Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
  • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
  • E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
  • E04C1/41—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts composed of insulating material and load-bearing concrete, stone or stone-like material
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
  • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
  • E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
  • E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
  • E04B2/18—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
  • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
  • E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
  • E04B2/24—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element the walls being characterised by fillings in some of the cavities forming load-bearing pillars or beams
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
  • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
  • E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
  • E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
  • E04B2002/0208—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections of trapezoidal shape
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
  • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
  • E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
  • E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
  • E04B2002/0228—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections with tongues next to each other on one end surface and grooves next to each other on opposite end surface
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
  • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
  • E04B2002/0256—Special features of building elements
  • E04B2002/0265—Building elements for making arcuate walls
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
  • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
  • E04B2002/0256—Special features of building elements
  • E04B2002/0289—Building elements with holes filled with insulating material

Definitions

• the subject of this invention belongs to the field of Building Construction, to be more precise, to technology of production building materials for construction of walls, girders above the doors and the windows, girders, ring beams and columns for both private or public buildings.
• the subject of the invention is signed by a basic classification symbol E.04.8/08 that refers bearing constructions accomplished by joining prefabricated hollow blocks, and secondary classification symbols E.04.C.1/24 and E.04.C.5/065, as well with classification symbols which symbolize the field of technology of production: C.04.B.33/36, C.04.B.33/33, C.04.B.18/16, C.04.B.28/22 and E.04.D.1/16.
• the technical problem that is to be solved by this invention is: how to construct ceramic elements (blocks) for building which will be steam-free, ecologically right, bearing, accumulative, heat and noise insulating and which will enable excellent interconnection and joining (corners, the joining of two walls of same or different thickness) and which will not require shuttering or concreting the joints. Their must be some concreting, but inside the elements itself and without any kind of shuttering. These elements must be facade type, so we can pass over rendering outside and inside.
• the question of girders above the doors and windows and ring beams must be solved by this inventioa These elements will be made f om same materials as others.
• This invention provide a possibility of cooling the walls and premises during the summer or mixing or extracting the accumulated warm air from walls during the winter.
• the essence of the invention is the fine grained concrete elements for building walls, girders above the windows and doors and ring beams, which will be produce as several types, such as:
• One-chamber (one row of vertical cavities - by length) ceramic concrete elements for partition walls and horizontal ring beams, with moldings on the flanks
• Ceramic concrete elements for production of silos, pools and similar cylindrical buildings with totally plan frontispiece and with moldings on the interior side and on the flanks.
• Ceramic concrete elements are made on the base of ceramic aggregates produced by burning clay on the principals and by technology of producing rough ceramic with porous material, pure Portland cement puzzolanic ceramic additives and water.
• the production starts with burning clay chips, after that the chips will be grounded by the 2 mm pieces and that makes the ceramic aggregate for production ceramic concrete which id used for ce ⁇ am ⁇ cconcrete--elements- vhich-is _ subject of this invention?
• the shaping faze the " specified cavities of the elements are filled with lightweight insulating concrete which is made from cement, water, fine grounded ceramic and lightweight aggregates such as milled polystyrene, pozder or something similar.
• the gauge of three-chamber elements (as basic elements) will be in modules (length: width) 4:3, while the gauge of two-chamber elements will be in modules 4:2.
• the gauge of one-chamber elements will be in modules 4:1.
• the cavities (chambers) are designed so that the upper cavity exactly covers lower cavity so that eventually concreting with fine-grained concrete can be done easily. There are two kinds of cavities . The bigger ones are used for filling with insulating materials, and the smaller ones are used for ventilation the wall itself.
• the dimensions of the cavities are enlarged because this way the concreting (and eventual reforcing) can be done well and easy.
• the cavities are completely or partly filled with lightweight insulating concrete, made of milled polystyrene, cement fine grounded ceramic and water. They can also be filled with lightweight insulating pozder concrete made of pozder, water glass, cement, fine-grounded ceramic and water.
• lightweight insulating pozder concrete made of pozder, water glass, cement, fine-grounded ceramic and water.
• the cavities filled that way give to the elements the following characteristics: heat and noise insulation is good and they are steam-free .
• the cavities can be filled with some other heat-insulating materials, as example: flat glass.
