EP1202290B1 - Nuclide transmutation device and nuclide transmutation method - Google Patents

Nuclide transmutation device and nuclide transmutation method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1202290B1
EP1202290B1 EP01402812.0A EP01402812A EP1202290B1 EP 1202290 B1 EP1202290 B1 EP 1202290B1 EP 01402812 A EP01402812 A EP 01402812A EP 1202290 B1 EP1202290 B1 EP 1202290B1
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Prior art keywords
structure body
nuclide transmutation
multilayer structure
deuterium
nuclide
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1202290A3 (en
EP1202290A2 (en
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Yasuhiro Iwamura
Takehiko Itoh
Mitsuru Sakano
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
    • G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
    • G21G1/04—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B3/00—Low temperature nuclear fusion reactors, e.g. alleged cold fusion reactors
    • G21B3/002—Fusion by absorption in a matrix
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a nuclide transmutation device and a nuclide transmutation method associated, for example, with disposal processes in which long-lived radioactive waste is transmuted into short-lived radioactive nuclides or stable nuclides, and technologies that generate rare earth elements from abundant elements found in the natural world.
  • Conventional disposal processes include, for example, methods in which large amounts of long-lived radioactive nuclides included in high level radioactive waste and the like are efficiently and effectively transmuted in a short time. Examples of these methods are those in which small amounts of nuclide are transmuted, such as heavy element synthesis by a nuclear fusion reaction using a heavy ion accelerator.
  • These disposal processes are nuclide transmutation processes in which minor actinides such as Np, Am, and Cm included in high level radioactive waste, long-lived radioactive products of nuclear fission such as Tc-99 and I-129, exothermic Sr-90 and Cs-137, and useful platinum group elements such as Rh and Pd are separated depending on the properties of each of the elements (group separation), and subsequently causing a nuclear reaction by desorption of neutrons, the minor actinides having a long half-life and nuclear fission products, and transmuted into short-lived radioactive or non-radioactive nuclides.
  • minor actinides such as Np, Am, and Cm included in high level radioactive waste, long-lived radioactive products of nuclear fission such as Tc-99 and I-129, exothermic Sr-90 and Cs-137, and useful platinum group elements such as Rh and Pd are separated depending on the properties of each of the elements (group separation), and subsequently causing a nuclear reaction by desorption of
  • the useful elements and the long-lived radioactive nuclides included in the high level radioactive waste are separated and recovered, effective use of the elements is implemented, and at the same time, long-lived radioactive nuclides are transmuted into short-lived radioactive or stable nuclides.
  • disposal processing for actinides and the like by neutron irradiation in a nuclear reactor such as a fast breeder reactor or an actinide burn reactor
  • nuclear spallation processing for actinides and the like by neutron irradiation in an accelerator and disposal processing of cesium, strontium, and the like by gamma ray irradiation in an accelerator.
  • a nuclear spallation reaction In disposal processing using a proton accelerator, a nuclear spallation reaction is used in which high energy protons at, for example, 500 MeV to 2 GeV, are irradiated to spall the target nucleus, and nuclide transmutation is caused directly by using the nuclear spallation reaction.
  • a nuclear fission reaction is generated by injecting the plurality of neutrons generated along with spallation of the target nucleus into a subcritical blanket placed around the target nuclei, and a nuclide transmutation reaction is generated by a neutron capture interaction.
  • transuranic elements such as neptunium and americium and long-lived radioactive nuclear fission products can be disposed of, and furthermore, the heat generated by the subcritical blanket can be recovered and used for power generation, and the power necessary to operate to the proton accelerator can be made self-sufficient.
  • disposal processing of long-lived radioactive nuclear fission products such as strontium and cesium and the transuranic elements and the like can be carried out by using gamma radiation generated by the bremsstrahlung of the proton beam or a large resonance reaction such as a photonuclear reaction, for example, the ( ⁇ , N) reaction and the ( ⁇ , nuclear fission) reaction, using gamma radiation and the like generated by a reverse Compton scattering by combining, for example, an electron accumulating ring and an optical cavity.
  • gamma radiation generated by the bremsstrahlung of the proton beam or a large resonance reaction such as a photonuclear reaction, for example, the ( ⁇ , N) reaction and the ( ⁇ , nuclear fission) reaction using gamma radiation and the like generated by a reverse Compton scattering by combining, for example, an electron accumulating ring and an optical cavity.
  • Cs-137 which is a long-lived radioactive nuclide fission product
  • an electron power generator of about one million KW when transmutating Cs-137 radiated from an electron power generator of about one million KW to another nuclide using an accelerator, there are problems in that the necessary power reaches one million KW and a high strength and large current accelerator become necessary, and thus efficiency is low.
  • the neutron flux necessary for nuclide transmutation of Cs-137 which has a small neutron interaction cross section, is about 1x10 17 - 1x10 18 /cm 2 /sec, and there is the problem in that the necessary neutron flux cannot be attained.
  • nuclide transmutation device and a nuclide transformation method that can carry out nuclide transmutation with a relatively small-scale device compared to the large-scale devices such as accelerators and nuclear reactors.
  • the nuclide transmutation device comprises a structure body (either a body that has not yet been covered with a material that is able to undergo nuclide transmutation, that is the structure body 11, the cathode 72, or the multilayer structure body 89, or a body that has been covered with a material that is able to undergo nuclide transmutation, that is the multilayer structure body 102 or the multilayer structure body 32 in the embodiments) that is made of palladium or a palladium alloy, or a hydrogen absorbing metal other than palladium, or a hydrogen absorbing alloy other than a palladium alloy, an absorbing part (the absorbing chamber 31, the absorbing chamber 103, or the electrolytic cell 83 in the embodiments) and a desorption part (the desorption chamber 34, the desorption part 101, or the vacuum container 85 in the embodiments) that are disposed so as to surround the structure body on the sides and form a closed space
  • a pressure differential in the deuterium between one surface and another surface of the structure body is provided in a state wherein the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is bound to one of the surfaces of the structure body serving as a multilayer structure, and within the structure body a flux of deuterium from a surface side to the other surface side is produced, and thereby an easily reproducible nuclide transmutation reaction can be produced for the deuterium and the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • the nuclide transmutation device is characterized in comprising a high pressurization device that provides a deuterium supply means (the deuterium tanks 35 and 106 in the embodiments) that supplies deuterium gas to the absorption part, and the low pressurization device provides an exhaust means (the turbo-molecular pumps 38 and 110, and the rotary pumps 39 and 111 in the embodiments) that brings about a vacuum state in the desorption part.
