EP1209348A1 - Dispositif formant silencieux, notamment pour un moteur turbo - Google Patents
Dispositif formant silencieux, notamment pour un moteur turbo Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1209348A1 EP1209348A1 EP01402977A EP01402977A EP1209348A1 EP 1209348 A1 EP1209348 A1 EP 1209348A1 EP 01402977 A EP01402977 A EP 01402977A EP 01402977 A EP01402977 A EP 01402977A EP 1209348 A1 EP1209348 A1 EP 1209348A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cylinder
- partition
- segment
- forming
- toric
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/12—Intake silencers ; Sound modulation, transmission or amplification
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/12—Intake silencers ; Sound modulation, transmission or amplification
- F02M35/1255—Intake silencers ; Sound modulation, transmission or amplification using resonance
- F02M35/1261—Helmholtz resonators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/12—Intake silencers ; Sound modulation, transmission or amplification
- F02M35/1283—Manufacturing or assembly; Connectors; Fixations
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device forming a silencer to be fitted between an air supply duct of combustion coming out for example from an engine turbine and an outlet duct through which the air or the fluid of combustion towards, for example, an exchanger thermal.
- these devices mufflers feature a hollow shaped main body cylindrical-circular; an inlet fitting and a fitting cylindro-circular outlet each having a diameter less than the diameter of the main body and mounted on the side and on the other side of the main body, at least one part forming partition defining with the inner surface of the body main hollow at least two toric chambers in the interior space of the main body defined, in section transverse, between the diameter of the body and the diameter of fittings, the toric chambers being in communication direct with the virtual cylinder, which is defined by the diameter of the fittings and through which the fluid of a connection to each other, through a slot circular extending around the entire periphery of this cylinder virtual.
- the devices of the prior art present several disadvantages.
- the circular slots extending around the entire periphery of the virtual cylinder are there, for reasons of ease of manufacture, too large dimensions. It follows, during the flow of air in the virtual cylinder between the inlet fitting and the fitting outlet, significant pressure losses of the fluid which goes into the resonance chambers.
- the present invention aims to overcome these disadvantages by proposing a new device forming muffler mounted between an air intake duct and a easy air or fluid outlet manufacture, and in particular does not require many stamping tools and which at the same time allows also to limit the pressure drops inside the quiet.
- the device forming silencer intended to be mounted between a first duct air or fluid inlet and a second outlet duct of air or fluid, this device being notably mounted between an engine turbine and a heat exchanger;
- the muffler consisting of a hollow main body of cylindrical shape, an inlet fitting and a fitting cylindrical outlet of cross section less than the cross section of the main body and at least one part forming a partition defining with the inner surface of the main hollow body at least two toric chambers in the main body region that is around the virtual cylinder defined by the virtual extension of the two connections towards each other, the toric chambers being in direct communication with this virtual cylinder each along a slit extending around the entire periphery of the virtual cylinder, is characterized in that the chambers rings are partly separated from the virtual cylinder by the part forming a partition and / or one and / or both conduits between which is mounted the silencer.
- the or the parts forming the partition is (are) one (s) part (s) cylindrical (s) whose generating curve in the plane parallel to the direction of fluid flow has a first line segment defining a wall of separation between the toric chambers and the cylinder virtual, a second line segment defining a separation between two toric chambers, and a third line segment forming a corner with the second segment, and there is formed in the inner surface of the hollow body a annular recess, the corner abuts against a side wall of the recess, so that when one weld this third segment in this recess, we get simple precise positioning of the workpiece forming a partition, and therefore a precise dimension of the chambers of resonance with the possibility of carrying out a manufacture on a large scale without having to measure each time with precision positioning of the partition.
- the width dimension of the recess is substantially equal to the dimension of the third line segment of the part forming a partition. This improves the accuracy even more positioning.
- the main hollow body consists of two bells identical which can be connected to each other at the level of their outer edge.
- the bells consist of a cylinder whose curve generator in the plane of the cylinder axis, namely the fluid flow axis, consists of a first line segment substantially parallel to the axis of flow and corresponding to a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of the inlet or outlet ducts, a second line segment substantially parallel to the first line segment but at a greater distance from the axis of the cylinder and a third distance straight line even larger from the cylinder axis so to define a recess in cooperation with the third segment of the other bell.
