EP1084976B1 - Cylindre conducteur ou contacteur pour la manipulation de matériau en bande, en particulier dans un dispositif d'enroulement de bande - Google Patents
Cylindre conducteur ou contacteur pour la manipulation de matériau en bande, en particulier dans un dispositif d'enroulement de bande Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1084976B1 EP1084976B1 EP20000118550 EP00118550A EP1084976B1 EP 1084976 B1 EP1084976 B1 EP 1084976B1 EP 20000118550 EP20000118550 EP 20000118550 EP 00118550 A EP00118550 A EP 00118550A EP 1084976 B1 EP1084976 B1 EP 1084976B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sensor
- material web
- signal
- arrangement according
- web
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H26/00—Warning or safety devices, e.g. automatic fault detectors, stop-motions, for web-advancing mechanisms
- B65H26/02—Warning or safety devices, e.g. automatic fault detectors, stop-motions, for web-advancing mechanisms responsive to presence of irregularities in running webs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H18/00—Winding webs
- B65H18/08—Web-winding mechanisms
- B65H18/14—Mechanisms in which power is applied to web roll, e.g. to effect continuous advancement of web
- B65H18/20—Mechanisms in which power is applied to web roll, e.g. to effect continuous advancement of web the web roll being supported on two parallel rollers at least one of which is driven
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2301/00—Handling processes for sheets or webs
- B65H2301/40—Type of handling process
- B65H2301/41—Winding, unwinding
- B65H2301/414—Winding
- B65H2301/4148—Winding slitting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
- B65H2511/50—Occurence
- B65H2511/52—Defective operating conditions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
- B65H2553/00—Sensing or detecting means
- B65H2553/40—Sensing or detecting means using optical, e.g. photographic, elements
Definitions
- the invention relates to a reel winder with a guide or contact roller assembly for handling a web of material whose peripheral surface at least partially forms a portion of a web path from a first position to a second position.
- EP 0 146 917 A2 shows a method for detecting the presence of transported goods on the lateral surface of a rotating transport body, in which an optical fiber arrangement is accommodated in the lateral surface of the transport body.
- the light guide arrangement has a forward and a return line.
- the forward line opens centrally into an end face of the transport body.
- the return line is eccentrically arranged so that it is able to transmit a signal to a arranged outside the end face of the transport body receiver with each revolution of the transport body.
- JP 59 203 907 A shows a device for controlling transported by a rotating cylinder cargo.
- This device includes a stationarily arranged light emitter, a stationarily arranged light receiver and arranged in the rotating cylinder light guide cable, one ends of the transport goods control point form and the other ends are guided without contact on the light transmitter and the light receiver.
- the other ends of the light guide are arranged in the cylinder axis and in the bearing of the stub shaft of the cylinder.
- DE 42 39 086 A1 shows a device for sheet control in rotating transport bodies of printing machines with a stationary light generator, a stationarily arranged light receiver with connected evaluation and arranged in the transport body fiber optic cables.
- the first ends of the fiber optic cable form the bow inspection point.
- the second ends of the light guide cables are guided without contact to the light transmitter and the light receiver.
- JP 02 107 902 A shows a web position detector which has a roller mounted projector cooperating with light receivers stationarily disposed radially outward of the roller.
- the projector is more or less covered by a track, so that photomultiplier tubes arranged in the light receivers and converting the optical signals into electrical signals can relatively accurately determine where the edge of the track passes.
- the invention will be described below with reference to a paper web as an example of a material web. But it is also applicable to other webs, which are handled in a similar manner.
- the invention will be further described in connection with a roll winding apparatus in which the roll is used as a contact roll on which a winding roll on or rests during winding. The roller is inserted between a feed section and a winding position.
- the invention is not limited to reel winder.
- the roll according to the invention can also be used as a guide roll wherever there are several partial webs cut from a material web.
- a paper web is produced virtually "endlessly". In order to be transported and handled, it must be wound up into bobbins. In many cases, the winding process is preceded by the machining cut of the longitudinal cutting. In slitting, a relatively wide paper web, which may currently have a width of up to about 10 m, is cut into several narrower paper webs whose width is in the range of 0.8 to about 3.8 m. Only such web widths are manageable by users, such as printers.
- a so-called Doppeltragwalzenwickler in which the web roll or even several web rolls lie side by side in a Wikkelbett, which is formed by two support rollers, of which at least one is driven.
- the tapered paper web wraps around the driven carrier roll and then runs on to the winding roll.