  • a high pressurization device that provides a deuterium supply means (the deuterium tanks 35 and 106 in the embodiments) that supplies deuterium gas to the absorption part
  • the low pressurization device provides an exhaust means (the turbo-molecular pumps 38 and 110, and the rotary pumps 39 and 111 in the embodiments) that brings about a vacuum state in the desorption part.
  • the absorption part is pressurized by the deuterium supply device, and at the same time, the pressure in the radiation part is reduced to a vacuum state by the exhaust means, and thus a pressure differential in the deuterium is formed in the structure body.
  • the nuclide transmutation device is characterized in the high pressurization device providing an electrolysis device (the power source 81 in the embodiments) that supplies an electrolytic solution (the electrolytic solution 84 in the embodiments) that includes deuterium to the absorption part and electrolyzes the electrolytic solution with the structure body serving as the cathode, and the lower pressurization device provides an exhaust device (the vacuum exhaust pump 91 in the embodiments) that brings about a vacuum state in the radiation part.
  • the high pressurization device providing an electrolysis device (the power source 81 in the embodiments) that supplies an electrolytic solution (the electrolytic solution 84 in the embodiments) that includes deuterium to the absorption part and electrolyzes the electrolytic solution with the structure body serving as the cathode
  • the lower pressurization device provides an exhaust device (the vacuum exhaust pump 91 in the embodiments) that brings about a vacuum state in the radiation part.
  • the nuclide transmutation device having the structure described above, by electrolyzing the electrolytic solution on a surface of the structure body with the structure body serving as a cathode, deuterium is absorbed effectively into the structure body due to the high pressure, and by reducing the pressure of the radiation part to a vacuum state using the exhaust device, a pressure differential in the deuterium is formed in the structure body.
  • the nuclide transmutation device comprises a transmutation material lamination device (step S04, step S44, step S14, or step S04a, in the embodiments) that laminates the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation onto one surface of the structure body.
  • the transmutation material lamination means can laminate the material that undergoes the nuclear transmutation on a surface of the structure body by a surface forming process, such as electrodeposition, vapor deposition, or sputtering.
  • the nuclide transmutation device provides a transmutation material supply means (step S22 or step S32 in the embodiments) that supplies a material that undergoes nuclide transmutation in the absorption part, and exposing one surface of the structure body to a gas or liquid that includes the material that undergoes the nuclide transmutation.
  • the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation can be bound to one surface of the structure body by mixing the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation in, for example, a gas or liquid that includes deuterium.
  • the nuclide transmutation device is characterized in that the structure body provides from one surface to the other surface in order a base material (the Pd substrate 23 in the embodiments) that is made of palladium or a palladium alloy, or a hydrogen absorbing metal other than palladium, or a hydrogen absorbing alloy other than a palladium alloy; a mixed layer (the mixed layer 22 in the embodiments) that is formed on the surface of the base material and comprises palladium or a palladium alloy, or a hydrogen absorbing metal other than palladium or a hydrogen absorbing alloy other than a palladium alloy, and a material having a low work function (CaO in the embodiments); and a surface layer (the Pd layer 21 in the embodiments) that is formed on the surface of the mixed layer and comprises palladium or a palladium alloy, or a hydrogen absorbing metal other than palladium or a hydrogen absorbing alloy other than a palladium alloy.
  • a base material the Pd substrate 23 in the embodiments
  • a mixed layer that includes a material having a low work function is provided on the structure body that serves as the multilayer structure, and thereby the repeatability of the production of the nuclide transmutation reaction is improved.
  • the production of the nuclide transmutation reaction can be further promoted by transmuting the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation to a nuclide having a similar isotope ratio composition.
  • a nuclide transmutation method (either a body that has not yet been covered with a material that is able to undergo nuclide transmutation, that is the structure body 11, the cathode 72, or the multilayer structure body 89, or a body that has been covered with a material that is able to undergo nuclide transmutation, that is the multilayer structure body 102 or the multilayer structure body 32 in the embodiments) comprises palladium or a palladium alloy, or a hydrogen absorbing metal other than palladium, or a hydrogen absorbing alloy other than a palladium alloy, a high pressurizing process (step S07, step S22, step 32 or step S46 in the embodiments) that brings about a state in which the pressure of the deuterium is relatively high on one surface side of the structure body, a low pressurizing process (step S05, step S23, step S33 or step S45 in the embodiments) that brings about a state in which the pressure of the deuteruter
  • a pressure differential in the deuterium is provided between one surface side and the other surface side of the structure body in a state in which the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is bound to the one surface of the structure body that serves as the multilayer structure, and a flux of deuterium from the one surface side to the other surface side in the structure body is produced, and thereby the nuclide transmutation reaction is produced with good repeatability for the deuterium and the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • the transmutation material binding process includes either a transmutation material lamination process (step S04, step S44, step S14 or step S04a and steps S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10 in the embodiments) that laminates the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation on the one surface of the structure body, or a transmutation material supply process (step S21 and steps S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27 or steps S32, S33, S34, S35, S36 in the embodiments) that exposes the one surface of the structure body to a gas or liquid that includes the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • a transmutation material lamination process step S04, step S44, step S14 or step S04a and steps S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10 in the embodiments
  • a transmutation material supply process step S21 and steps S22, S23, S24, S25, S26, S27 or steps S32, S33, S34,
  • a material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is laminated on the one surface of the structure body by a film formation process using a transmutation material lamination process such as electrodeposition, vaporization deposition, or sputtering, or the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is mixed with a gas or liquid that includes deuterium and the like, and thereby the material that undergoes the nuclide transmutation are disposed on the one surface of the structure body.