- auxiliary toroidal chamber communicating with the interior of the virtual cylinder by through an opening spanning less than 360 °, especially less than 240 °, preferably less than 120 °.
- the third bedroom is formed by adding a second internal partition with the same shape as the first partition.
- Figure 1 shows a first mode of production of a device according to the invention.
- Figure 2 shows another mode of realization of a device according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 there is described a mounted silencer between an air inlet duct 1, which is connected on the other goes to the turbine of an engine (not shown), and a outlet duct 2 leading directly or indirectly through through other conduits to a heat exchanger.
- the air flows between line 1 and line 2.
- the device can also be used with a flow air in the other direction, the duct 2 becoming the duct inlet and conduit 1 the outlet conduit.
- This muffler remove or decrease noise generated by the turbine of the turbo engine. To do so, we uses the well-known technique of the Helmholtz resonator.
- the silencer consists of a hollow main body 3 of cylindrical-circular shape.
- This main cylindrical-circular body consists of a first circular cylinder 4 forming the inlet connection, of a second cylinder 4 ' circular forming the outlet fitting, a third circular cylinder 5, a fourth circular cylinder 5 ' and a fifth circular cylinder 6, the cylinders 5, 5 ' and 6 circulars defining the interior region of the quiet.
- the diameter of the circular cylinder 6 is a slightly larger than the diameter of the 5 and 5 'cylinders circular, for example from 0.2 to 5 mm.
- One piece 8 cylindrical defines inside the main body two Helmholtz rooms 9 and 10.
- This part 8 forming a partition is a cylindrical part whose generating curve in the plane of the figure, which is a plane parallel to the direction of fluids, consists of a first line segment 11 substantially parallel to the axis flow, of a second line segment 12 intermediate, which defines the partition, and a third line segment 13 at a greater distance from the axis than the first straight line 11.
- Chamber 9, in the plane of the figure, is delimited by the wall of the main body, by the partition 12 and by the line segment 11.
- the chamber 10 is delimited, on the one hand by the wall of the external body, and on the other hand by the partition 12 and by the part of the wall of the duct 2 which protrudes inside the hollow body.
- This room 10 communicates with the interior of the virtual cylinder by through an annular slot 15.
- the length of the segment 13 on the right is substantially equal to the width in this plane of cylinder 6.
- This cylinder 6 is welded to the cylinder 13 by welding or brazing.
- connections 4 and 4 have diameters slightly larger than the diameters of conduits 1 and 2 and are welded to them after being threaded through the conduits.
- the silencer (the hollow body and the part forming partition) is made of stainless steel 0.6 or 0.8 mm thick.
- the hollow body consists of two halves, which are in the form of two bells.
- Each bell has a first small circular cylinder and a second cylinder larger diameter circular and a third cylinder circular slightly larger in diameter than the second.
- the third largest circular cylinder diameter can be formed relative to the second cylinder by stamping.
- the two halves are joined at the level of their outer edge at the weld joint, the third cylinders of the two bells form, after having have been welded to each other at their edge 22 outside, the positioning cylinder 6.
- Figure 2 shows another mode of variant embodiment of a device according to the invention.
- the identical parts to those of figure 1 are there designated by the same reference numerals.
- This embodiment differs from the first one part by the presence of a second part 8 'forming partition of identical shape to the first part 8 forming partition and on the other hand, by the presence of a third toric chamber 30.
- This third toric chamber 30 is in communication with the interior of the outlet duct 2 only by a rectangular window 31 extending over 120 ° from the periphery of the outlet duct 2.
- This conception gives room 30 a resonant frequency relatively low, compared to the frequencies of the 9 'chambers and 10 ', allowing the frequency band to be widened over which acts the muffler.
- this room 30 does not work according to the principle of a Helmholtz resonator but according to the principle of an open tube at both ends, which meet at the same connection point.
- Room 8 ', via its segment 11 ', is a short distance from conduit 2. However, one can weld them together or not do it, as it is shown in figure. A slight play between the two is not effect not detrimental to acoustics. Segments 13 and 13 'of the two parts 8 and 8' forming a partition are the same dimensions, i.e. half the width of the recess ring finger 6.
