EP1063033B1 - Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Werkstücks aus Metall, wie ein Teil eines Fahrzeugrads, und entsprechendes Rad - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Werkstücks aus Metall, wie ein Teil eines Fahrzeugrads, und entsprechendes Rad Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1063033B1
EP1063033B1 EP00112143A EP00112143A EP1063033B1 EP 1063033 B1 EP1063033 B1 EP 1063033B1 EP 00112143 A EP00112143 A EP 00112143A EP 00112143 A EP00112143 A EP 00112143A EP 1063033 B1 EP1063033 B1 EP 1063033B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wheel
rim
stage
manufacturing process
process according
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP00112143A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1063033A1 (de
Inventor
Gilles Grillon
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Michelin Recherche et Technique SA Switzerland
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA France
Societe de Technologie Michelin SAS
Original Assignee
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA Switzerland
Michelin Recherche et Technique SA France
Societe de Technologie Michelin SAS
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/007—Semi-solid pressure die casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B21J5/004—Thixotropic process, i.e. forging at semi-solid state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/28—Making machine elements wheels; discs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
    • C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
    • C21D7/06—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface by shot-peening or the like
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/47—Burnishing
    • Y10T29/479—Burnishing by shot peening or blasting

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a metal part, such as that a wheel part intended for the running of a vehicle, and such a wheel.
  • the invention applies in particular to a metal wheel part such as a wheel disc, which is made of a light metal, such as aluminum, magnesium, or a metal allowing substantial lightening, such as titanium, or which is made of an alloy of one of these metals.
  • Wheel discs made of a metal alloy, such as aluminum, are usually manufactured by a forging process or by a molding process.
  • the first method cited if it usually provides discs having satisfactory mechanical and aesthetic characteristics, has the major drawback to involve a high cost of implementation.
  • This thixotropic state can be characterized by a alloy structure which comprises a non-dendritic primary phase, which consists of globules or nodules of substantially spherical shape.
  • EP-A-7 10 515 for the description of such a molding process from a thixotropic and semi-solid alloy, and of a mold for the implementation of this process.
  • thixoforming This shaping process is often referred to by the generic term of thixoforming, which includes both the principle of pressure molding (also called thixomolding) and principle of molding / forging on a vertical machine (also called thixoforgging).
  • the wheel discs shaped by this molding process have in particular the following advantages, precisely because of the aforementioned metallographic state of the alloy which can be defined by globules of reduced size (generally less than 120 ⁇ m) and distributed in a practically uniform manner.
  • These discs can have a reduced thickness and, consequently, a lightening increased, compared to discs obtained from alloys molded in another state.
  • the aim of the present invention is to propose a manufacturing process a metal wheel intended for driving a vehicle, said wheel comprising a wheel disc and a rim, or of a wheel part, said wheel part consisting of a metal disc of a wheel or a metallic rim which consists, in an initial stage, in shaping said wheel or part of a wheel by means of a metallic material having a thixotropic structure and a semi-solid state, which is such that said part has properties mechanical and lightening improved compared to those mentioned above.
  • the core temperature of said wheel or wheel part is about 450 ° C.
  • Reheating is advantageously carried out for a period of between 1 hour and 10 a.m.
  • the tempering is advantageously carried out at a temperature of 170 ° C.
  • said method consists in using, to implement said initial step forming, an alloy based on a metal belonging to the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, silver, tin, lead and antimony.
  • An aluminum-based alloy is advantageously used, such as an alloy comprising in addition between 6.5% and 7.5% of silicon, and between 0.5% and 0.6% of magnesium by weight.
  • Such an aluminum-based alloy has the advantage of minimizing the phenomenon of corrosion.
  • said initial shaping step consists into a thixoforming, which can be either a thixomoulding or a rheomolding.
  • the thixomolding process comprises a first step which consists in filling a mold with thixotropic metallic material in the semi-solid state, and a second step which consists in compacting this material under a high pressure in the mold, for example of around 100 MPa.
  • said method consists in implementing quenching followed by tempering for said structural hardening step.
