Classifications

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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/68—Esters
  • C10M129/70—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
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  • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/68—Esters
  • C10M129/74—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
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  • C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
  • C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M133/16—Amides; Imides
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  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/06—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic nitrogen-containing compound
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M159/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being of unknown or incompletely defined constitution
  • C10M159/02—Natural products
  • C10M159/08—Fatty oils
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M163/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a compound of unknown or incompletely defined constitution and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
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  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1802—Organic compounds containing oxygen natural products, e.g. waxes, extracts, fatty oils
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
  • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
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  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
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  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/284—Esters of aromatic monocarboxylic acids
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  • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
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  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
  • C10M2207/402—Castor oils
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  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/40—Fatty vegetable or animal oils
  • C10M2207/404—Fatty vegetable or animal oils obtained from genetically modified species
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  • C10M2215/08—Amides
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  • C10M2215/12—Partial amides of polycarboxylic acids
  • C10M2215/122—Phtalamic acid

Definitions

• the invention relates to additive mixtures, their use for improvement the lubricity of fuels and for improvement the wear resistance of engines and those containing them Fuel compositions and additive packages, and their Use as a lubricant additive.
• Carburetors and intake systems of gasoline engines but also injection systems for fuel metering are increasing contaminated by dust particles from the Air, unburned hydrocarbon residues from the combustion chamber and the crankcase ventilation gases led into the carburetor caused.
• the first generation of additives was only able to form deposits prevent in the intake system, but not already existing Remove deposits again, whereas the modern additives the second generation can do both (keep-clean and clean-up effect), especially because of its excellent Thermostability in zones of higher temperature, namely on the intake valves.
• Detergents of this type which belong to a large number of chemical substance classes can originate such as, for example, polyalkenamines, polyetheramines, Polybutene Mannich bases or polybutene succinimide, generally come in combination with carrier oils and optionally other additive components such as corrosion inhibitors and demulsifiers for use.
• Petrol with and without Such gasoline fuel additives show different things Behavior regarding their lubricity or wear properties in gasoline engines, but this is not satisfactory is and should therefore be improved.
• WO-A-96 18706 describes lubricity improvers for low sulfur diesel fuels, in addition to a conventional Lubricity improver a nitrogenous component included, which further improve the lubricity properties causes.
• a conventional lubricity improver are esters of fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols described.
• a nitrogenous compound z. B the reaction product of phthalic anhydride and 2 moles of hydrogenated secondary Tallow fatty amine described.
• US 3,961,915 relates to the improvement of the cold flow properties of fuels such as diesel fuels.
• the two components are in a volume ratio of approximately 1:10 to 10: 1, in particular approximately 1: 5 to 5: 1.
• Suitable substituents on the radical R are hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, such as methyl and ethyl, and hydroxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, such as hydroxymethyl and hydroxyethyl.
• Suitable cyclic dicarboxylic acid derivatives which can be used to prepare compounds of the general formula I include, in particular, the cyclic dicarboxylic anhydrides.
• Preferred anhydrides are maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride and the corresponding substituted analogues thereof.
• further suitable carboxylic acid derivatives are dicarboxylic acid esters, in particular esters of C 1 -C 10 monools, the C 1 -C 10 monools being defined as indicated below for the fatty acid esters.
• radicals R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 in compounds of the formula I are C 8 -C 20 alkyl, such as n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n- Tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl and n-hexadecyl, and the one or more branched analogues thereof.
• suitable C 8 -C 20 alkenyl radicals are the mono- or polyunsaturated, preferably monounsaturated, analogues of the above-mentioned alkyl radicals, it being possible for the double bond to be in any position in the carbon chain.
• suitable C 8 -C 20 alkyloxy and alkenyloxy radicals are the oxygen-terminated analogs of the above-mentioned alkyl and alkenyl radicals.
• Preferred long-chain aliphatic amines which are used for reaction with the dicarboxylic acid or the dicarboxylic acid derivative are primary or secondary amines with one or two identical or different C 8 -C 20 -alkyl or -alkenyl radicals, in particular decylamine, undecylamine, dodecylamine, tridecylamine tetradecylamine, Pentadecylamine and hexadecylamine and the corresponding secondary amines with two identical aliphatic radicals.