- each of the segments 13 and 13 ' (at know the ends forming with segments 12 and 12 'a corner) abuts against a respective stop formed by the side walls of the recess 6.
- the two parts 8 and 8 ' by this positioning wedge against stop, can be precisely positioned.
- the fact that the sum of the lengths of two segments 13 and 13 'or substantially equal to the width of the recess improves even more positioning accuracy.
- the silencers shown in Figures 1 and 2 do not are not symmetrical. According to another embodiment possible they could be. In addition, in the case of non-symmetrical embodiments they can be used with one-way or one-way air flow the other.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (9)
- Dispositif formant silencieux, destiné à être monté entre un premier conduit (1) d'entrée d'air ou de fluide et un deuxième conduit (2) de sortie d'air ou de fluide, ce dispositif étant notamment monté entre une turbine de moteur et un échangeur thermique ; le silencieux étant constitué d'un corps (3) principal creux cylindrique, d'un raccord (4) d'entrée et d'un raccord (4') de sortie cylindrique ayant une ou des sections droites inférieures à celle du corps (3) principal et d'au moins une pièce (8) formant cloison définissant avec la surface intérieure du corps principal creux au moins deux chambres (9, 10) toriques dans la région du corps principal qui se trouve autour du cylindre virtuel défini par le prolongement virtuel des deux raccords (4, 4') l'un vers l'autre, les chambres toriques étant chacune en communication directe avec ce cylindre virtuel suivant une fente (14, 15) s'étendant sur tout le pourtour du cylindre virtuel, caractérisé en ce que les chambres toriques sont séparées en partie du cylindre virtuel par la pièce formant cloison et/ou l'un et/ou les deux conduits entre lesquels est monté le silencieux.
- Dispositif suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le corps creux et les raccords sont des cylindres circulaires.
- Dispositif suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la pièce (8) formant cloison est une pièce cylindrique, notamment circulaire, dont la courbe génératrice dans le plan parallèle au sens de l'écoulement du fluide comporte un premier segment (11) de droite définissant une paroi de séparation entre les chambres toriques et le cylindre virtuel, un deuxième segment (12) de droite définissant une séparation entre les deux chambres toriques, et un troisième segment (13) de droite, et il est formé dans la surface intérieure du corps creux un renfoncement (6) annulaire, le coin formé entre les deux segments (12) et (13) venant buter contre une des parois latérales du renfoncement (6).
- Dispositif suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que La dimension en largeur du renfoncement (6) est sensiblement égale à la dimension du troisième segment (13) de droite de la pièce formant cloison.
- Dispositif suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le corps principal creux est constitué de deux cloches identiques pouvant se raccorder l'une à l'autre au niveau de leur bord (22) extérieur.
- Dispositif suivant la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les cloches sont constituées d'un cylindre dont la courbe génératrice dans le plan de l'axe du cylindre, à savoir l'axe d'écoulement des fluides, est constitué d'un premier segment de droite sensiblement parallèle à l'axe d'écoulement et correspondant à un diamètre sensiblement égal au diamètre des conduits d'entrée ou de sortie, un deuxième segment de droite sensiblement parallèle au premier segment de droite mais à plus grande distance de l'axe du cylindre et d'un troisième segment de droite à distance encore plus grande de l'axe du cylindre pour ainsi définir un renfoncement en coopération avec le troisième segmentde l'autre cloche.
- Dispositif suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par des moyens de positionnement des raccords (4, 4') par rapport aux conduits (1, 2), notamment sous la forme de reliefs (20, 21) répartis sur le pourtour des conduits à un niveau où l'on souhaite que viennent en butée contre ces reliefs les bords extérieurs respectifs de raccords.
- Dispositif suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est formé au moins une chambre (30) torique auxiliaire communiquant avec l'intérieur du cylindre virtuel par l'intermédiaire d'une ouverture s'étendant sur moins de 360°, notamment de moins de 240°, de préférence moins de 120°.
