EP1154024A1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke - Google Patents
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1154024A1 EP1154024A1 EP00108203A EP00108203A EP1154024A1 EP 1154024 A1 EP1154024 A1 EP 1154024A1 EP 00108203 A EP00108203 A EP 00108203A EP 00108203 A EP00108203 A EP 00108203A EP 1154024 A1 EP1154024 A1 EP 1154024A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- workpieces
- guide channels
- quenching
- gas
- quenching chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/767—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material with forced gas circulation; Reheating thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/62—Quenching devices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
- C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for heat treatment of metallic Workpieces, in particular of a climbing or towering form, at the workpieces in a quenching chamber after prior heating be cooled with a quenching gas.
- the invention further relates to a device with which such a method can be carried out.
- the result of the heat treatment is one Change in the material structure, for example a conversion of the cubic face-centered ⁇ -lattice of carbon-rich austenite lamellas in the cubic body-centered ⁇ -lattice of ferrite lamellas.
- the treatment results are The speed at which the heated workpieces are cooled and the type of the quenching agent used for this. Find as a deterrent - after order of increasing ruggedness - primarily gas, oil or water application.
- This device which has a nozzle field consisting of an interchangeable nozzle plate provided with nozzles, enables a relative movement of the nozzle field and workpieces by means of a rotatable or pivotable arrangement of the nozzle plate and / or a grate carrying the workpieces and thus a relatively uniform action on the latter, but has the disadvantage that the gas flow hits the workpieces diffusely and turbulently. As a result, the surface of the workpieces is cooled unevenly, causing stresses that can lead to warping or even cracks.
- baffles In order to control the gas flow more systematically, it is admittedly in the state of the art known to provide baffles with which, for example, also the Allow workpiece surface to be pressurized with quenching gas, otherwise in a flow shadow; Such a measure is satisfactory though not. Because in addition to the comparatively high effort, the baffles align according to the respective workpiece geometry, prevent the Baffles not that when the gas flow hits the workpieces Turbulence occurs, which is about the cooling of a batch affect neighboring workpieces and thus cause distortion.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method and an apparatus for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces, with which a low-warpage gas quenching can be achieved even with workpieces of climbing or stacking form.
- Such a procedure adopts the knowledge that a low distortion cooling of the workpieces can then be achieved with quenching gas, if the individual or stacked workpieces are one batch to be cooled are separated from one another by guide channels. Because in this way a gas flow results in the guide channels flows around the entire workpiece surface parallel to the workpiece axis and Uniform cooling, unaffected by neighboring workpieces causes.
- the guide channels in the quenching chamber can be attached to the individual or stacked and previously heated workpieces be arranged to obstruct the heating of the workpieces to exclude. It is particularly advantageous here that the guide channels in the Quenching chamber, for example electromotive, hydraulic or pneumatic, from one or two sides, preferably from above and / or below to approach the workpieces, so that even with limited space the Quenching chamber a handling appropriate operation is ensured.
- an apparatus for heat treatment of metal workpieces with a quenching chamber in which the workpieces can be cooled with a quenching gas is proposed, which is characterized in that means are provided for selectively flowing around the workpieces with quenching gas ducts having a closed circumferential surface have and enclose the workpieces along the flow direction of the quenching gas.
- the guide channels have a length the at least the height of the individual or stacked on top of each other Workpieces. Because in this way, when the Gas flow on the workpieces inevitable swirling of the Quench gas channeled, so that an impairment of the flow neighboring workpieces is omitted. As particularly advantageous in this regard has been found to measure the length of the guide channels so that the Height of the individual or stacked workpieces around the half the diameter or width of the workpieces is exceeded.
- the shape of the guide channels cylindrical preferably with a circular, square or polygonal cross section, or to the geometry of the Workpieces to be cooled adapted to make a simple and inexpensive production and on the other hand by a narrow distance conditional between the inner surface of the guide channels and the workpieces high gas velocity to ensure intense deterrence.
- Guide channels to connect to each other to form a channel system joint placement of the guide channels on the individual or in stacks arranged workpieces results.
- the guide channels adjustable preferably by electric motor, hydraulically or pneumatically, are arranged in the quenching chamber, for example in the form of a workpiece that can be lowered from above Channel system.
- the guide channels are advantageously interchangeable, to ensure adaptation to different workpiece geometries.
- the Quenching chamber has an inlet for the quenching gas, which seals the guide channels.
- the guide channels consist of one heat-resistant material, preferably steel, iron or nickel alloys, exist, for example, before the heat treatment of the To put workpieces on them.