• Further examples are fatty amines and fatty amine mixtures, for example those with 16 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Suitable fatty acid esters are composed of straight-chain or branched, mono- or polyunsaturated, optionally substituted C 6 -C 30 monocarboxylic acids and a mono- or polyhydric, preferably mono- to trihydric alcohol.
• Polyhydric alcohols can be partially or completely esterified with the same or a different fatty acid.
• saturated unbranched fatty acids are caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecanoic acid, arachic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid and melissinic acid, ceric acid.
• monounsaturated fatty acids are palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and erucic acid.
• di-unsaturated fatty acids are sorbic acid and linoleic acid.
• triple unsaturated fatty acids are linolenic acid and elaeostearic acid.
• four- and polyunsaturated fatty acids are arachidonic acid, clupanodonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.
• substituted fatty acids are ricinoleic acid ((R) -12-hydroxy- (Z) -9-octadecenoic acid).
• Other suitable fatty acids are naturally occurring fatty acids such as gondo acid and neronic acid. If double bonds are contained in the fatty acids, these can be in both cis and trans form.
• the substituents are preferably selected from hydroxyl and lower alkyl groups, such as methyl and ethyl groups.
• keto groups or epoxy groups such as, for example, in the vernolic acid can be contained in the hydrocarbon radical.
• Further functional groups are cyclopropane, cyclopropene and cyclopentene rings, which can be formed by bridging two adjacent carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon residue of the fatty acid (cf. malvalic acid and chaulmoogras acid).
• Suitable alcohols are C 1 -C 10 monools, such as, in particular, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-pentanol and the corresponding branched analogues thereof.
• suitable diols are C 2 -C 6 diols such as ethane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, batane-1,2-diol and pentane-1,2-diol and the corresponding positional isomers of these diols
• suitable higher alcohols are, in particular, glycerol and sugar alcohols, such as sorbitol and inositol, pentaerythritol and trimethylolpropane.
• Preferred polyhydric alcohol is glycerin.
• a preferred group of fatty acid esters includes triglycerides same or different fatty acids as defined above or mixtures of such triglycerides and mixtures of such triglycerides with the corresponding mono- and / or diglycerides.
• triglycerides of natural origin are used, such as those found in vegetable oils. Examples rapeseed oil, coconut oil, Palm kernel oil, corn oil, olive oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil, Peanut oil and castor oil.
• the triglycerides which can be used according to the invention can be isolated from these oils. Unless it's the triglyceride content of such oils, they can also directly additive compositions according to the invention are added. For example can castor oil without further fractionation be used in the additive mixtures according to the invention.
• Further objects of the present invention relate to the use the additive mixtures according to the invention for improvement the lubricity of petrol and / or for improvement the wear-resistant pack of gasoline engines.
• Another item the invention relates to fuel compositions, in particular for gasoline engines containing one in addition to a main quantity Hydrocarbon fuel a lubricity improving Amount of at least one additive mixture according to the present Invention, optionally in combination with other conventional Fuel additives.
• Other items are additive concentrates, containing an additive mixture according to the invention in combination with other usual additive components in solid or optionally dissolved or dispersed form.
• reaction product of dicarboxylic acids or their derivatives with long chain, aliphatic amines according to those defined above Formula as a component of the fuel additives according to the invention is readily obtained using known methods (see e.g. Houben-weyl, VIII, p.656, X / 2, p. 747; or J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed., 1985, p.371).
• Preferred synergistic combinations include reaction products of carboxylic anhydrides with primary or secondary alkyl or alkenyl amines in a mixture with triglycerides. Mixtures of reaction products of maleic anhydride with primary or secondary alkylamines of chain length C 8 -C 18 , such as tridecylamine or ditridecylamine, and castor oil are particularly preferred.
• the additive mixture according to the invention can be used alone or in combination with other fuel additives, for example those already detergent additives mentioned above and described in more detail below, be used.
• the hydrophobic hydrocarbon residue in these detergent additives which ensures sufficient solubility in the fuel, has a number average molecular weight (M n ) from 85 to 20,000, in particular from 113 to 10,000, especially from 300 to 5,000.
• M n number average molecular weight
• Examples of fuel additives with polar groups (a) are polyalkene mono- or polyalkene polyamines or functional derivatives thereof, in particular poly-C 2 -C 6 -alkenamines or functional derivatives thereof, such as, for example, based on polypropene, polybutene or polyisobutene.