- a tension decoupling of the web from previous processing stations such as a slitting station, achieved.
- back-up roller winder in which the winder rollers are held in the region of their axis of rotation, for example on their winding tubes. They then rest with a certain pressure on the support roller. Again, the tapered web lies over a certain peripheral region of the support roller. The support roller then supports the web tension.
- a problem with winding such webs to bobbins is that the web can occasionally tear. Such cracks are not or only poorly predictable. In certain areas of the web path, you can see a break by measuring the tension there. From the time when the material web runs onto the contact roller, however, such a tensile stress measurement is relatively difficult with reasonable effort and without damaging the material web. However, the problem of web breakage also occurs there, i. directly on the contact roller. If the torn web continues to wind, i. is transported to the winding positions, but is not wound, there is a significant risk of destruction of components on the winding unit. In addition, the subsequent "tidying up" is relatively tedious and time consuming.
- the invention has for its object to determine a simple way of a tear of a web.
- the material web sensor simply determines whether or not the material web is applied in a predetermined manner to the guide or contact roller (hereinafter referred to as "contact roller” for short). If the operation is undisturbed, ie the web is not cracked, then you can determine this. In this case lies namely, the material web "properly", ie smooth, to the contact roller. The contact roller is then covered in a predetermined range of the material web. If, on the other hand, a break has occurred, then the conditions have changed accordingly. The material web sensor detects this error. This may consist in that just no material web rests on the contact roller or the excess material web material rests on the contact roller. In this case, the material web sensor can generate a signal for a control, for example the reel winding device, and for example trigger an emergency stop. A web break can be detected very close to the winding position.
- the material web sensor is designed as a non-contact, in particular optical sensor.
- a non-contact sensor does not stress the material web. He leaves no marks that could interfere with subsequent processing of the web.
- Touchless sensors can be formed in a variety of ways.
- a well-suited for the present application sensor is an optical sensor, because this can determine in a gentle, but well reproducible manner, whether a web lies on the contact roller or not.
- the sensor preferably generates a signal which changes periodically during rotation of the contact roller, at least in the event of a fault. This increases the reliability of the sensor. A periodically changing, so pulsating signal is easier to recognize. The probability that a faulty signal pulses in the same way is relatively low. In such a pulsating signal, although it is possible that the Web break is not detected immediately upon occurrence. However, the amount of material web tapered until the error is noticed is still tolerable.
- the senor In the case of a material web lying on the contact roller, the sensor preferably generates a signal of a first type and, in the case of a faulty material web, a signal of a second type, wherein the signals of the first and second types differ from one another.
- the signal is thus generated not only in the event of a fault, but also during normal operation. However, during normal operation the signal differs from the signal of the error case. This has the advantage that you can continuously monitor whether the sensor still works.
- the signal of the first type differs from the signal of the second type by its strength. If, for example, an optical signal is used, then the reflection behavior or the passage behavior of the material web will define the strength of the signal of the first type, while the reflection behavior of the contact roller or the then amplified or attenuated translucency behavior of a multi-layered or remote surface material will lie on the contact roller Material web determines the strength of the signal of the second type. This is a relatively easy way to make both signals distinguishable.
- the signal of the first type may differ from the signal of the second type by its time course. For example, you can achieve a constant signal in the error-free state while exploiting the reflection of the material web, while receiving a signal in the error state, which by differently reflecting sections on the Scope of the contact roller is generated. This is then no longer constant, but changes periodically.
- the signal of the second type has at least one peak in each revolution.
- This peak can be detected, for example, by means of a threshold or comparator to trigger a corresponding error signal.
- the senor has an encoder which is arranged in the surface of the contact roller.
- the transmitter may emit a beam of light or a plurality of parallel beams of light substantially in the radial direction, which may then be detected by an optical pickup. If the material web rests on the surface of the contact roller, then this light beam is attenuated, but possibly still recognizable. If the material web is missing, then the light beam strikes the pickup unhindered. If, in the event of a fault, another effect is evident and the web of material repeatedly wraps around the contact roller, then the light beam, which until then has been transmitted, is always covered and thus weakened, which can also be detected by the sensor.
- the encoder may be formed as an axially extending surface portion having a different reflection behavior than the remaining circumference of the contact roller. If a demolition occurs in this case, then each rotation of the contact roller will be a certain reflection to recognize, which can be evaluated. In this case, one does not even have to make sure that the surface of the material web has a different reflection behavior, because one exploits, that are provided on the circumference of the contact roller differently strong reflective areas. Thus, only the change of the reflection behavior is evaluated.