- Dispositif suivant la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que la troisième chambre (30) est formée par ajout d'une deuxième cloison (8') interne de même forme que la première cloison (8).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0015100 | 2000-11-23 | ||
| FR0015100A FR2816991B1 (fr) | 2000-11-23 | 2000-11-23 | Dispositif formant silencieux, notamment pour un moteur turbo |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1209348A1 true EP1209348A1 (fr) | 2002-05-29 |
| EP1209348B1 EP1209348B1 (fr) | 2006-06-14 |
Family
ID=8856776
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01402977A Revoked EP1209348B1 (fr) | 2000-11-23 | 2001-11-21 | Dispositif formant silencieux, notamment pour un moteur turbo |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6681888B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1209348B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP4137433B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20020040617A (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE60120611T2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2816991B1 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011161042A1 (fr) * | 2010-06-22 | 2011-12-29 | Bekaert Combustion Technology B.V. | Silencieux à cavité fendue pour gaz brûlés |
| FR2983919A1 (fr) * | 2011-12-13 | 2013-06-14 | Hutchinson | Dispositif d'attenuation acoustique pour ligne d'admission d'un moteur thermique, et ligne d'admission l'incorporant. |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7117974B2 (en) * | 2004-05-14 | 2006-10-10 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Electronically controlled dual chamber variable resonator |
| US7367424B2 (en) * | 2005-02-14 | 2008-05-06 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Eccentric exhaust muffler for use with auxiliary power units |
| DE102005036676A1 (de) * | 2005-08-04 | 2007-02-15 | Faurecia Abgastechnik Gmbh | Schalldämpfer für die Abgasanlage eines Kraftfahrzeugs |
| JP4771546B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-22 | 2011-09-14 | 株式会社Roki | 消音ダクト |
| USD603086S1 (en) | 2009-04-21 | 2009-10-27 | Light Sources, Inc. | T12 step base |
| FR2946120B1 (fr) * | 2009-05-29 | 2015-11-06 | Hutchinson | Dispositif d'attenuation acoustique pour ligne d'admission d'un moteur thermique,et ligne d'admission l'incorporant. |
| USD616822S1 (en) | 2009-07-24 | 2010-06-01 | Light Sources, Inc. | T5 step base |
| US9664098B2 (en) | 2010-08-11 | 2017-05-30 | Borgwarner Inc. | Exhaust-gas turbocharger with silencer |
| AT513955A1 (de) * | 2013-01-16 | 2014-08-15 | Henn Gmbh & Co Kg | Schalldämpfer und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
| US10359013B2 (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2019-07-23 | Henn Gmbh & Co Kg. | Vehicle silencer |
| WO2016191780A1 (fr) * | 2015-05-29 | 2016-12-08 | Henn Gmbh & Co Kg. | Silencieux de véhicule |
| US9850657B2 (en) | 2016-02-25 | 2017-12-26 | Steelcase Inc. | Acoustic panel for partition wall assembly |
| KR102287249B1 (ko) * | 2017-04-07 | 2021-08-06 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 차량의 레조네이터 및 이를 갖춘 차량 에어클리너 |
| CN117759569B (zh) * | 2023-12-29 | 2024-10-01 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | 一种能够消声的进气旁通再循环结构 |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6030463A (ja) * | 1983-07-27 | 1985-02-16 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | エンジンの吸気騒音低減装置 |
| JPH0610647A (ja) * | 1992-06-24 | 1994-01-18 | Aisin Takaoka Ltd | 可変共鳴型消音器 |
| JPH06108819A (ja) * | 1992-09-26 | 1994-04-19 | Toyoda Spinning & Weaving Co Ltd | 共鳴型消音器 |
| US5349141A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 1994-09-20 | Tsuchiya Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Resonator type silencer having plural resonance chambers |
| US5446790A (en) * | 1989-11-24 | 1995-08-29 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Intake sound control apparatus |
| JPH0953529A (ja) * | 1995-08-10 | 1997-02-25 | Toyota Motor Corp | レゾネータ |