  • a transmutation material lamination process such as electrodeposition, vaporization deposition, or sputtering
  • the transmutation material binding process (steps S42, S43, S44, S45, S46, S47, S48) binds the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation to the one surface of the structure body.
  • the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is transmuted to a nuclide having a similar isotopic ratio composition, and thereby the nuclide transmutation reaction can be promoted.
  • the structure body 11, the cathode 72 and the multilayer structure body 89 are relative to a basis structure body that will be covered by a material that will undergo nuclide transmutation in reference to respectively figures 1, 2 , 5B , 6 ; 18 ; 19 .
  • the multilayer structure bodies 32 and 102 are relative to a structural body, for example 11, 72 or 89, that has been covered by a material that is able to undergo nuclide transmutation in reference to respectively figures 3 , 4 , 11 ; 22 .
  • the final structure body 96 is one of these multilayer structure bodies 32 and 102 which has at least partly being transmuted.
  • nuclide transmutation device and nuclide transformation method according to the first embodiment of the present invention are explained referring to the figures 1 to 6 .
  • Fig. 1 is a drawing for explaining the principle of the nuclide transmutation method according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional structural drawing showing a structure body 11 used in the nuclide transmutation method according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 3 is a structural scheme of a nuclide transmutation device 30 according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 4 is s cross-sectional structural drawing of a structure body 51 used in the nuclide transmutation device shown in Fig. 3
  • Fig. 5A is a cross-sectional structural drawing of a mixed layer 22
  • Fig. 5B is a cross-sectional drawing of the structure body 11 containing a mixed layer 22
  • Fig. 6 is a scheme of the device that adds a material, that undergoes nuclide transmutation, to the structure body 11.
  • the device 10 that realizes the nuclide transmutation method comprises a structure body 11 having a substantially plate shape comprising palladium (Pd) or an alloy of Pd or another metal (for example, Ti) that absorbs hydrogen, or an alloy thereof, and a material that undergoes nuclide transmutation attached to one surface 11A among the two the surfaces of this structure body 11; and in the device a flow 15 of deuterium is generated in the structure body 11 due to the one surface side 11A of the structure body 11 serving as a region 12 in which, for example, a load or the pressure of hydrogen due to electrolysis is high and the other surface 11B side serving as a region 13 in which the pressure of the deuterium due to vacuum exhaust and the like is low; and the nuclide transmutation is carried out by the reaction between the deuterium and a material 14 that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • Pd palladium
  • Ti another metal
  • the structure body 11 is preferably formed by a mixed layer 22 of a material that has a relatively low work function, that is, a material that emits electrons easily (for example, a material having a work function equal to or less than 3eV), and Pd being formed on the surface of a Pd substrate 23, and a Pd layer 21 being laminated on surface of the mixed layer 22.
  • a material that has a relatively low work function that is, a material that emits electrons easily (for example, a material having a work function equal to or less than 3eV)
  • Pd being formed on the surface of a Pd substrate 23, and a Pd layer 21 being laminated on surface of the mixed layer 22.
  • the nuclide transmutation device 30 comprises an absorption chamber 31 having an interior that can be maintained in an airtight state, a radiation chamber 34 provided inside this absorption chamber 31 that can be maintained airtight due to a multilayer structure body 32, a deuterium tank 35 that supplies deuterium into the absorption chamber 31 via a variable leak valve 33, a radiation chamber vacuum gauge 36 that detects the degree of the vacuum in the radiation chamber 34, a substance analyzer 37 that detects the gaseous reaction products produced, for example, from the multilayer structure body 32, and evaluates the amount of penetration of the deuterium that penetrates the multilayer structure body 32 by measuring the amount of deuterium in the radiation chamber 34, a turbo-molecular pump 38 that always maintains the interior of the radiation chamber 34 in a vacuum state, and a rotary pump 39 for preliminary evacuating the radiation chamber 34 and the turbo-molecular pump 38.
  • the nuclide transmutation device 30 comprises static electricity analyzer 40 that detects photoelectrons, ions, and the like emitted from the atoms of the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 that are excited due to irradiation by X-rays, an electron beam, and a particle beam and the like, an X-ray gun 41 for XPS (X-ray Photo-electron Spectrometry) that radiates X-rays on one surface exposed to deuterium among the two surfaces of the multilayer structure body 32 in the absorption chamber 31 that is exposed to deuterium, a pressure meter 42 that detects pressure in the absorption chamber 31 into which deuterium has been introduced, an X-ray detector comprising, for example, a high purity germanium detector 44 having a beryllium window 43, an absorption chamber vacuum meter 45 that detects the degree of the vacuum in the absorption chamber 31, a vacuum valve 46 that maintains the interior of the absorption chamber 31 is a vacuum state before the introduction of the deuterium, for
  • the multilayer structure body 32 comprises the structure body 11 having an additional layer for example made of cesium.
  • the multiplayer structure body 32 is formed such that a mixed layer 22 of a material that has a relatively low work function (for example, a material having a work function equal to or less than 3eV) and Pd is formed on the surface of the Pd substrate 23, the Pd layer 21 is laminated on the surface of this mixed layer 22, and a cesium (Cs) layer 52 is added to the surface of the Pd layer 21 as the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • a mixed layer 22 of a material that has a relatively low work function for example, a material having a work function equal to or less than 3eV
  • Cs cesium
  • the nuclide transmutation device 30 according to the present embodiment is provided, and next, the method for carrying out the nuclide transmutation using this nuclide transmutation device 30 will be explained referring to the figures.
  • the Pd substrate 23 (for example, having a length of 25 mm, a width of 25 mm, a depth of 0.1 mm, and a purity of 99.5% or greater) shown in Fig. 2 , for example, is degreased by ultrasound cleaning over a predetermined time interval in acetone.
  • a vacuum for example, equal to or less than 1.33x10 -5 Pa
  • annealing that is, heat processing, is carried out over a predetermined time interval at 900° C (step S01).
  • step S02 contaminants are removed from the surface of the Pd substrate 23 after annealing by carrying out etching processing over a predetermined time interval (for example, 100 seconds) using heavy aqua regia (step S02).