- the encoder can also be designed as a light source.
- the light source is installed directly in the contact roller. A beam of light must thus penetrate the web only once in the undisturbed case, which makes it easier to detect in many cases.
- the senor has a pick-up, which is arranged at a predetermined distance from the contact roller, wherein protective shields are provided, which at least partially bridge the distance.
- the pickup is thus arranged at a safe distance from the contact roller.
- the shields since they are opaque, protect against the interference of light sources in the neighborhood.
- the shields should preferably be flexible to minimize the risk of damage in case of failure.
- the senor is divided in the axial direction into a plurality of zones which are operable individually. You can then adjust the sensor to different widths of bobbins.
- the senor has at least two sections arranged distributed in the circumferential direction of the contact roller, one of which monitors a circumferential section of the contact roller which is covered by material web during operation, and another a peripheral section which is not covered by the material web during operation.
- one of the two sensors will definitely generate a different signal, either the one that used to be directed at the area covered by the material web. This could find that the web is missing. Or the other sensor notes that at one time a web is found on the previously uncovered surface of the contact roller. This appearance also indicates a mistake.
- FIG. 1 shows a roll winding device 1 with a winding position for a winding roll 2, which is formed from a tapered material web 3.
- the winding roll 2 lies in a winding bed 4, which is formed by two support rollers 5, 6, of which at least the support roller 5 is driven.
- a drive 7 is shown schematically.
- the material web 3 can pass through a cutting station 8 before winding, which is shown in dashed lines, because even uncut webs can be wound in the same manner. Furthermore, a web tension measuring device 9 is shown schematically, which determines the tension of the material web 3 before the cutting station 8. If this voltage suddenly decreases, then this indicates a web break and the winding device and especially the web feed can be stopped.
- the entire area in front of the first support roller 5 is referred to as Zuurerabites for simplicity.
- a material web sensor 10 is provided in the region of the peripheral portion of the support roller 5, which is covered by the material web 3. This is arranged in the present embodiment in the winding bed. But it can also be arranged laterally below the support roller 5.
- the web sensor 10 is shown in Fig. 2 in enlarged form.
- Fig. 2 shows that in the surface of the support roller 5, an axial groove 11 has been introduced, for example by milling.
- the axial groove 11 extends through the entire axial length of the support roller.
- a transparent protective tube 12 is placed, which surrounds a number of light sources 13, such as electric light bulbs or light emitting diodes, and their supply lines 14.
- the remaining free space of the groove is filled by a transparent material 15, for example a resin.
- the material 15 is then made flush again with the surface 5 'of the support roller 5.
- a pickup 16 is arranged, which also extends over the entire axial length of the support roller 5 and a plurality of photosensitive elements axially adjacent.
- the transducer 16 is attached to a cross member 17, which serves as a carrier.
- lines 18 may be laid, which forward the signals of the transducers to an evaluation not shown.
- the pickup 16 is arranged with a certain safety distance a to the surface 5 'of the support roller 5. Part of this distance a is covered by means of protective shields 19, 20.
- the shields are opaque so that no stray light can reach the sensor 16. On the other hand, they are flexible, so that they can escape in the event of a mistake and are thus not damaged.
- the light sources 13 are covered by the material web 3.
- the pickup 16 therefore receives in the error-free case, either no signal or a very weak signal and that when the web 3 is transparent to some degree. This relatively weak signal can be detected because the light source 13 rotates with the support roller 5.
- the directions of rotation of the winding roll 2 and the rollers are indicated by arrows 21-23. Accordingly, a pulsating or periodically changing light beam, which manifests itself in a corresponding electrical signal, results on the pickup 16. If the material web is not translucent, the pickup 16 receives no signal, as long as the corresponding area of the support roller 5 is covered by the material web 3.
- At least one of the light sources 13 radiates onto the pickup 16, which thus generates a signal for the control of the complete reel winding device 1, for example generates an emergency stop command.
- the material web 3 it may happen that in an outline of the material web 3 is not the surface 5 'of the support roller 5 is free, but the material web 3 wound around the support roller 5 in multiple layers. If the material web 3 is a light-permeable material web, then this effect can already be detected with the sensor 10 shown in FIG. In this case, namely, the periodically changing signal at the pickup 16 is getting weaker, because the increasing layers of the web 3 darken the light source 13 more and more.