  • At least one operation of said cold treatment step consists in using for said projectiles corundum grains of size between 75 and 150 ⁇ m.
  • At least one operation of said step cold treatment consists in using for said projectiles glass microbeads.
  • At least one operation of said step cold treatment consists in using for said projectiles steel shot or cast iron of size between 200 and 800 ⁇ m.
  • said initial shaping step consists in shaping a wheel intended for running a vehicle, said wheel comprising a wheel disc and a rim, so that said wheel constitutes said metal part manufactured, and said cold treatment step consists of treating by said impacts of projectiles all or part of at least one face of said disc and / or said rim.
  • said initial shaping step consists in shaping part of a wheel intended for driving a vehicle, said part of wheel being consisting of a wheel disc or rim, such that said wheel part constitutes said fabricated metal part, and said cold treatment step consists in treat by said projectile impacts all or part of at least one face of said disc or of said rim.
  • a wheel according to the invention intended for running a vehicle which comprises a rim on which is fixed, for example by welding, a metal disc, is such that said disc metallic is obtained by the manufacturing process defined in one of claims preceding.
  • a method of manufacturing a metal part according to a first embodiment of the invention consists, in a first step 10, in shaping said part by thixomolding of a metallic material having a structure thixotropic and a semi-solid state then, in an optional second step, to be submitted said shaped part to a structural hardening, then, in a third step 30, to be treated at least part of said part by projectile impacts.
  • a second embodiment of the method according to the invention consists in implementing a first step 110 identical or similar to the aforementioned step 10, to then implement a second step 120 consisting of a stamping of the part thus fashioned, to then implement a third step 130 optional structural hardening different from said step 20, then to be implemented a fourth step 140 of cold treatment by projectile impacts which is identical or similar to said step 30.
  • an aluminum-based alloy is used.
  • said alloy is then an alloy belonging to the aluminum / silicon family.
  • the metal alloy to be injected has previously been brought into a firstly, to a thixotropic metallographic structure then, secondly, to a semi-solid state.
  • said first step is implemented by submitting billets of this alloy to electromagnetic induction stirring, in accordance with method and corresponding device described in European patent document EP-A-439 981, for obtaining thixotropic billets.
  • the said billets are then heated by induction at a temperature T (° C) which is such that: T fe ⁇ T ⁇ T fe + 10, where T fe is the melting temperature of the eutectic (which is equal to 577 ° C for said alloy A-S7G0.6 preferably used).
  • the thixotropy of the alloy injected into the mold is such that the size maximum of the globules which characterize it is less than 120 ⁇ m.
  • the molded material is allowed to cool until a solid state is obtained, then immediately proceeds to demolding. This gives the metal part which is shaped according to the mold footprint.
  • step 20 (optional) of this first mode of implementation work of the process of the invention, one proceeds, preferably immediately after said demolding, to a structural hardening consisting successively of a quenching of said piece and an income from it.
  • said quenching which is carried out by means of a suitable fluid such as water and which lasts a few seconds, said fluid is maintained at a temperature between 30 and 60 ° C, preferably between 30 and 40 ° C.
  • the said income it is carried out at a temperature of 170 ° C. and for 6 hours.
  • thermo and treatment time parameters that are used for the structural hardening of a part are suitable for obtaining a torque of resistance / ductility characteristics of given values.
  • the metal part obtained following the second step 20 by cold plastic deformation in subjecting it at room temperature to projectile impacts.
  • projectile impacts are for example obtained by a device 1 for emitting projectiles 2, the structure of which is shown in a simplified manner in FIG. 2.
  • This device 1 comprises at least one inlet 3a connected upstream to a hopper 4 of storage of projectiles 2, and which comprises at least one outlet 3b for the emission of jets J.
  • the device 1 is of the suction type of the air contained in hopper 4 so as to create a depression therein, and it is known as "Giffard".
  • the device 1 shown in this exemplary embodiment includes a first flexible pipe 5a, the ends of which respectively form the inlet 3a and the outlet 3b.
  • the inlet 3a is connected to the lower part of the hopper 4, and it has an air intake P provided with a means R for adjusting the intake air flow.