  • the structure body 11 is produced by carrying out surface formation on the Pd substrate 23 after the etching processing.
  • the thickness of the Pd layer 21 shown in Fig. 2 is 400x10 -10 m
  • the mixed layer 22 of the material having a low work function and the Pd is formed by alternately laminating, for example, a CaO layer 57 having a thickness of 100x10 -10 m and, for example, a Pd layer 56 having a thickness of 100x10 -10 m, and thus the thickness of the mixed layer 22 is 1000x10 -10 m.
  • the structure body 11 is formed (step S03).
  • the material Cs is added to the film processed surface of the structure body 11.
  • the Cs layer 52 of the multilayer body 32 is faced towards the absorption chamber 31 side, the absorption chamber 31 and the desorption chamber 34 are closed into an airtight state by interposing the multilayer structure body 32.
  • the desorption chamber 34 is evacuated first using a rotary pump 39 and a turbo molecular pump 38.
  • the absorption chamber 31 is evacuated using the rotary pump 48 and the turbo molecular pump 47 by closing the variable leak valve 33 and by opening the vacuum valve 46 (step S05).
  • the elements present on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 on the absorption chamber 31 side are analyzed by XPS (step S06). That is, the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 is irradiated by an X-ray beam from the X-ray gun 41, and energy of the photoelectrons emitted from atoms on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 excited by the X-ray irradiation is analyzed by the electrostatic analyzer 40 so that the elements present on the absorption chamber 31 side surface of the multiplayer structure body 32 are identified.
  • the vacuum exhausting from the absorption chamber 31 is suspended by closing the vacuum valve 46, a deuterium gas is introduced at a predetermined gas pressure into the absorption chamber 31 by opening the variable leak valve 33, and the experiment of nuclide transmutation is commenced.
  • the gas pressure when deuterium is introduced into the absorption chamber 31 is, for example, 1.01325x10 5 Pa (or 1 atmosphere).
  • measurement of the X-ray is carried out by a high purity germanium detector 44 disposed on the absorption chamber 31 side of the multilayer structure body 32 (step S07).
  • the amount of deuterium released into the desorption chamber 34 after permeating through the multilayer structure body 32 is calculated based on the degree of vacuum in the desorption chamber 34 detected by the desorption chamber vacuum gauge 36 and a volume flow rate of the turbo molecular pump 38.
  • the temperature of the multilayer structure body 32 is restored to room temperature.
  • the introduction of the deuterium gas is suspended by closing the variable leak valve 33, and furthermore, the absorption chamber 31 is evacuated by opening the vacuum valve 46 and the experiment of nuclide transmutation is ended.
  • step S08 After sufficiently stabilizing the degree of vacuum in the absorption chamber 31 (for example, equal to or less than 1x10 -5 Ps), the elements present on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 on the absorption chamber 31 side is analyzed by XPS, and thereby the measurement of products is carried out (step S08).
  • step S09 the processing in the above-described steps S06 to S07 is repeated, and the change over time of the nuclide transmutation reaction is measured.
  • the multilayer structure body 32 is extracted from the nuclide transmutation device 30, and the experiment of the nuclide transmutation is ended (step S10).
  • Fig. 7 is a graph showing the spectrum of Pr using XPS in the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 shown in Fig. 4
  • Fig. 8 is a graph showing the change over time in the number of atoms of Cs and Pr in the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 shown in Fig. 4 .
  • the strength of X-rays radiated from the X-ray gun 41 to the multilayer structure body 32 during the measurement by XPS is made constant, and the region in which these X-rays are desorbed is assumed to be identical in each of the measurements of the example one and the example two.
  • the region in which the X-rays are emitted on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 is, for example, a circular region having a diameter of 5 mm, and from the estimation of the escape depth of the photoelectrons that are emitted, the depth that can be analyzed in XPS is, for example, 20x10 -10 m.
  • the Pd that forms the Pd substrate 23 is an fcc (face-centered cubic) lattice, and thus the number of Pd atoms, calculated from the peak strength of the spectrum of PD obtained by XPS, is 3.0x10 15 .
  • the number of atoms of each element is calculated by comparing the peak strength of the spectrum of each element obtained by XPS and the peak strength of the spectrum of Pd, referring to the ratio of the ionization cross section of each element, that is, the electrons in the inner shell of the elements, that are excited due to absorbing X-rays and the like.
  • the calculated value of the ionization cross section of each element is shown as a relative value in the case that the value of the 1s orbital of C (2.22x10 -24 m 2 ) is set to '1'.
  • 2p of Si, 2p of S, and 2p of C1 are calculated as the sum of 2p 3/2 and 2p 1/2 .
  • Table 1 bonding energy of inner shell electrons ionization cross section bonding energy of inner shell electrons ionization cross section C is (283.5 eV) 1.00 Mg 2s (88.6 eV) 2.27 O is (543.1 eV) 2.29 Pd 3d 5/2 (335.1 eV) 10.1 Si 2p (99 eV) (*) 0.894 Pd 3d 3/2 (340.4 eV) 7.03 Si 2s (149.8 eV) 0.884 Cs 3d 5/2 (726.6 eV) 22.93 S 2p (163 eV) (*) 1.85 Ce 3d 5/2 (883.9 eV) 28.57 Cl 2p (201 eV) (*) 2.47 Pr 3d 5/2 (928.8 eV) 30.72
  • the purity of the Pd was 99.5%, and the purities of CaO and CsNO 3 were 99.9%.
  • Nd was detected at 0.02 ppm, and the other lanthanides besides Nd were below detection limits, that is, equal to or less than 0.01 ppm.
  • d denotes deuterium
  • e denotes electrons
  • 2 n denotes dineutrons
  • ⁇ denotes neutrinos.
  • nuclide transmutation device 10 of the present embodiment a relatively large-scale device such as a nuclear reactor or an accelerator are not necessary, and the process of nuclide transmutation can be implemented with a relatively small-scale construction.
  • the possibility that the number of atoms of Pr, which are not detected before the commencement of the experiment and are detected to be increasing after the commencement of the nuclide transmutation experiments, are detected due to contaminants included beforehand in the supplied D 2 gas or in the multilayer structure body 32 is eliminated, and the production of a nuclide transmutation reaction from Cs to Pr can be repeated well and reliably.