- a further pickup assembly 24 at the region of the support roller 5, which is not normally covered by the material web 3, as shown in Fig. 1.
- the pickup 24 receives light from the light sources 13 at each revolution. When the light sources 13 are covered by the web 3, this signal will be off and the sensor 24 may generate a corresponding error signal.
- the angular position of the support roller 5 is synchronized with the pickup 16, that is, the pickup 16 only for receiving light or for the transmission of signals derived therefrom is ready when the light source 13 is located in an area in front of the pickup 16.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment which works with reflection.
- a reflective strip 25 is arranged in the support roller 5, more precisely on its surface 5 '.
- the strip 25 simply has a different reflection behavior than the remaining area of the surface 5 '.
- the light source 13 is now arranged in the carrier 17, in which the transducer 16 is located.
- the light source 13 may also have a reflector 26 in order to better direct the light on the support roller 5 can.
- a light beam is indicated by a dot-dash line 27.
- the reflective strip 25 is flush with the surface 5 'of the support roller 5.
- the light source 13 directs its light beam 27 onto the material web 3. From there, it is reflected onto the pickup 16, which obtains a steadily constant signal therefrom. If the material web 3 is translucent enough, the reflective strip 25 will be noticeable. In this case, however, the light 27 is damped twice, so that the pulsations generated thereby will be at most low.
- the beam of at least one of the light sources 13 on the reflective strip 25 is deflected into the pickup 16, which can then generate a signal for the control of the complete machine.
- This embodiment is advantageous in that now no more energy must be transferred to the rotating support roller.
- the sensor 10 in conjunction with a Doppeltragwalzenwickler. However, it is readily conceivable that the sensor also works with a back-up roll winder or another type of contact roll winder.
- the contact roller with sensor 10 can also be used (optionally with a smaller diameter) as a guide roller in another area in the production or treatment of a longitudinally cut paper web or other material web.
Landscapes
- Controlling Rewinding, Feeding, Winding, Or Abnormalities Of Webs (AREA)
- Replacement Of Web Rolls (AREA)
Claims (13)
- Dispositif d'enroulement sur rouleau comprenant un arrangement de cylindre conducteur ou de contact (5) pour la manipulation d'une bande de matière (3), dont la surface périphérique forme au moins partiellement une portion d'un chemin de défilement de la bande entre une première position et une deuxième position, caractérisé en ce qu'un capteur de bande de matière (10) est prévu sur le cylindre conducteur ou de contact (5).
- Arrangement selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le capteur de bande de matière (10) est réalisé sous la forme d'un capteur sans contact, notamment d'un capteur optique.
- Arrangement selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le capteur (10) génère un signal qui varie de manière périodique au moins en cas de défaut lors de la rotation du cylindre de contact (5).
- Arrangement selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le capteur (10), lorsque la bande de matière (3) est appliquée sur le cylindre de contact (5), génère un signal d'un premier type et, lorsque la bande de matière (3) est défectueuse, génère un signal d'un deuxième type, les signaux du premier et du deuxième type étant différents l'un de l'autre.
- Arrangement selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que le signal du premier type se différentie du signal du deuxième type par son intensité.
- Arrangement selon la revendication 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce que le signal du premier type se différentie du signal du deuxième type par son évolution dans le temps.
- Arrangement selon l'une des revendications 4 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le signal du deuxième type présente au moins une crête à chaque rotation.
- Arrangement selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que le capteur (10) présente un codeur (13, 25) qui est disposé dans la surface (5') du cylindre de contact (5).
- Arrangement selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que le codeur est réalisé sous la forme d'une portion de surface (25) s'étendant dans le sens axial qui présente un autre comportement de réflexion que le reste de la périphérie du cylindre de contact (5).
- Arrangement selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que le codeur (13) est réalisé sous la forme d'une source de lumière.
- Arrangement selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que le capteur (10) présente un détecteur (16) qui est disposé à une distance (a) prédéfinie par rapport au cylindre de contact (5), des écrans de protection (19, 20) étant prévus, lesquels enjambent au moins partiellement la distance (a).
- Arrangement selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que le capteur (10) est divisé dans le sens axial en plusieurs zones qui peuvent être utilisées individuellement.