• the thinner interior rows of cavities along the element in three and two- chamber elements give us the possibility of ventilation of the walls, so in the summer the facade can be cooled through the cavities and in the winter warm air can be put in to the cavities, so by circling that air in the cavities we can warm up the wall itself.
• the cavities will be joined one with others horizontally and vertically, so the ventilation and the circulation of the air through the wall can be done from the specific tops near the floor or near the ceiling.
• Ceramic elements are joined by gluing, applying a lime-cement-ceramic paste-glue which will be brushed on up to the thickness of 2 mm.
• FIG. 2 - shows in axonometric picture the basic idea, two-chamber carrying external ceramic concrete element for building with moldings on its every side
• FIG 3 - shows in axonometric picture basic idea, one-chamber partition ceramic concrete element for building and for horizontal ring beams with moldings on its every side
• Figure 4 - shows in axonometric picture three-chamber ceramic concrete element _ Jor .
• FIG. 9 - shows the use of the elements (the second row) ⁇
• F Fiigguurree 1100 -- shows the use of the radial elements in building silos, pools and other cylindrical building
• Figure 11 - shows the forced ventilation of the external wall for cooling the wall during the summer
• Figure 12 - shows the forced ventilation of the external wall for mixin ⁇ or extracting the accumulated warm air during the winter
• Figure 13 - shows the technological scheme of the production of ceramic aggregate (granulates) which is basic material in production of finegrained concrete Disclosure of the Invention Figure 1. Shows us the basic idea: three-chamber, insulating, carrying, facade ceramic concrete element for building (1).
• This element is consisting of width exterior ceramic concrete wall (2), which by the angle of 45° gradually change to thinner wall (3) and bigger cavity (4) inside the element itself. These cavities are placed along the entire length of the element in three rows and their are filled with insulating concrete made of milled polystyrene (5) or pozder (6). Joining channels, which are constructed on some of the internal wall (7), joins the cavities placed along the frontispiece and on side of the wall (8), so the appearance of the so-cold cool bridges on the exterior is minimal. There are smaller cavities along the length of the element (9), which provide the ventilation. This cavities are vertically directly joined and horizontally they are joined by smaller horizontal exterior channels (16) or by interior channels ( 17), see figures 8. And 9.
• This ceramic element ( 1) is 14 cm.
• the proportion length: width of these elements is 4: 3.
• This elements are modular and the suggestion is that module should be 10 cm.
• the concrete ceramic elements are constructed to enable excellent interconnection and joining, crossing walls with the same or different thickness (see figures 8 and 9).
• the chambers, cavities (4), (9) and (15) exactly cover each other and that is independent from the masonry bond between two raw of the wall if there is one-module phase shift between the row. Between some of the cavities in interior there are some walls across (18) or along (19) the exterior cavities, or some walls along the center row of cavities.
• the walls are built from three-chamber ceramic elements (1) which are joined by gluing, applying a lime-cement-ceramic paste-glue which will be brushed on up to the thickness of 2 mm. These elements are heat and noise insulating, steam-free and carrying (M10).
• Walls made of this elements can be ventilated to prevent overheating during the summer (11) or to enable mixing and extracting the accumulated " warm air during " the winter " (12).
• This ventilation is forced by using certain spots near the floor or near the ceiling and that airflow through the opening (9) inside the wall.
• vibrato-machines which can produce several elements on the concrete runway, produces these elements.
• the bigger cavities (4) and the cavities across the elements (15) are filled with lightweight concrete.
• the pallets have PVC coverage to protect loss of the moisture and to prevent further hardening of the ceramic and the insulating concrete.
• the construction of the elements themselves makes possible to lay vertical supporters in the walls without the need of concrete forms (figure 8 and 9).
• the cavity (4) are reinforced with specific section steel and filled with fine-grounded concrete.
• the figure 2 shows two-chamber ceramic concrete element for building (12) with two raw of bigger cavities (4) along the entire length of the element. Modular proportion of these elements is 4: 2, and the thickness is 14 cm. These two-chamber elements are similar to three-chamber elements. The difference is in the width of the elements and in the quantity of the insulating (4) and the ventilating (9) cavities. The cavities across the element are filled with insulating concrete. These two-chamber elements are used for building interior walls, crossing walls and even exterior facade walls in some of the climatic zones.