  • the multilayer structure body 32 was formed by adding a cesium (Cs) layer 52 on the surface of the Pd layer 21 as a material that undergoes the nuclide transmutation, but the invention is not limited thereby, and in place of using Cs as a material that undergoes the nuclide transmutation, other materials such as carbon (C) can be added.
  • Cs cesium
  • Fig. 9 is a graph showing the change in the number of atoms for each of C, Mg, Si, and S over time on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 in the third example
  • Fig. 10 is a graph showing the change in the number of atoms for each of C, Mg, Si, and S over time on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 in the fourth example.
  • the point that differs greatly from the first embodiment described above is the method of forming the multilayer structure body 32, and in particular, the process in step S04 described above.
  • the multilayer structure body 32 is formed by carbon (C) in the atmosphere adhering to the surface of the Pd layer 21 due to exposing the structure body 11 comprising the Pd substrate 23, mixed layer 22, and the Pd layer 21 to the atmosphere (step S14).
  • the Pd layer 21 having the adhering C is faced towards the absorption chamber 31, the absorption chamber 31 and the radiation chamber 34 are closed by interposing the multilayer structure body 32 therebetween, and a vacuum desorption is respectively carried out on both absorption chamber 31 and radiation chamber 34.
  • the C in the multilayer structure body 32 decreases with the passage of time, and Si and S, which are reaction products, and Mg, which is an intermediate product, were detected.
  • the number of atoms of each element is calculated from the spectrum of C, Mg, Si, and S by XPS.
  • the number of C atoms originating in hydrocarbons decreased monotonically 24 hours, 76 hours, and 116 hours after the commencement of the experiment, while in contrast Mg, which was not present before the commencement of the experiment, was produced 24 hours after commencement, and furthermore, monotonically decreased after 76 and 116 hours.
  • the nuclide transmutation method according to the modified example of the present invention resulted in C being transmuted, and Mg, Si, and S being generated.
  • the nuclide transmutation of C is represented in Formula (2) described above and Formula (4).
  • a reaction by a dineutron cluster (6 2 n, 2 2 n) is represented.
  • Fig. 11 is a cross-sectional structure view showing the multilayer structure body 32 related to the second modified example of the present embodiment.
  • Fig. 12 is a graph showing the XPS spectrum of the Mo element on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 shown in Fig. 11 .
  • Figs. 13 and 14 show a time dependent change of atomic numbers of respective Sr and Mo elements on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32.
  • Fig. 15 shows the change of an isotopic ratio and the atomic mass number of natural Mo.
  • Fig. 16 shows the change of an isotopic ratio and the atomic number of Mo observed on the multilayer structure body 32 in the fifth embodiment.
  • Fig. 17 is a graph showing the change of the isotopic ratio and the atomic mass number of the natural Sr added as a material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • the Sr layer 53 is added on the multilayer structure body 32 in place of the Cs layer 52 used for being subjected to the nuclide transmutation. That is, the point of the second modified example which differs from the above-described first modified example is the method of forming the multilayer structure body 32, particularly, the processing in step S04. Note that, in the second modified example, the platinum substrate 23 has a size of 25 mm ⁇ 25 mm ⁇ 0.1 mm (length ⁇ width ⁇ thickness) and has an impurity of more than 99.9%.
  • Sr for example, is added as the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation on the film formed surface of the structure body by electrolysis of a diluted solution of SrO in D 2 O (Sr(OD) 2 /D 2 O solution) on the film forming surface of the multiplayer structure body 11.
  • Sr(OD) 2 /D 2 O solution a diluted solution of SrO in D 2 O
  • electrolysis is carried out, for example, for 10 seconds at IV after connecting the anode of the power source 61 to the platinum anode 63 and connecting the cathode of the power source 61 to the multilayer structure body 11.
  • the chemical reaction shown by the formula (5) takes place by the electrolysis, and the Sr layer 53 is deposited on the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 (step S04a) Sr 2 + + 2 ⁇ e - ⁇ Sr
  • the Sr layer 53 of the multilayer structure body 53 is directed to the absorption chamber 31 and the processes below step S05 are conducted.
  • the intensity of the X-ray irradiated on the multilayer structure body 32 from the X-ray gun during XPS measurement is constant and that the regions irradiated by X-ray for the measurements in example five and example six are the same.
  • the region on the multilayer structure body 32 irradiated by X-rays is, for example, a circle with a diameter of 5 mm and that the measurable surface thickness by XPS is 20 ⁇ 10 -10 m from the estimation of the depth of the photoelectrons escaped from the surface.
  • the number of atoms of Pd is assumed to be 3 ⁇ 10 15 based on the intensity peak of the Pd spectrum obtained by XPS, assuming that the Pd constituting the Pd substrate is composed of a face centered cubic (fcc) crystal.
  • the number of atoms of each elements is calculated by comparison of the peak intensity of each element with the peak intensity of the Pd spectrum obtained by XPS, with reference to the ionization cross section of each element, that is, the ratio of inner-shell electrons excited by absorbing X-rays.
  • the isotopic ratio of Mo generated by the experiment is calculated through an analysis of the surface of the multilayer structure body 32 using SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy) after the above-described step S10.
  • the isotopic ratio of Mo observed in example five when compared to that of the isotopic ratio of the natural Mo indicates that a particular isotope of Mo, that is, 96 Mo, shows a dramatically high abundance ratio.
  • the isotopic ratio of the natural Sr added to the multilayer structure body 32 indicated that a particular isotope of Sr, that is, 88 Sr, shows a remarkably high abundance ratio.
  • the above results clearly indicate that there is a strong correlation between the isotopic ratio of a nuclide (Sr) that undergoes nuclide transmutation and the isotopic ratio of the material (Mo) observed after the experiment, so that it can be concluded that the Mo detected in examples five and six is generated by the nuclide transmutation of Sr.