- Arrangement selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que le capteur (10) présente au moins deux sections réparties dans le sens périphérique du cylindre de contact (5) dont l'une surveille une section périphérique du cylindre de contact (5) qui est recouverte par la bande de matière (3) pendant le fonctionnement et une autre une section périphérique qui n'est pas recouverte par la bande de matière pendant le fonctionnement.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE1999144958 DE19944958C2 (de) | 1999-09-20 | 1999-09-20 | Leit- oder Kontaktwalzenanordnung zum Handhaben einer Materialbahn, insbesondere in einer Rollenwickelvorrichtung |
DE19944958 | 1999-09-20 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1084976A2 EP1084976A2 (fr) | 2001-03-21 |
EP1084976A3 EP1084976A3 (fr) | 2002-09-18 |
EP1084976B1 true EP1084976B1 (fr) | 2006-02-15 |
Family
ID=7922606
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP20000118550 Expired - Lifetime EP1084976B1 (fr) | 1999-09-20 | 2000-08-26 | Cylindre conducteur ou contacteur pour la manipulation de matériau en bande, en particulier dans un dispositif d'enroulement de bande |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1084976B1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE19944958C2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1310153A1 (fr) * | 2001-11-09 | 2003-05-14 | Lely Enterprises AG | Méthode pour l'enveloppement d'objets, notamment des balles rondes agricoles |
EP1310154B1 (fr) * | 2001-11-09 | 2007-12-19 | Welger Maschinenfabrik GmbH | Dispositif pour envelopper des corps, en particulier des balles agricoles |
FI117171B (fi) | 2004-04-07 | 2006-07-14 | Metso Paper Inc | Menetelmä ja laitteisto rullauksen hallitsemiseksi |
DE102005000180A1 (de) * | 2005-12-12 | 2007-06-14 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Leit- oder Kontaktwalzenanordnung zum Handhaben einer Materialbahn |
DE102006046686A1 (de) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-03 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Verfahren zum Erzeugen einer Verbindungsstelle an einer Wickelrolle und Vorrichtung zum Aufwickeln einer Materialbahn zu einer Wickelrolle |
FI122537B (fi) * | 2009-11-05 | 2012-03-15 | Metso Paper Inc | Menetelmä ja laitteisto rainamaisen materiaalin pituusleikkauksen ohjaamiseksi |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1047743B (de) * | 1956-02-27 | 1958-12-31 | Dornier Gmbh Lindauer | Sichtgeraet fuer laufende Gewebebahnen |
DE1095249B (de) * | 1956-05-05 | 1960-12-22 | Dornier Gmbh Lindauer | Sichtgeraet fuer die Beobachtung laufender Gewebebahnen mittels Fernsehgeraeten |
DE1499064B2 (de) * | 1966-10-31 | 1971-04-08 | Eduard Küsters Maschinenfabrik. 4150Krefeld | Vorrichtung zur bestimmung der seitlichen bahnlage elektrisch leitender wahrenbahnen |
CH568226A5 (fr) * | 1973-08-23 | 1975-10-31 | Sig Schweiz Industrieges | |
DE3240825C2 (de) * | 1982-11-05 | 1985-06-20 | Maschinenfabrik Alfred Schmermund Gmbh & Co, 5820 Gevelsberg | Vorrichtung zur Kontrolle der Anwesenheit einer Warenbahn |
JPS59203907A (ja) * | 1983-05-02 | 1984-11-19 | Kyoto Denso:Kk | 回転体に接離する被検体の検出装置 |
DE3346347A1 (de) * | 1983-12-22 | 1985-07-18 | Leuze electronic GmbH + Co, 7311 Owen | Verfahren zum erkennen des vorhandenseins von transportgut auf der mantelflaeche eines rotierenden transportkoerpers |
JPH02107902A (ja) * | 1988-10-15 | 1990-04-19 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ウェブ位置検出装置 |
DE4130679C2 (de) * | 1991-09-14 | 1994-02-24 | Roland Man Druckmasch | Vorrichtung zum Verhindern von Druckwerkschäden |
DE4239086C2 (de) * | 1992-11-20 | 1998-07-30 | Kba Planeta Ag | Einrichtung zur Bogenkontrolle in rotierenden Transportkörpern von Druckmaschinen |
-
1999
- 1999-09-20 DE DE1999144958 patent/DE19944958C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2000
- 2000-08-26 EP EP20000118550 patent/EP1084976B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-08-26 DE DE50012219T patent/DE50012219D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1084976A3 (fr) | 2002-09-18 |
DE19944958C2 (de) | 2002-02-07 |
DE50012219D1 (de) | 2006-04-20 |
DE19944958A1 (de) | 2001-04-05 |
EP1084976A2 (fr) | 2001-03-21 |
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