• the figure 3 shows one-chamber element (13) with one row of cavities (4) along the element and a raw of smaller cavities across the element. Modular proportion of these elements is 4: 1, and the thickness is 14 cm.
• This elements are completely compatible with two and three-chamber elements.
• this one-chamber elements all of the cavities are filled with insulating cement. They are used for crossing walls and for forming the ring beams. The reinforcing of the walls and concreting the cavities with fine-grounded concrete can be done in these elements too (figure 8 and 9).
• the figure 4 is showing three-chamber ceramic concrete element (14) for building walls and columns. Modular proportion length: width is 4:3 and the element's thickness is 14 cm.
• This elements are almost equal to basic three-chamber elements, they differ in the fact that they have not mouldings on the frontispiece (3) so they are flat.
• On the upper section of the frontispiece there is concavity (22) which by one edge (23) moves to a lower part as imitation of the facade joint.
• the flanks of the element (14) have concavities (3) and convexities (8), as it is on the basic three-chamber element (1).
• the two-chamber element as alternative for basic two-chamber element (12), has no mouldings on the longer sides, with concavity on the top of the frontispiece.
• the three-chamber element's (14) can be changed in to elements for girders above the doors and the windows, by making notches (18) on the walls of exterior cavities (4) and (15), so that way we can get places where we can put the reinforcement.
• Observing figure 5 it is visible that three-chamber ceramic concrete element (24) for building walls and supporters had modular proportion, length: width, 4: 3 and the thickness of the element is 14 cm.
• the construction of these elements is similar to construction of the basic three-chamber element (1). The difference is in the fact that this element (24) has no mouldings on the frontispiece, the flanks are flat too, but it has concavities and convexities on the flanks (as the element (1)).
• the construction of the two-chamber element is exactly same and this element is one of the alternatives for element (12).
• the three-chamber element's (14) can be changed in to elements for girders above the doors and the windows, by making notches (18) on the walls of exterior cavities (4) and (15), so that way we can get places where we can put the reinforcement Observing figure 6, it is visible that the one-chamber element (25) for building partition walls has modular proportion, length: width, 4:1, and the thickness is 14 cm.
• the construction of these elements is similar to construction of the basic one-chamber element (13). The difference is in the fact thatthis element (25) has no mouldings on the frontispiece, the interior side is flat too, but it has concavity (3) and convexities (8) on the flanks.
• the figure 7 is showing radial ceramic concrete element (26) with two exterior rows of bigger cavities along the entire length of the element (27) and with two rows of smaller cavities along the element (28). There are smaller cavities across the element (29).
• the exterior cavities (27) are connected with each other by notches (30) on the walls of changeable thickness (31) and by notch (32) on the wall (33).
• the interior cavity (27) are connected by notch (33) on the walls of changeable thickness (34), and by a notch (35) on the wall (36).
• the smaller cavities (28) in the central section are connected with horizontal channels (37), (38) and (39) or with channels (40), (41) and (42), which are on the cone walls which separates the chambers (28).
• the following walls: (43), (44), (45), (46) and (47) of radial element are curved and that makes that the element itself is radial too.
• the exterior cavities of these elements are filled with heat-msulating polystyrene concrete (5) or ponder concrete (6).
• the cavities on the central section of the exterior side (28) are ventilating cavities, while the cavities on the interior side are for putting vertical reinforcement.
• the interior cavity (27) and (29) are used for putting the ring carrying reinforcement.
• FIG. 8 is showing the first row
• figurer 9 is showing the second wall, etc. It is visible that the interconnections and joining are perfectly right.
• the phase shift between row must be at least one module (10 cm).
• the chambers, cavities (4), (9) and (15) exactly cover each other and that is independent from the masonry bond between two raw of the wall, so it is possible to make ring beam or supporter on every section in the wall, without the need of concrete form.
• the vertical ring beams can be reinforced with steel profile (11) with or without binders.
• the bigger cavity (4) are filled with lightweight insulating concrete (5) or (6).
• the smaller cavities across the three, two and one-chamber elements are filled with this concrete too, while the cavities (9) in the three and two-chamber elements are connected and they are used for ventilation. That fact fulfilled the physical demands that elements must be steam-free.