• Such additives based on highly reactive polyisobutene, which from the polyisobutene, which contains up to 20% by weight of n-butene units may contain, by hydroformylation and reductive amination with ammonia, monoamines or polyamines such as dimethylaminopropylamine, Ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine or Tetra-ethylene pentamine can be produced in particular known from EP-A-244 616 or EP-A-0 578 323.
• These implementation products provide usually mixtures of pure nitropolyisobutanes (e.g. ⁇ , ⁇ -dinitropolyisobutane) and mixed hydroxynitropolyisobutanes (e.g. ⁇ -nitro- ⁇ -hydroxypolyisobutane).
• Additives containing carboxyl groups or their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts (d) are preferably copolymers of C 2 -C 40 olefins with maleic anhydride with a total molar mass of 500 to 20,000, the carboxyl groups of which are wholly or partly to the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and a remaining one The rest of the carboxyl groups are reacted with alcohols or amines.
• Such additives are known in particular from EP-A 307 815.
• Such additives mainly serve to prevent valve seat wear and, as described in WO-A 87/01126, can advantageously be used in combination with conventional fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyetheramines.
• Additives containing (e) are preferably alkali metal or Alkaline earth metal salts of an alkyl sulfosuccinate, as described in particular in EP-A-639 632. Such Additives are mainly used to prevent valve seat wear and can be used in combination with usual Fuel detergents such as poly (iso) butenamines or polyether amines be used.
• Additives containing polyoxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkylene groupings (f) are preferably polyethers or polyetheramines which are obtained by reacting C 2 -C 60 -alkanols, C 6 -C 30 -alkanediols, mono- or di-C 2 -C 30 alkylamines, C 1 -C 30 -alkylcyclohexanols or C 1 -C 30 -alkylphenols with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide and / or propylene oxide and / or butylene oxide per hydroxyl group or amino group and, in the case of the polyetheramines, by subsequent reductive amination with ammonia, Monoamines or polyamines are available.
• poly-C 2 -C 6 -alkylene oxide amines or functional derivatives thereof can be used as polyether amines.
• polyethers such products also have carrier oil properties. Typical examples of this are tridecanol or isotridecanol butoxylates, isononylphenol butoxylates and polyisobutenol butoxylates and propoxylates as well as the corresponding reaction products with ammonia.
• Additives containing carboxylic acid ester groups (g) are preferably esters of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids with long-chain alkanols or polyols, in particular those with a minimum viscosity of 2 mm 2 / s at 100 ° C., as described in particular in DE-A-38 38 918 are described.
• Aliphatic or aromatic acids can be used as mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids, and long-chain representatives with, for example, 6 to 24 carbon atoms are particularly suitable as ester alcohols or polyols.
• esters are adipates, phthalates, isophthalates, terephthalates and trimellitates of isooctanol, isononanol, isodecanol and isotridecanol. Such products also have carrier oil properties.
• Derivatives with aliphatic polyamines such as ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine are of particular interest.
• Such gasoline fuel additives are described in particular in US-A-4,849,572.
• Groupings (i) containing additives produced by Mannich reaction of substituted phenols with aldehydes and mono- or polyamines are preferably reaction products of polyisobutene-substituted phenols with formaldehyde and mono- or polyamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine or dimethylamino-propylamine.
• Such "polyisobutene Mannich bases" are described in particular in EP-A 831 141.
• gasoline fuel additives according to the invention or thus additives Gasoline fuels can also be other common ones Contain components and additives such as Carrier oils, corrosion inhibitors, Demulsifiers and dyes.
• mineral carrier oils As examples of useful carrier oils or carrier oil liquids mineral carrier oils, synthetic carrier oils and Mixtures of these with the additive (s) used and the Gasoline are compatible. Suitable mineral carrier oils are fractions such as kerosene that occur during oil processing or naphtha, brightstock or base oils with viscosities such as from the class SN 500-2000, but also aromatic Hydrocarbons, paraffinic hydrocarbons and alkoxyalkanols.
• Suitable synthetic carrier oils are polyolefins, (poly) esters, (poly) alkoxylates and in particular polyethers, aliphatic polyetheramines, alkylphenol-started polyethers and alkylphenol-started polyetheramines.
