applied after curing on the support layer (14), wherein, before applying the support layer (14) on the respective substrate, a cavity-forming system of interconnected ventilation and/or drainage channels which are open on the lower side is applied on the upper side of the substrate in such a way that the regions situated between the ventilation and/or drainage channels are open to the substrate, characterized in that the support layer (14) passes through the open regions situated between the ventilation and/or drainage channels to the substrate and an adhesive bond of the draining and/or ventilating support layers (14) to the load-bearing substrates is formed.
2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that passage openings for discharging water or water vapour forming in the support layer (14) into the interior of the channel system are provided in the walls of the ventilation and/or drainage channels.
3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the height of the ventilation and/or drainage channels is selected to correspond at most to the height provided for the support layer (14).
4. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the height of the ventilation and/or drainage channels is selected to be smaller than the height provided for the support layer (14).
5. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a reinforcement of elongate thin structural elements of materials of high tensile strength, connected to form a flat mesh structure, is introduced flat into the region, situated above the channel system, of the support layer (14) still situated in the free-flowing or pourable state.
6. Method according to Claim 5, characterized in that a high-strength glass mesh fabric (26) is used as reinforcement.
7. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the support layer (14) used is a mixture of a chemically reacting two-component epoxy resin or another chemical binder and a pourable monograin, which mixture, after setting or curing, forms the gas-permeable, water-vapour-permeable and/or liquid-permeable support layer (14) which can be subjected to high loading.
8. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a cement or anhydride mortar or screed material is used for the support layer (14) which can be applied in the free-flowing or pourable state.
9. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, before applying the cavity-forming system, a web- or sheet-like drainage material is applied to the substrate.
10. Flat ventilation and/or drainage material (24: 30) for implementing the method according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized by a channel system which is formed in an originally planar plastics sheet and formed by interconnected channels (20) which are closed on the upper side by the sheet material and open on the substrate side, or a continuous cavity system open on the substrate side, of which the flat sheet regions (25: 34) remaining between the channel or cavity system are at least partially cut out.
11. Material according to Claim 10, characterized in that passage openings (24c) which allow the passage of media in the gaseous, water vapour or liquid aggregate state are provided in the region of the side walls of the system which support the channel or cavity system on the substrate side.
12. Material according to Claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the channel or cavity system is formed by a plurality of spaced-apart channel profiles (24a; 24b) which intersect substantially at right angles.
13. Material according to Claim 12, characterized in that the channel profiles (24a; 24b) have the cross section of a trapezium which is open on the lower side.
14. Material according to Claim 13, characterized in that, on the edges, facing the substrate, of the side walls of the channel profiles (24a; 24b), there are applied sheet portions (24d) of small width which extend parallel to the upper side and reinforce the side walls.
15. Material according to Claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the cavity system is formed by the interspaces remaining between the peripheral walls (32a; 42a) of a plurality of depressions (32; 42) formed with uniform or non-uniform distribution in the originally planar sheet material, and the cut-out sheet regions (34; 44) remaining between the cavity system are formed by the sheet regions which originally form the bottom surfaces of the depressions (32; 42) after the formation thereof.
16. Material according to Claim 15, characterized in that the depressions (32; 42) formed in the originally planar sheet have the form of conical or pyramid frustums or geometrical bodies formed regularly or irregularly in another way, for example in the form of oblong ovals, tapering conically from the base surface in the downward direction, the originally closed lower end faces of which bodies are cut out.
17. Material according to Claim 16, characterized in that sheet portions of small width which extend parallel to the plane of the original sheet surface and reinforce the peripheral walls (32a) are applied at the free edges, facing the substrate, of the peripheral walls (32a) of the conical or pyramid frustums or of the differently formed geometrical bodies.
18. Material according to Claim 15 or 17, characterized in that further depressions (36) are formed in the sheet regions remaining between the depressions (32) which are formed in the planar sheet and have cut-out bottom surfaces.
19. Material according to Claim 17, characterized in that the depressions (32; 36) have substantially the same height.
20. Material according to Claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the further depressions (36), in plan view, are dimensioned to be smaller than the depressions (32) having a cut-out bottom surface.
21. Material according to either of Claims 10 and 11, characterized in that a reinforcement permeable to the material of the support layer (14) in the free-flowing or pourable state, preferably formed by a high-strength glass mesh fabric (26), is adhesively applied to the upper side of the material (24; 30).

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