• the elements are joined by gluing, applying a cement-lime-ceramic paste-glue which is brushed up to the thickness of 2 mm. Cutting one module of the element itself can change the length of some elements.
• the figure 11 is showing functioning way of ventilation through external three- chamber wall, from internal space to external space, which is important during the summer time.
• This ventilation provides the cooling the walls and extraction of the warm air, which is accumulated near the ceiling,
• the ventilation is forced by ventilating system consist of ventilator (30), system of closures (31) and of ventilating chamber (cavities) (9) inside the wall itself.
• the ventilators are placed separately each from another by pre-calculated distance.
• the figure 12 is showing the functioning way of ventilation through three-chamber ventilating wall. This ventilation provides the mixing of the air in the room and extracting the accumulated warm air from walls during the winter.
• the deviation from given structure can be 10% in some of the given oxides.
• the testing of this fine-grounded aggregate gives the following results: p Melting point up to 1150°C u Bulk density 1880 kg/ ' m 3 ⁇ Specific mass 2560 kg " ⁇ Water absorption 12,5 % ⁇ Linear shrinking through burning 0.38% ⁇ Bending tension strength 18,2 MPa ⁇ Compressive strength 45 MPa ⁇ Coefficient of thermal conductivity 0,8 W/mK
• Ceramic fine-grounded aggregate (50) with pure Portland cement and water gives ceramic fine-grounded concrete (51), which is highly resistant and durable.
• the amount of water is defined by a needing consistency.
• the first step is to mix the ceramic aggregate with 60% of needed water during the period of 30 seconds. After that the pure Portland cement is added to the mixture with rest of the water and at last we add puzzolanic additive (50), fractions 0-0,09 mm in the quantity of
• the components which is known in solving this problem are so that the unknown components are V & and m & .
• the volume of free water is that small that it is present in only 5% volume in compared to the absolute volume of the concrete V b . These is the way by what we dictate the measure of compression of fresh ceramic concrete mixture.
• the process of mixing pure Portland cement with ceramic fine-grounded aggregate is taking to chemical puzzoianic reactions on the relation of oxides from ceramic fine-grounded aggregate (50) such as: SiO 2 ; Al 2 O 3 : Fe 2 O 3 and Ca (OH 7 as one of the products of hydration of clinker cement minerals C 3 S and C 2 S.
• Ceramic fine-grounded aggregate 50
• SiO 2 SiO 2
• Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3
• Ca OH 7 as one of the products of hydration of clinker cement minerals C 3 S and C 2 S.
• Stabile, insoluble chemical compounds like hydro-silicates, hydro-alumnae and calcium-hydro-ferrite are made by this reactions.
• the compressive strength after 28 days is 44,0 MPa, and after 4 years the compressive strength of ceramic fine-grounded concrete increases to 85,0 MPa, with a tendency to grove 5 further.
• Ceramic concrete elements are produced from fine-grounded ceramic concrete by the following procedure:
• Ceramic aggregate (51) are measured by the fractions: 621,81 kg of fraction 0,09-0,5: 414,54 kg of fraction 0,5-1,0 mm: 345,45 kg of fraction 1,0-2,0 mm. l o ⁇ After that these aggregate is mixed with 60% of the mass of water ( 196,76 kg) in mixer. ⁇ The 550 kg of pure Portland cement is added in to the mixer, as well as the remaining water (131,17 kg) and finally ceramic aggregate of fraction 0,0-0,09 mm is added to the mixture too. ⁇ The entire process of mixing is last for at least 3 minutes. After that the concrete is put 15 out on the vibrato-press.
• Ceramic concrete described in this invention has several advantages in compared with ordinary concrete with stone aggregate. Ecological aspect is one of the most important if we 0 are speaking about residential buildings. Ceramic aggregate made by the technology of rough porous ceramic satisfies the ecological requirements very good, which leads us to conclusion that ceramic concrete has ecological properties same as rough ceramic.
• the bulk density of this concrete is 1900,0 kg/m 3, while the bulk density of ordinary concrete is 2400,0 kgf/m 3
• the frost resistance of ceramic concrete is smaller than the frost resistance of the ordinary concrete, but it can be increased with aeration by adding milled polystyrene as additive in ceramic concrete.