  • a second compressed air supply pipe 5b (arrow A) is connected to said outlet 3b at upstream of it.
  • the air supplied by this pipe 5b is intended to project through said outlet 3b the projectiles 2 which are permanently extracted from the bottom of the hopper 4 (arrow A), by setting depression of said hopper 4.
  • a regulator 5c of the compressed air flow and, consequently, of the grain projection rate, is mounted on said pipe 5b.
  • a device 1 other than that shown could be used in Fig. 2, for example of the type creating gravity, overpressure, direct pressure at the inside of the hopper 7 or of the turbine machine type provided for mechanically projecting the projectiles 2.
  • a device 1 of the ultrasonic type or electromagnetic to accelerate the particles or to put them in intense vibration against the part to be treated, or of the explosion type or generating a laser shock.
  • projectiles 2 were used which consist of grains of brown corundum (aluminum oxide especially loaded with titanium). More specifically, the composition of the brown corundum which was used is the following, expressed in mass contents: Al 2 O 3 89% to 94% TiO 2 2% to 4% SiO 2 0.4% to 1.5% Fe 2 O 3 1.5% to 3.5% CaO + MgO 0.3% to 0.5% Na 2 O + K 2 O 0.01% to 0.02% Magnetic parts less than 4%.
  • the grains 2 had a size between 75 and 150 ⁇ m and a shape angular.
  • a compressed air pressure of 4 bar was used for the propulsion of the grains 2 via the pipe 5b and the nozzle 6a, a direction of projection substantially normal to the face 7a of the disc 7 to be treated, and a projection distance of 100 mm relative to said face 1a.
  • projectiles 2 for example grains 2 of white corundum (crystallized aluminum oxide) in place of said brown corundum or ceramic, or dry glass microbeads or wet, or steel or cast iron shot of medium size between 200 and 800 ⁇ m, preferably equal to 400 ⁇ m.
  • white corundum crystalstallized aluminum oxide
  • dry glass microbeads or wet or steel or cast iron shot of medium size between 200 and 800 ⁇ m, preferably equal to 400 ⁇ m.
  • projectiles 2 coated or not the material, mass, shape and dimensions are suitable for providing stress thermo-mechanical of the surface to be treated so as to subject it to a stress of compression to a given degree and depth, and / or to provide control over the surface condition (roughness, folds, for example), and / or to impart an aesthetic appearance determined at said treated surface (gloss, reflectance, diffusance, satin effect, color, especially).
  • this step 30 of cold treatment by projectile impact 2 can be performed in one or more operations.
  • the projection conditions such as projectile speed 2, angle of attack and coverage rate, are adapted to each operation to obtain the aforementioned results.
  • the second stamping step 120 which is implemented after molding according to step 110 is of the type which has been described in the European patent document EP-A- 119 365. More specifically, the core temperature of the molded part is approximately 450 ° C (between 400 and 500 ° C) during the stamping operation, i.e. during pressing of said molded part between the two shells of the die.
  • the third step 130 of structural hardening of the molded and stamped part consists, firstly, of a reheating which is intended to put the magnesium of said alloy A-S7G0,6 in solid substitution solution in aluminum then, in a second time, in quenching followed by tempering in the same manner as in step 20 of said first fashion.
  • This reheating is carried out for a period of between 1 hour and 10 hours, and at a temperature between 520 ° C and 540 ° C for the aforementioned solid solution.
  • the purpose of quenching in this case is to keep the magnesium in solid solution supersaturated in aluminum, while said income is intended to create a fine precipitation magnesium in aluminum, thus completing the desired structural hardening.
  • step 140 of this second mode it is analogous to said step 30 of the first mode, as indicated above.
  • a first witness D1 consists of a thixotropic structure disc molded according to the invention, but not having undergone the impact treatment of step 30 or 140.
  • a second witness D2 consists of a disc made of a wrought and forged alloy known under the name 6082T6 (European standard NF EN 573-3), that is to say comprising in particular aluminum, magnesium and silicon, this alloy having been put in solid solution, quenched and tempered. As with the first witness, this second witness did not undergone impact treatment.