- the quenching chamber 10 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is part of a device for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces 20 and for example at the end a roller hearth furnace arranged.
- the quenching chamber 10 can be such be designed so that they both with vacuum and with atmospheric or Overpressure can be operated.
- a vertical circulation of a quenching gas in the quenching chamber 10 enables.
- a motor 12 is used to circulate the quenching gas driven fan 13 arranged below the grate 11. Except for Quenching chamber 10 becomes the quenching gas in the direction indicated by an arrow in FIG. 1 and 2 shown flow direction through a gas channel 14.
- Oberund flaps 15 are also provided below the quenching chamber 10 prevent circulation of the quenching gas until the fan 13 is has reached the necessary number of revolutions.
- Guide channels 30 provided from a heat-resistant material, the one Have closed outer surface and the workpieces 20 along the Enclose the flow direction of the quench gas.
- the guide channels 30 can through a coherent, grid-like channel system 31 be formed, in which the guide channels 30 are connected to each other, such as is shown in particular in FIGS. 3 and 3a.
- the Guide channels 30 also as individual hollow cylinders 32, 33 with, for example circular or square cross section.
- the length of the Guide channels 30 is dimensioned so that the height of the individual or to stack superimposed workpieces 20 is exceeded by the distance a, such as the 3 and 4 can be seen.
- the distance a corresponds to half Diameter or width of the workpieces 20.
- the guide channels 30 can either before inserting the workpieces 20 in the Quenching chamber 10 can be placed on the workpieces 20, for example already when assembling the batch, or only in the quenching chamber 10.
- the latter is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the as a coherent Channel system 31 formed guide channels 30 are in this case Hydraulic cylinders 34 arranged vertically adjustable in the quenching chamber 10, as indicated by the double arrow in FIGS. 1 and 2. In this way it is possible after the workpieces 20 have been introduced into the quenching chamber 10 to place the channel system 31 on the workpieces 20 from above.
- the channel system 31 is interchangeable on the hydraulic cylinders 34 attached.
- inlet 35 In the upper part of the quenching chamber 10 there is also an inlet 35 provided that the channel system 31 relative to the interior of the Quench chamber 10 seals, so that in quench chamber 10 circulating quenching gas flows exclusively through the guide channels 30 and does not flow outside the workpiece batch.
- the device described above is particularly suitable Workpieces 20 with a climbing or towering stackable shape, such as Shafts or stacked bearing rings, effective and free from distortion to deter.
- the reason for this is that caused by the guide channels 30 high speed and laminar quench gas flow.
- Through the Height-adjustable arrangement of the channel system 31 is also a handling and Process-based process management ensured.
- the Possibility to provide differently designed guide channels 30, and the Mainly interchangeable arrangement of the channel system 31 for this purpose an adaptation to different workpiece shapes and sizes achieved without that complex retrofitting work would be necessary.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Tunnel Furnaces (AREA)
- Furnace Charging Or Discharging (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Fig. 1
- eine schematische Darstellung einer Abschreckkammer bei einem hochgefahrenen Kanalsystem;
- Fig. 2
- eine schematische Darstellung der Abschreckkammer gemäß Fig. 1 bei auf Werkstücke abgesenktem Kanalsystem;
- Fig. 3
- eine schematische Seitenansicht des aus miteinander verbundenen Führungskanälen bestehenden Kanalsystems gemäß Fig. 2;
- Fig. 3a
- eine schematische Draufsicht des Kanalsystems gemäß Fig. 3;
- Fig. 4
- eine schematische Seitenansicht einzelner, auf die Werkstücke aufgesetzter Führungskanäle und
- Fig. 4a
- eine schematische Draufsicht der Führungskanäle gemäß Fig. 4.
- 10
- Abschreckkammer
- 11
- Rost
- 12
- Motor
- 13
- Ventilator
- 14
- Gaskanal
- 15
- Klappe
- 16
- Wärmetauscher
- 20
- Werkstück
- 30
- Führungskanal
- 31
- Kanalsystem
- 32
- Hohlzylinder
- 33
- Hohlzylinder
- 34
- Hydraulikzylinder
- 35
- Einlass
- a
- Abstand
Claims (13)
- Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke (20), insbesondere von rankender oder aufragend stapelbarer Form, bei dem nach einer vorherigen Erwärmung die Werkstücke (20) in einer Abschreckkammer (10) mit einem Abschreckgas abgekühlt werden,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Werkstücke (20) mittels Führungskanälen (30), die eine geschlossene Mantelfläche aufweisen und die Werkstücke (20) entlang der Strömungsrichtung des Abschreckgases umschließen, gezielt mit Abschreckgas umströmt werden. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) vor dem Erwärmen über die einzelnen oder zu Stapeln aufeinander gesetzten Werkstücke (20) gestülpt werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) in der Abschreckkammer (10) an den einzelnen oder zu Stapeln aufeinander gesetzten und zuvor erwärmten Werkstücken (20) angeordnet werden.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) in der Abschreckkammer (10) von einer oder zwei Seiten her, vorzugsweise von oben und/oder unten, an die Werkstücke (20) herangefahren werden.
- Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke (20), insbesondere zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, mit einer Abschreckkammer (10), in der die Werkstücke (20) mit einem Abschreckgas abkühlbar sind,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zum gezielten Umströmen der Werkstücke (20) mit Abschreckgas Führungskanäle (30) vorgesehen sind, die eine geschlossene Mantelfläche aufweisen und die Werkstücke (20) entlang der Strömungsrichtung des Abschreckgases umschließen. - Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) eine Länge aufweisen, die wenigstens der Höhe der einzelnen oder zu Stapeln aufeinander gesetzten Werkstücke (20) entspricht.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Länge der Führungskanäle (30) die Höhe der einzelnen oder zu Stapeln aufeinander gesetzten Werkstücke (20) um den halben Durchmesser beziehungsweise Breite der Werkstücke (20) überragt.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Form der Führungskanäle (30) zylindrisch, vorzugsweise mit kreisförmigem (32), quadratischem (33) oder polygonalem Querschnitt, oder an die Geometrie der abzukühlenden Werkstücke (20) angepasst ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) zu einem Kanalsystem (31) miteinander verbunden sind.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) verstellbar, vorzugsweise elektromotorisch, hydraulisch oder pneumatisch, in der Abschreckkammer (10) angeordnet sind.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) auswechselbar sind.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Abschreckkammer (10) einen Einlass (35) für das Abschreckgas aufweist, der dichtend an den Führungskanälen (30) anliegt.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Führungskanäle (30) aus einem hitzebeständigen Material, vorzugsweise Stahl, Eisen- oder Nickellegierungen, bestehen.
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT00108203T ATE262598T1 (de) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur wärmebehandlung metallischer werkstücke |
ES00108203T ES2215513T3 (es) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | Procedimiento y dispositivo para el tratamiento termico de piezas de trabajo metalicas. |
EP00108203A EP1154024B1 (de) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
DE50005790T DE50005790D1 (de) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
US09/651,797 US7255829B1 (en) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-08-30 | Method and apparatus for treatment of metallic workpieces |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP00108203A EP1154024B1 (de) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1154024A1 true EP1154024A1 (de) | 2001-11-14 |
EP1154024B1 EP1154024B1 (de) | 2004-03-24 |
Family
ID=8168477
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00108203A Expired - Lifetime EP1154024B1 (de) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7255829B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1154024B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE262598T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE50005790D1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2215513T3 (de) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1531185A1 (de) * | 2003-11-12 | 2005-05-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Abschrecken von Werkstücken |
WO2005123970A1 (en) * | 2004-06-15 | 2005-12-29 | Narasimhan Gopinath | A process and device for hardening metal parts |
FR2917752A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-22 | 2008-12-26 | Montupet Sa Sa | Procede de traitement thermique de pieces de fonderie mettant en oeuvre une trempe a l'air et systeme pour la mise en oeuvre du procede |
US8900509B2 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2014-12-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Charging frame and quenching device having a charging frame |
US9303303B2 (en) | 2007-06-22 | 2016-04-05 | Montupet S.A. | Process for the heat treatment of cylinder heads made of an aluminium-based alloy, and cylinder heads having improved fatigue resistance properties |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102009000200B3 (de) * | 2009-01-14 | 2010-09-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Abschreckvorrichtung sowie Abschreckverfahren |
DE102009050132B4 (de) | 2009-10-20 | 2012-02-02 | Ecm-Technologies | Abschreckvorrichtung sowie Abschreckverfahren |
US9242313B2 (en) | 2012-07-30 | 2016-01-26 | General Electric Company | Welding furnace and viewport assembly |
US10006113B2 (en) * | 2012-08-21 | 2018-06-26 | United Technologies Corporation | Gamma titanium dual property heat treat system and method |