• insulating polystyrene concrete (5) Twenty-four hours after the cavity (4), (15) and (27) in the ceramic concrete elements are filled with insulating polystyrene concrete (5).
• This insulating concrete is made from the 5 following components: ⁇ milled polystyrene as aggregate ( massiveness should be 5 mm) ⁇ fine-grounded ceramic (ceramic flour) as puzzoianic additive ( fractions less than 0,01 mm) ⁇ pure Portland cement 0 ⁇ water
• the first step in production of polystyrene concrete is to volume measuring of polystyrene in state of looseness (as basic demand), which will be used as aggregate and its massiveness should be less than 5 mm.
• This polystyrene is put in to resistive mixer.
• the water is measured by mass compering with absolute volume of milled polystyrene and the water 5 which will be chemically bound and closed in to the gel pore in the moment when the cement hydration is 80% finished.
• the milled polystyrene is mixing with water in mixer for at least Vz minutes (water must enter in to the polystyrene), and just now we add fine-grounded ceramic in to the mixer. Now, the mixing is following for at least 2,5 minutes.
• the fresh ceramic concrete (5) is transported to the elements (blocks) without 0 segregation, and it is placed in to the cavities by hands or mechanically without vibration.
• the physical-mechanical properties of polystyrene concrete depend of bulk density of concrete, so it is referred that the bulk density of concrete should be between 200 and 800 kg/m 3 '
• Tb,sv in kg/ ⁇ v bulk density of fresh concrete m U v in kg mass of binder which is equal to bulk density of concrete decreased with mass of polystyrene on the base of the effect in the volume of the concrete m c in kg mass of cement m k in kg mass of fine-grounded ceramic (it should be 30% of the mass rrt uV ) mmipol mass of milled polystyrene mm vv mass of water calculated in volume in proportion to the volume of milled polystyrene (20%) of water in proportion of the volume of the milled polystyrene m v * mass of water chemically bond in gel pores of CSH gel in the moment when hydration is 80% finished (it is
• VmJ.pol.ia_ in m volume of milled polystyrene in state of looseness, massiveness less than 5,0 mm V ⁇ i is three times greater than V _. ? __) v c in m 3 volume of cement v k in m "5 volume of ceramic v b in m 3 volume of concrete N N v v iinn mm 3" volume of water
• V b is the volume of milled polystyrene and is the volume of cementing material.
• the volume is not in this equation from the reason that water does not enter porous milled polystyrene and does not surround the powder of cement and of fine-grounded ceramic.
• Yb m 0,246 x [ ⁇ b - ( 1 ) x Yzp] (14,0)
• Yb m. 0,573 x [ ⁇ b - (l ) x Yrp (15,0)
• V m ⁇ . pol . l - ( (16,0)
• V ml.poljast . 3 x [l - ( + )] (19,0) Ysc Ys
• the mass of water is calculated by:
• the control of said calculation is the following: the sum of masses of the components of polystyrene concrete must be equal to bulk density of hardened polystyrene concrete. This means that the sum of absolute volumes of cement fine-grounded ceramic and milled polystyrene must be equal to the volume of the element
• ⁇ b m. + m k + m *v + m ⁇ pd -the first criteria
• the first example ⁇ b 200 kg/m 3 :
• ⁇ b 106,58 + 45,75 + 0,315 x 106,58 + 14,19 - the first criteria
• Pozder concrete is made of following materials: ⁇ Milled pozder, which is industrial waste in manufacturing hemp (pozder is milled stem of the hemp). ⁇ Fine-grounded rough ceramic (ceramic flour) as puzzoianic additive fractions less than o, 1 mm ⁇ Pure Portland cement PC45 as binder ⁇ Water glass (Na 2 O x SiO 2 or K 2 O x SiO 2 ) ⁇ Water In production of pozder concrete the first step is to measure the pozder in state of looseness. After that the pozder is saturated with water, so that moisture of pozder must be 100 %.
• pozder is ready to be used in production of pozder concrete.
• the components of the pozder concrete are put into mixer in following order: pozder, an amount of water, which is need to mixing, cement and ceramic puzzoianic additive (ceramic flour).