  • the nuclide transmutation device 30 can comprise either the structure body 32 or 102 which has been previously bound with a material that will undergo nuclide transmutation, for example, with device 60 or 70, or the structure body 11, 89 or 72 that will be covered with a material that will undergo nuclide transmutation and will also perform transmutation. In the latter case, the nuclide transmutation device 30 would be equipped with such a binding device 60, 70 or else.
  • nuclide transmutation device and nuclide transmutation method according to an embodiment not part of the present invention will be explained referring to the figures 18 and 19 .
  • Fig. 18 is a drawing for explaining the principle of the nuclide transmutation method according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 19 is a structural scheme of the nuclide transmutation device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the device 70 for realizing the nuclide transmutation method comprises an anode 71 of platinum and the like, a cathode 72 comprising palladium (Pd) or a Pd alloy, or another metal that can absorb hydrogen (for example, Ti and the like), or an alloy thereof, a heavy water solution 73 into which the cathode 71 and one surface of the cathode 72 are immersed, an electrolyte cell 74 made fluid-tight by the cathode 72 and filled with the heavy water solution that includes material that undergoes the nuclide transmutation, and a vacuum container 75 sealed air-tight by the anode 72, and wherein a flow of deuterium is generated in the cathode 72 by one surface 72A side of the cathode 72 being made a region having a high deuterium pressure due to electrolysis and the like, and the other surface 72B side being made a region having a low deuterium pressure due to vacuum
  • the cathode 72 has a structure identical, for example, to the structure body 11 shown in Fig. 2 , and preferably, a mixed layer 22 of a material having a relatively low work function, that is, a material that emits electrons easily (for example, a substance having a work function less than 3 eV), and Pd is formed on the surface of the Pd substrate 23, and the Pd layer 21 is formed by lamination on the surface of this mixed layer 22.
  • a mixed layer 22 of a material having a relatively low work function that is, a material that emits electrons easily (for example, a substance having a work function less than 3 eV)
  • Pd is formed on the surface of the Pd substrate 23, and the Pd layer 21 is formed by lamination on the surface of this mixed layer 22.
  • the nuclide transmutation device 80 comprises a power source 81, an electrolytic cell 83 providing a voltmeter 82, an electrolytic solution 84 stored in the electrolyte cell 83, a vacuum container 85, a spiral refrigerating tube 86 made, for example, of an insulating resin that freezes the electrolytic solution 84 in the electrolyte cell 86, a catalyst 87, an anode electrode 88 of platinum and the like that is connected to the anode of the power source 81 and is immersed in the electrolytic solution 84, a multilayer structure body 89 that maintains the electrolyte cell 83 in a liquid-tight condition and at the same time maintains the vacuum container 85 in an air-tight state and is connected to the cathode of the power source 81, a thermostat 90 that accommodates the electrolyte cell 83 and the vacuum container 85 and controls the temperature, and a vacuum exhaust pump 91 that places the vacuum container 85 in
  • the electrolyte cell 83 made, for example, of an insulating resin and the vacuum container 85 made, for example, of stainless steel, are sealed in liquid-tight and air-tight states by the multilayer structure body 89 via, for example, a Culret's O-ring, and so to speak, connected via the multilayer structure body 89.
  • the electrolyte solution 84 stored in the electrolyte cell 83 is a heavy water solution that includes, for example, cesium (Cs) as a material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • This electrolyte solution 84 may be a Cs 2 (SO 4 ) heavy water solution having a concentration, for example, of 3.1 mol / L.
  • the catalyst 87 is formed by electrodepositing platinum black on platinum, water is produced from most of the hydrogen and oxygen generated by the electrolysis of the electrolytic solution 84, and this is returned to the electrolyte solution 84.
  • the nuclide transmutation device provides the structure described above, and next the method of carrying out nuclide transmutation using this nuclide transmutation device 80 will be explained referring to the figures.
  • the structure body 11 is produced in a manner identical to the step S01 to step S03 in the nuclide transmutation method in the above-described first embodiment.
  • this structure body 11 serves as the multilayer structure body 89
  • the Pd layer 12 of the multilayer structure body 89 is faced towards the electrolytic cell 83 side
  • the electrolytic cell 83 and the vacuum container 85 are sealed in respectively liquid-tight and air-tight states (step S21).
  • a Cs 2 (SO 4 ) heavy water solution having a concentration, for example, of 3.1mol / L is injected as an electrolytic solution 84 in the electrolytic cell 83. Furthermore, the space in the electrolytic cell 83 not filled by the electrolytic solution 84 is filled with nitrogen gas and sealed, and the pressure in the electrolytic cell 83 is maintained at, for example, 1.5 kg / cm 2 (step S22).
  • the vacuum container 85 is evacuated by the vacuum pump 91, and maintained in a vacuum state (step S23).
  • a refrigerant is supplied to the refrigerant pipe 86 made of an insulating resin and the like, and the temperature in the electrolytic cell 83 is maintained at a predetermined constant temperature (step S24).
  • anode electrode 88 made, for example, of platinum, and the multilayer structure body 89 serving as the cathode, which are immersed in the electrolytic solution 84 in the electrolytic cell 83, are connected to the power source 81, and the electrolytic reaction is generated by the power supplied from the power source 81 (step S 25).
  • the current supplied during the electrolysis is gradually raised from 1A to 2A over a three hour interval, and subsequently maintained at 2A.
  • the temperature of the thermostat 90 is set to 70° C after 12 hours, and the temperature is thereafter maintained at this temperature (step S26).
  • This electrolysis is suspended after a predetermined time interval, for example, seven days, and the temperature of the thermostat 90 is set to room temperature (step S27).
  • the multilayer structure body 89 that has been at least partly transmuted is extracted from the nuclide transmutation device 80, and the surface of the multilayer structure body 89 is analyzed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) (step S28).
  • SIMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy
  • the nuclide transmutation device 80 comprises the binding device 70 and means to perform the nuclide transmutation.
  • Fig. 20 is a drawing showing the surface on the electrolyte cell side of the multilayer structure body 89 that has been at least partly transmuted after experiments using the nuclide transmutation device shown in Fig. 19
  • Fig. 21 is a graph showing the results of the SIMS analysis of the surface of the multilayer structure body 89 that has been at least partly transmuted after experiments using the nuclide transmutation device shown in Fig. 19 .