  • the fatigue limit L f (in MPa) was estimated in rotary bending for a number of cycles equal to 6. 10 6 .
  • each disc was determined by taking as the reference thickness e 0 the thickness of an analog reference disc.
  • This reference disc consists of an aluminum-based alloy A-S7G0.3 Y33 according to standard NF A / 02-004, and it was obtained by a “shell molding” process, also known under the name of low-pressure molding by a person skilled in the art.
  • FIG. 3 There is shown in FIG. 3 an example of assembly on a rim 8 of a disc 7 constituting an example of a metal part manufactured by a method of the invention, for obtaining a wheel 9.
  • the rim 8 is for example made of a light metal, such as aluminum or magnesium, or an alloy of such a light metal, or any other material known to provide satisfactory lightening and endurance.
  • This rim 8 can also be made of iron or an iron-based alloy.
  • this assembly is carried out by welding known as designation MIG, i.e. with arc under inert gas, such as argon, and with contribution of metal. It will be noted that this type of welding is favored by the thixotropic structure of the disc 7.
  • wheel profiles 9 different from that shown. in Fig. 3.
  • a disc profile 7 such as that sold. under the name Full Face TM
  • a rim profile 8 such as that marketed under the name PAX TM or under the name Single TM, for example.
  • the initial shaping step 10, 110 is not limited to the molding of a wheel disc 7 only, but may also relate to the molding of the assembly of a wheel 9 constituted a disc 7 and a rim 8, so that the part finally obtained by said process is constituted by said wheel 9.
  • the cold treatment step 30, 140 consists in treating by projectile impacts 2 all or part of at least one face 7a of the disc 7 and / or of the rim 8.
  • the step initial shaping 10, 110 could consist of shaping a rim 8 (i.e. one or the other part 7, 8 of a wheel 9) in place of said disc 7, so that the part finally obtained by the process of the invention is constituted by the molded rim 8.
  • the cold treatment step 30, 140 consists in treating by projectile impacts 2 all or part of at least one face of said rim 8.
  • said face 7a can advantageously be that which is intended to be find the side of the interior of the wheel 9, because of the non-smooth appearance of this treated face 7a.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines metallischen Rades (9), das für das Fahren eines Fahrzeuges vorgesehen ist, wobei das Rad eine Radscheibe (7) und eine Felge (8) umfaßt, oder eines Radteiles (7, 8), wobei das Radteil aus einer metallischen Radscheibe (7) oder einer metallischen Felge (8) besteht, wobei das Verfahren in einem ersten Schritt 110) die Formung des Rades oder des Radteils (7, 8, 9) aus einem metallischen Material umfaßt, das eine thixotrope Struktur und einen halbfesten Zustand aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es außerdem die folgenden späteren Schritte umfaßt:
    (i) das geformte Rad (9) oder Radteil (7, 8) wird nach dem ersten Schritt einem Warmpressschritt (120) unterzogen, der so durchgeführt wird, dass die Temperatur im Kern des Rades oder des Radteils (7, 8, 9) während des Warmpressens im Bereich von 400 bis 500 °C liegt,
    (ii) mindestens eine Seite (7a) oder ein Teil mindestens einer Seite (7a) der Scheibe und/oder der Felge (8) des Rades (9) oder Radteils (7, 8), das unter (i) erhalten wurde, wird während eines Kaltbehandlungsschrittes (140) für ihre/seine plastische Verformung dem Aufprall von Projektilen ausgesetzt.
  2. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Kerntemperatur des Rades oder des Radteiles (7, 8, 9) während des Warmpressschrittes (i) bei etwa 450 °C liegt.
  3. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das geformte und warmgepresste Rad oder Radteil in einem Zwischenschritt (130) zwischen den Schritten (i) und (ii) einem Ausscheidungshärten unterzogen wird, das folgendermaßen durchgeführt wird:
    Wiedererwärmen auf eine Temperatur im Bereich von 520 bis 540°C, anschließend
    Abschrecken, das mit Hilfe eines Fluids durchgeführt wird, das bei einer Temperatur gehalten wird, die im Bereich von 30 bis 60 °C liegt, dann
    Anlassen.