• pozder concrete is flowed or pumped into cavities (4), ( 15), (27) and (29) in the elements, with slightly compaction, but without vibration. Levelling of the concrete must be light too.
• the physical-mechanical characteristics of pozder concrete (6) depends of bulk density (as it is the case at polystyrene concrete), so we insist on small bulk density, because thermo-insulating characteristics is better than.
• Bulk density of hardened pozder concrete (6) is from 400 to 800 kg/m 3 .
• the bulk density of hardened pozder concrete (6) in totally dry state must be known as advance.
• the specific mass of the pure Portland cement is known as advance.
• ⁇ Specific mass of fine-grounded ceramic-puzzolamc additive is known as advance
• a Bulk density of pozder is known as advance.
• the control of said calculation is the following: the sum of masses of the components of polystyrene concrete must be equal to bulk density of hardened polystyrene concrete. This means that the sum of absolute volumes of cement fine-grounded ceramic and milled polystyrene must be equal to the volume of the element.
• the first step is to prepare the aggregate (pozder), so it is necessary to prepare next components (by their masses): ni p - mass of dry pozder m. c - 0,2 x m c - mass of cement m. k - 0,2 x m k - mass of fine grounded ceramic m V - 5% x m p - mass of water glass in treatment of pozder
• ni p - mass of dry pozder m. c - 0,2 x m c - mass of cement m. k - 0,2 x m k - mass of fine grounded ceramic m V - 5% x m p - mass of water glass in treatment of pozder
• h 200 kg/m 3
• ⁇ h 800 kgm .
• Vb l .+ .+ + 0,05
• V b 0,048 + 0,024 + 0,88 + 0,05
• V b 1,00 m 3
• the second example ⁇ b 800 kg/m 3
• m p 129,84 kg - mass of pozder m.
• Production of pozder concrete in said limits of bulk density between 400 kg/m J and 800 kg/m 3 is consisting of two phases.
• the first phase is preparing pozder as aggregate, so that process of hydration and hardening of concrete can be provide.
• the masses of components are measured; the mass of pozder (m p ) in dry state must be between 149,52 and 129,84 kg, fractions between 2 and 10 mm.
• Pozder is put into water for 2 hours, so that moisture of pozder must be 100%.
• After that pozder is dried off during 15 minutes and put into a mixer with forced mixing. Water glass (Na 2 O x SiO 2 or K 2 O x SiO 2 ) is put into mixer too during the mixing.
• Mass of pozder is equal to 5% of mass of pozder, which means that it should be between 7,47 and 6,49 kg, and before in is put into mixer water glass is mixed with water in proportion 1:1.
• the phase of concrete production are takes few steps.
• the first step is putting the prepared pozder mixture into mixer (mass of pozder (n p ) is between 149,42 and 129,84 kg) with condition that this mass must be increased with 20% of masses of cement and ceramic (m c * and m k *), which is amount between 41,06 and 109,86 kg.
• the 30% of whole water are measured into mixer during the mixing itself, which means the amount from 32,06 to 85,77kg of water.
• the remaining 80% of cement (mass between 114,97 and 371,62kg of cement) and ceramic (mass between 49,27 and 131,83kg of ceramic) is put into mixer too, as well as the remaining 70% of water (mass between 74,80 and 200,14kg of water).
• the entire process of mixing is last at least for 5 minutes, and after that fresh pozder concrete is transported to moulds without danger from segregation, when concrete is mechanically or by hands mounted into moulds with slightly compacting. Compacting last to step when concrete is totally compacted into known volume. Concrete can be also mounted by extruder technology.
• Application of the invention is possible as totally prefabricated system, starting with production of ceramic aggregate (granulate) through production of fine-grounded ceramic concrete, which is mounted into ceramic concrete elements mentioned in this invention (1,12,13,14,25 and 26) by using machines.
• Insulating concrete 5 and 6 polystyrene concrete and pozder concrete

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• 1998
  • 1998-09-30 YU YU43098A patent/YU49444B/sh unknown
• 1999
  • 1999-09-27 WO PCT/YU1999/000007 patent/WO2000019032A1/en active Application Filing
  • 1999-09-27 AU AU59290/99A patent/AU5929099A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-09-27 EP EP99946999A patent/EP1177352A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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