  • At least 141 Pr is a substance formed by the nuclide transmutation of Cs.
  • nuclide transmutation device 80 of the present embodiment a relatively large-scale device such as a nuclear reactor or accelerator are unnecessary, and the nuclide transmutation process can be carried out with a relatively small-scale structure.
  • the nuclide transmutation method of the present embodiment in the multilayer structure body 89, from a comparison of the part 96 that the deuterium penetrated and the part 95 that the deuterium did not penetrate, it can be reliably shown that at least a nuclide transmutation reaction from Cs to Pr is produced.
  • a heavy water solution that includes a material that undergoes the nuclide transmutation was used as the electrolyte solution 84, but the invention is not limited thereby, and on one surface of the multilayer structure body 89, a substance that undergoes nuclide transmutation, for example Cs can be laminated by a film formation process such as vacuum deposition or sputtering, and the surface on which this Cs is laminated is faced towards the electrolytic cell 83, and immersed in an electrolytic solution 84 comprising the heavy water solution stored in the electrolytic cell 83.
  • a substance that undergoes nuclide transmutation in the heavy water solution is not necessary.
  • the heavy water solution that includes Cs as the electrolyte solution 84 is used, but the invention is not limited thereby, and instead of Cs, another material such as sodium (Na) can be added as the material that undergoes the nuclide transformation.
  • the major point of difference with the second embodiment described above is the processing from step S22 and subsequent steps, as described above.
  • step S21 only, for example, 400 ppm of sodium is added as the electrolyte solution 84 in the electrolyte cell 83, and LiOD heavy water solution having a concentration of 4.3 mol / L is injected.
  • the contents of the space not filled by the electrolyte solution 84 in the electrolyte cell 83 is filled with nitrogen gas and sealed, and the pressure in the electrolyte cell 83 is maintained at, for example, 1.5 kg / cm 2 (step S32).
  • the inside of the vacuum container 85 is evacuated by the vacuum pump 91, and is maintained in a vacuum state (step S33).
  • a refrigerant is supplied into the refrigeration tube 86 made, for example, from an insulating resin, and the temperature in the electrolyte cell 83 is maintained at a predetermined constant temperature (step S34).
  • anode electrode 88 that is made from platinum and the like and immersed in the electrolyte solution 84 in the electrolyte cell 83 and the multilayer structure body 89 serving as a cathode are connected to the power source 81, and an electrolytic reaction is produced due to the power supplied from the power source 81 (step S35).
  • the current supplied during electrolysis is gradually raised over, for example, a six hour interval from 0.5 A to 2 A, and subsequently maintained at 2A.
  • this electrolysis is suspended after a predetermined interval, for example, after continuing for seven days, and the temperature of the thermostat 90 is set to room temperature (step S36).
  • the multilayer structure body 89 is extracted from the nuclide transmutation device 80, and the surface of the multilayer structure body 89 is analyzed using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) (step S 37).
  • EPMA electron probe microanalysis
  • Example six Example seven Example eight Na 430 25 16 56 (ppm) 0.086 0.005 0.003 0.011 (g) 2.3x10 21 1.3x10 20 8.4x10 19 2.9x10 20 (Atoms) Al ⁇ 1 410 420 310 (ppm) ⁇ 2x10 -4 0.082 0.084 0.062 (g) ⁇ 2x10 18 1.8x10 21 1.9x10 21 1.4x10 21 (Atoms)
  • the Na was at 430 ppm, and Al was equal to or less than the detection limit of 1 ppm.
  • the natural abundance of 23 Na is 100%
  • the natural abundance of 27 Al is 100%. It can be inductively determined from past experimental data that nuclide transmutation is easily produced between nuclides having similar isotopic ratio compositions, and it can be inferred that the possibility that Na transmutes to A1 is high since the isotopes that exists stably for both elements Na and A1 are unique.
  • Al was detected from the central part of the multilayer structure body 89, that is the part that the deuterium penetrated. Because Al is an amphoteric metal, it can be electrolyzed in the electrolytic solution 84, but by detecting Al from the center part of the surface of the multilayer structure body 89, we can conclude that Al was produced by the nuclide transmutation of Na.
  • a heavy water electrolyte solution that includes a material that undergoes the nuclide transmutation
  • a material that undergoes nuclide transmutation for example, Na
  • a film formation method such as vacuum deposition or sputtering
  • the surface on which this Na has been laminated can be faced towards the inside of the electrolytic cell 83, and this can be immersed in the electrolytic solution 84 comprising the heavy water solution stored in the electrolyte cell 83.
  • Fig. 22 shows a structure of the nuclide transmutation device 100 according to another embodiment not part of the present invention.
  • the nuclide transmutation device 100 comprises a desorption chamber 101 having an interior that can be maintained in an airtight state, an absorption chamber 103, disposed inside of the desorption chamber 101 and having an interior that can be maintained in an airtight state through a multilayer structure body 102, a deuterium tank 106 for supplying deuterium into the absorption chamber 103 through a regulator valve 104 and a valve 105, a pressure meter 107 for detecting the inside pressure of the absorption chamber 103, a connecting pipe 109 for connecting the desorption chamber 101 and an absorption chamber 103 through a vacuum valve 108, a turbo-molecular pump 110 for maintaining the inside of the desorption chamber 101, a rotary pump for preliminary evacuation of the desorption chamber 101, the absorption chamber 103, and the turbo-molecular pump 110, and a vacuum gauge 112 for detecting the degree of vacuum in the desorption chamber 101.
  • a platinum substrate 23 (for example, having a size of 70 mm in diameter and 0.1 mm in thickness and a purity of more than 99.9%) shown in, for example, Fig. 2 , is degreased by ultrasonic cleaning in acetone over a predetermined time. Then, the substrate is heat treated, that is, annealed at a temperature of, for example, 900°C, in an argon atmosphere (step S42).
  • the platinum substrate 23, after the annealing process is subjected to etching, for example, using a 1.5 times diluted aqua regia at room temperature for a predetermined time (for example, 100 seconds) to remove impurities on the substrate surface (step S43).