WO2014130150A1 (en) * | 2013-02-20 | 2014-08-28 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Wall member useful in quenching |
US20170074589A1 (en) | 2015-09-11 | 2017-03-16 | Ipsen Inc. | System and Method for Facilitating the Maintenance of an Industrial Furnace |
EP3333526B1 (de) * | 2015-09-11 | 2021-10-06 | Koyo Thermo Systems Co., Ltd. | Wärmebehandlungsvorrichtung |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3028901A1 (de) * | 1980-07-30 | 1982-02-25 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Vorrichtung zum abschrecken von auf einem chargentraggestell gestapeltem haertegut |
DE3200577A1 (de) * | 1980-07-19 | 1983-07-21 | Loi Industrieofenanlagen Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Vorrichtung zum abschrecken von haertegut |
DE9400222U1 (de) * | 1994-01-08 | 1994-02-24 | Ipsen Industries International GmbH, 47533 Kleve | Mehrkammerofen mit kombinierter Abkühlung |
DE29603022U1 (de) * | 1996-02-21 | 1996-04-18 | Ipsen Industries International GmbH, 47533 Kleve | Vorrichtung zum Abschrecken metallischer Werkstücke |
WO2000018972A1 (de) * | 1998-09-30 | 2000-04-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und behandlungseinrichtung zum abkühlen von hocherwärmten metallbauteilen |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3405244C1 (de) * | 1984-02-15 | 1985-04-11 | Aichelin GmbH, 7015 Korntal-Münchingen | Industrieofen,insbesondere Mehrkammer-Vakuumofen zur Waermebehandlung von Chargen metallischer Werkstuecke |
-
2000
- 2000-04-14 EP EP00108203A patent/EP1154024B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-14 AT AT00108203T patent/ATE262598T1/de active
- 2000-04-14 ES ES00108203T patent/ES2215513T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-14 DE DE50005790T patent/DE50005790D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-30 US US09/651,797 patent/US7255829B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3200577A1 (de) * | 1980-07-19 | 1983-07-21 | Loi Industrieofenanlagen Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Vorrichtung zum abschrecken von haertegut |
DE3028901A1 (de) * | 1980-07-30 | 1982-02-25 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Vorrichtung zum abschrecken von auf einem chargentraggestell gestapeltem haertegut |
DE9400222U1 (de) * | 1994-01-08 | 1994-02-24 | Ipsen Industries International GmbH, 47533 Kleve | Mehrkammerofen mit kombinierter Abkühlung |
DE29603022U1 (de) * | 1996-02-21 | 1996-04-18 | Ipsen Industries International GmbH, 47533 Kleve | Vorrichtung zum Abschrecken metallischer Werkstücke |
WO2000018972A1 (de) * | 1998-09-30 | 2000-04-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und behandlungseinrichtung zum abkühlen von hocherwärmten metallbauteilen |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
EDENHOFER B ET AL: "OFEN-UND CHARGENEINFLUSS AUF DIE WAERNMEUEBERGANGSZAHL BEI DER GASABSCHRECKUNG", HAERTEREI TECHNISCHE MITTEILUNGEN,DE,CARL HANSER VERLAG. MUNCHEN, vol. 53, no. 2, 1 March 1998 (1998-03-01), pages 102 - 107, XP000755094, ISSN: 0341-101X * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1531185A1 (de) * | 2003-11-12 | 2005-05-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Abschrecken von Werkstücken |
WO2005123970A1 (en) * | 2004-06-15 | 2005-12-29 | Narasimhan Gopinath | A process and device for hardening metal parts |
FR2917752A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-22 | 2008-12-26 | Montupet Sa Sa | Procede de traitement thermique de pieces de fonderie mettant en oeuvre une trempe a l'air et systeme pour la mise en oeuvre du procede |
WO2009000751A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-22 | 2008-12-31 | Montupet S.A. | Procede de traitement thermique de pieces de fonderie mettant en oeuvre une trempe a l'air et systeme pour la mise en oeuvre du procede |
US8580052B2 (en) | 2007-06-22 | 2013-11-12 | Montupet S.A. | Method for the heat treatment of castings using an air quench and system for implementing the method |
US9303303B2 (en) | 2007-06-22 | 2016-04-05 | Montupet S.A. | Process for the heat treatment of cylinder heads made of an aluminium-based alloy, and cylinder heads having improved fatigue resistance properties |
US8900509B2 (en) | 2009-01-14 | 2014-12-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Charging frame and quenching device having a charging frame |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1154024B1 (de) | 2004-03-24 |
ATE262598T1 (de) | 2004-04-15 |
ES2215513T3 (es) | 2004-10-16 |
US7255829B1 (en) | 2007-08-14 |
DE50005790D1 (de) | 2004-04-29 |
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