| JPH1144266A (ja) * | 1997-07-29 | 1999-02-16 | Toyota Motor Corp | レゾネータ |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4111278A (en) * | 1977-02-09 | 1978-09-05 | Copeland Corporation | Discharge muffler |
| JPS53146047A (en) * | 1977-05-25 | 1978-12-19 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Muffler for internal combustion engine |
| JPS5650283A (en) * | 1979-09-28 | 1981-05-07 | Hitachi Ltd | Silencer structure for total closed-type compressor |
| US4574913A (en) * | 1983-11-11 | 1986-03-11 | Sankei Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Muffler with spark arresting function |
| FI90588C (fi) * | 1991-03-18 | 1994-02-25 | Valmet Paper Machinery Inc | Reaktiivinen äänenvaimennin, etenkin paperitehtaiden ilmakanaviin |
| US5196654A (en) * | 1991-03-19 | 1993-03-23 | Bristol Compressors | Compressor discharge muffler construction |
| US5208429A (en) * | 1991-07-26 | 1993-05-04 | Carrier Corporation | Combination muffler and check valve for a screw compressor |
| JPH05163924A (ja) * | 1991-12-13 | 1993-06-29 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | 消音装置 |
| JPH05163925A (ja) * | 1991-12-13 | 1993-06-29 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | 消音装置 |
| JPH05240120A (ja) * | 1992-02-28 | 1993-09-17 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | レゾネータ |
| JP3883604B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-24 | 2007-02-21 | 株式会社共立 | 消音装置付ブロワパイプ |
-
2000
- 2000-11-23 FR FR0015100A patent/FR2816991B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-11-21 DE DE60120611T patent/DE60120611T2/de not_active Revoked
- 2001-11-21 US US09/990,400 patent/US6681888B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-21 EP EP01402977A patent/EP1209348B1/fr not_active Revoked
- 2001-11-21 JP JP2001355508A patent/JP4137433B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-11-23 KR KR1020010073192A patent/KR20020040617A/ko not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6030463A (ja) * | 1983-07-27 | 1985-02-16 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | エンジンの吸気騒音低減装置 |
| US5446790A (en) * | 1989-11-24 | 1995-08-29 | Nippondenso Co., Ltd. | Intake sound control apparatus |
| JPH0610647A (ja) * | 1992-06-24 | 1994-01-18 | Aisin Takaoka Ltd | 可変共鳴型消音器 |
| US5349141A (en) * | 1992-08-31 | 1994-09-20 | Tsuchiya Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Resonator type silencer having plural resonance chambers |
| JPH06108819A (ja) * | 1992-09-26 | 1994-04-19 | Toyoda Spinning & Weaving Co Ltd | 共鳴型消音器 |
| JPH0953529A (ja) * | 1995-08-10 | 1997-02-25 | Toyota Motor Corp | レゾネータ |
| JPH1144266A (ja) * | 1997-07-29 | 1999-02-16 | Toyota Motor Corp | レゾネータ |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
| Title |
|---|
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 009, no. 155 (M - 392) 29 June 1985 (1985-06-29) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 018, no. 212 (M - 1593) 15 April 1994 (1994-04-15) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 018, no. 389 (M - 1642) 21 July 1994 (1994-07-21) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1997, no. 06 30 June 1997 (1997-06-30) * |
| PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 1999, no. 05 31 May 1999 (1999-05-31) * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011161042A1 (fr) * | 2010-06-22 | 2011-12-29 | Bekaert Combustion Technology B.V. | Silencieux à cavité fendue pour gaz brûlés |
| FR2983919A1 (fr) * | 2011-12-13 | 2013-06-14 | Hutchinson | Dispositif d'attenuation acoustique pour ligne d'admission d'un moteur thermique, et ligne d'admission l'incorporant. |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1209348B1 (fr) | 2006-06-14 |
| KR20020040617A (ko) | 2002-05-30 |
| DE60120611T2 (de) | 2007-06-06 |
| FR2816991A1 (fr) | 2002-05-24 |
| US6681888B2 (en) | 2004-01-27 |
| DE60120611D1 (de) | 2006-07-27 |
| US20020070075A1 (en) | 2002-06-13 |
| JP4137433B2 (ja) | 2008-08-20 |
| JP2002195006A (ja) | 2002-07-10 |
| FR2816991B1 (fr) | 2003-01-17 |
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