  • a multilayer structure body is formed by depositing films on the platinum substrate 23 after the etching process by a sputtering method using an argon beam.
  • a multilayer structure body 102 is formed by addition of a Cs layer that undergoes nuclide transmutation on the film deposited surface of the multilayer structure body 11 by electrolysis of the D 2 O diluted solution of CsNO 3 (CsNO 3 /D 2 O solution) (step S44).
  • the desorption chamber 103 and the absorption chamber 101 are closed, so as to be airtight after the Cs layer of the multilayer structure body 102 is directed towards the absorption chamber 103. Then, the valve 105 is closed, the vacuum valve 108 in the connecting pipe 109 is opened, and the desorption chamber 101 and the absorption chamber 103 are evacuated using the rotary pump 111 and the turbo-molecular pump 110 (step S45).
  • the vacuum valve 108 is closed and evacuation of the absorption chamber 103 is stopped.
  • deuterium gas is introduced into the absorption chamber 103 at a predetermined pressure and the experiment of the nuclide transmutation is commenced.
  • the predetermined pressure at the time of introducing the deuterium gas is regulated by the regulator valve 104, and the pressure is determined, for example, to be 1.01325 ⁇ 10 5 Pa (1 atm) (step S46).
  • the amount of the deuterium gas discharged in the desorption chamber 101 is calculated based on the degree of vacuum detected by, for example, the vacuum gauge 112 and the flow rate of the turbo-molecular pump 110.
  • the temperature of the multilayer structure body 102 is returned to room temperature.
  • the valve 105 is closed and after stopping the introduction of the deuterium gas into the absorption chamber 103, the absorption chamber 103 is evacuated and the nuclide transmutation experiment is completed (step S47).
  • the multilayer structure body 102 is taken out from the nuclide transmutation device 100 and the multilayer structure body 102 is etched by aqua regia for preparing a solution which contains the elements present on the surface of the multilayer structure body 102.
  • This solution is analyzed by a ICP-MS (Inductive Coupled Plasma - Mass spectrometry) for quantitative analysis of the elements present on the surface of the multilayer structure body 102 (step S48).
  • ICP-MS Inductive Coupled Plasma - Mass spectrometry
  • the content of Pr is increased to 1.3 ⁇ g, which is more than 100 times greater than the initial weight, and the content of Cs is decreased to 2.3 ⁇ g.
  • the content of Pr increases to 0.12 ⁇ g, which corresponds to a weight more than ten times greater than the initial weight.
  • nuclide transmutation device 100 has a relatively small-scale structure, it is confirmed that the present nuclide transmutation device is able to carry out nuclide transmutation instead of using large scale systems such as a nuclear reactor or a particle accelerator.
  • nuclide transmutation device and the multilayer structure body differ from the nuclide transmutation device 30 and the multilayer structure body according to the first embodiment, both nuclide transmutation devices and multilayer structure bodies are confirmed to be able to carry out the nuclide transmutation such as from Cs to Pr successfully, which results in showing the substantial effectiveness of the present invention.
  • palladium (Pd) was used as the metal for absorbing the hydrogen, but the invention is not limited thereby, and a Pd alloy, or, for example, another metal that absorbs hydrogen, such as Ti, Ni, V, or Cu, or an alloy thereof can be used.
  • nuclide transmutation can be carried out with a relatively small-scale device compared to the large-scale devices such as accelerators and nuclear reactors, a pressure differential in the deuterium between the one surface and the other surface of the structure body is provided, and within the structure body a flux of deuterium from one surface side to the other surface side is produced, and thereby an easily reproducible nuclide transmutation reaction can be produced for the deuterium and the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • the absorption part is pressurized by the deuterium supply device, and at the same time, the pressure in the radiation part is reduced to a vacuum state by the exhaust means, and thus a pressure differential in the deuterium is formed in the structure body.
  • a pressure differential in the deuterium is formed in the structure body.
  • the transmutation material lamination device can laminate the material that undergoes the nuclear transmutation on one surface of the structure body by a surface forming process, such as electrodeposition, vapor deposition, or sputtering.
  • the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation can be bound to one surface of the structure body by mixing the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation in, for example, a gas or liquid that includes deuterium.
  • a mixed layer that includes a material having a low work function is provided on the structure body that serves as the multilayer structure, and thereby the repeatability of the production of the nuclide transmutation reaction is improved.
  • the production of the nuclide transmutation reaction can be further promoted by transmuting the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation to a nuclide having a similar isotope ratio composition, and the repeatability of the generation of the nuclide transmutation reaction can be improved.
  • a flux of deuterium from the one surface side to the other surface side within the structure body is produced, and thereby the nuclide transmutation reaction is produced with good repeatability for the deuterium and the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation.
  • a material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is laminated on the one surface of the structure body by a film formation process using a transmutation material lamination process such as electrodeposition, vaporization deposition, or sputtering, or the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is mixed with a gas or liquid that includes deuterium and the like, and thereby the material that undergoes the nuclide reaction is bound to the one surface of the structure body.
  • a transmutation material lamination process such as electrodeposition, vaporization deposition, or sputtering
  • the material that undergoes nuclide transmutation is transmuted to a nuclide having a similar isotopic ratio composition, and thereby the nuclide transmutation reaction can be promoted, and the repeatability of the generation of the nuclide transmutation reaction can be improved.

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DE19649511A1 (de) * 1996-11-29 1998-06-04 Reinhard Prof Dr Hoepfl Plasmatechnische Schichtherstellung für Kernreaktionen
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JP4346838B2 (ja) * 2000-10-31 2009-10-21 三菱重工業株式会社 核種変換装置

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US20020080903A1 (en) 2002-06-27
EP1202290A3 (en) 2003-06-04
US20120269309A1 (en) 2012-10-25
US20140119488A1 (en) 2014-05-01
US20090290674A1 (en) 2009-11-26
JP2002202392A (ja) 2002-07-19
EP1202290A2 (en) 2002-05-02
US20120263265A1 (en) 2012-10-18
US20030210759A1 (en) 2003-11-13

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