• Suitable carrier oil systems are described, for example, in DE-A-38 38 918, DE-A-38 26 608, DE-A-41 42 241, DE-A-43 09 074, US-A-4,877,416 and EP-A-0 452 328, to which express reference is made here.
• alkanol-started polyethers with about 10 to 35, for example about 15 to 30, C 3 -C 6 alkylene oxide units, which are selected, for example, from propylene oxide, n-butylene oxide and i-butylene oxide units or mixtures thereof ,
• Non-ferrous metal corrosion protection, antioxidants or stabilizers for example based on amines such as p-phenylenediamine, dicyclohexylamine or derivatives thereof or of phenols such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol or 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, Demulsifiers, antistatic agents, metallocenes such as ferrocene or methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl, others Lubricity additives, such as certain Fatty acids, alkenyl succinic acid esters, bis (hydroxyalkyl) fatty amines or hydroxyacetamides and dyes (markers). Possibly Amines are also used to lower the pH of the fuel added.
• amines such as p-phenylenediamine, dicyclohexylamine or derivatives thereof or of phenols such as 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol or 3,5-di-
• the fuel additive combinations according to the invention if appropriate in combination with one or more of the above further fuel additives with the polar groupings (a) to (i) as well as the other components mentioned, the fuel metered in and develop their effect there.
• the components or additives can be added to the fuel individually or as previously prepared Concentrate ("additive package") are added.
• solvent or diluent when providing additive packages, come aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. Solvent Naphtha or Kerosene.
• the fuel additive mixtures according to the invention become the fuel for example in an amount in the range of 10 to 150 ppm (mg / kg fuel), preferably 20 to 100 ppm (mg / kg fuel), added.
• the other fuel additives with the polar Groupings (a) to (i) are usually used for petrol in an amount of 10 to 5000 ppm, especially 50 to 1000 ppm, added and the other components mentioned and Additives, if desired, in the usual quantities for this.
• the petrol that the fuel additive mixtures according to the invention added is not subject to anything special Restrictions.
• the fuel can be, for example, a petrol with a maximum aromatic content of 42% by volume, e.g. 30 to 42% by volume and a maximum sulfur content of 150 ppm, e.g. 5 to 150 ppm.
• the petrol can also have a maximum olefin content 21 vol%, e.g. have from 6 to 21 vol .-%.
• the benzene content can be a maximum of 1.0% by volume, e.g. 0.5 to 1.0 % By volume; the oxygen content can e.g. In the range of 1.0 to 2.7% by weight.
• the alcohol and ether content in petrol is normal relatively low. Typical maximum levels are for methanol 3 vol.%, For ethanol 5 vol.%, For isopropanol 10 vol.%, for tert-butanol 7 vol.%, for isobutanol 10 vol.% and for Ether with 5 or more carbon atoms in the molecule 15 vol .-%.
• the summer vapor pressure of petrol is usually maximum 70 kPa, especially 60 kPa (each at 37 ° C).
• the research octane number ("RON") of the petrol is in usually 90 to 100.
• a common range for the corresponding Motor octane number (“MOZ”) is 80 to 90.
• the gasoline used (typical gasoline after EN 228) were gently distilled to 50 vol. of the original volume. This 50% backlog served as a blank value test in the wear measuring device and was based on the examples below with the fuel additive mixtures or additive components according to the invention additized. The resulting friction wear value is given in micrometers. The lower this value is, the more the wear is less.
• the production of a fuel additive mixture according to the invention was carried out by mixing the components MSA (maleic anhydride) / tridecylamine condensation product (50% by weight) and castor oil (technical, 50% by weight). Mixing the components became advantageous performed at approx. 50 ° C.
• the condensation product was presented and then slowly with good stirring with castor oil added. It was stirred or rolled thoroughly for as long as until a homogeneous mixture resulted.
• the condensation product was previously prepared by using MSA (1.6 parts by weight) in solvent (5 parts by weight of solvent naphtha) and tridecylamine (3.4 parts by weight) were added so that the reaction temperature Do not exceed 90 ° C.
• the 50% residue of a euro super fuel according to EN 228 resulted a blank value of 872 micrometers in the HFRR test.

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• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
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