  4. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Wiedererwärmen über einen Zeitraum durchgeführt wird, der im Bereich von 1 bis 10 h liegt.
  5. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Anlassen bei einer Temperatur von 170°C durchgeführt wird.
  6. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für die Durchführung des ersten, aus der Formgebung bestehenden Schritts (110) eine Legierung auf der Basis eines Metalls verwendet wird, das zur der Gruppe gehört, die aus Aluminium, Magnesium, Titan, Eisen, Chrom, Cobalt, Nickel, Kupfer, Zink, Silber, Zinn, Blei und Antimon besteht.
  7. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Legierung eine Legierung auf Aluminiumbasis ist.
  8. Herstellungsverfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Legierung außerdem 6,5 bis 7,5 Gew.-% Silicium und 0,5 bis 0,6 Gew.-% Magnesium enthält.
  9. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens ein Arbeitsgang des Kaltbehandlungschrittes (ii) (140) darin besteht, Korundkörnchen mit einer Größe, die im Bereich von 75 bis 150 µm liegt, als Projektile (2) zu verwenden.
  10. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens ein Arbeitsgang des Kaltbehandlungschrittes (ii) (140) darin besteht, Mikrokugeln aus Glas als Projektile (2) zu verwenden.
  11. Herstellungsverfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens ein Arbeitsgang des Kaltbehandlungschrittes (ii) (140) darin besteht, Körner aus Stahl oder Gußeisen, deren Größe im Bereich von 200 bis 800 µm liegt, als Projektile (2) zu verwenden.
EP00112143A 1999-06-08 2000-06-06 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Werkstücks aus Metall, wie ein Teil eines Fahrzeugrads, und entsprechendes Rad Expired - Lifetime EP1063033B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9907519A FR2794669A1 (fr) 1999-06-08 1999-06-08 Procede de fabrication d'une piece metallique, telle qu'une partie de roue destinee au roulage d'un vehicule, et une telle roue
FR9907519 1999-06-08
CA002325786A CA2325786A1 (fr) 1999-06-08 2000-11-27 Procede de fabrication d'une piece metallique, telle qu'une partie de roue destinee au roulage d'un vehicule, et une telle roue

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1063033A1 EP1063033A1 (de) 2000-12-27
EP1063033B1 true EP1063033B1 (de) 2004-09-29

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EP00112143A Expired - Lifetime EP1063033B1 (de) 1999-06-08 2000-06-06 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Werkstücks aus Metall, wie ein Teil eines Fahrzeugrads, und entsprechendes Rad

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Country Link
US (1) US6372063B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1063033B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2001191160A (de)
AT (1) ATE277702T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2325786A1 (de)
DE (1) DE60014243T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2228346T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2794669A1 (de)

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JP4714731B2 (ja) * 2004-02-27 2011-06-29 ツェーテーエス ファーツォイク ダッハジステーム ゲーエムベーハー 回動リンク、センタリンク及びリアレールに共通の回動点を有し、マグネシウムを射出成型してなるコンバーティブルトップスタック
JP4800294B2 (ja) * 2004-02-27 2011-10-26 ツェーテーエス ファーツォイク ダッハジステーム ゲーエムベーハー コンバーティブルトップ、コンバーティブルトップの製造方法、およびトップスタック
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JP5556108B2 (ja) * 2009-09-25 2014-07-23 トヨタ自動車株式会社 半溶融金属の鋳造方法、及び半溶融金属の鋳造装置
US8840739B2 (en) * 2010-09-16 2014-09-23 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy article surfaces
JP5649213B2 (ja) 2010-11-08 2015-01-07 株式会社泉精器製作所 電気かみそりの外刃および内刃の製造方法
CN102189492A (zh) * 2011-04-22 2011-09-21 中国第一汽车集团公司 乘用车钢制车轮抛丸工艺
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CN110249062B (zh) * 2017-02-02 2021-10-19 蒂森克虏伯钢铁欧洲股份公司 用于以板材构建方式生产车轮的方法
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FR2794669A1 (fr) 2000-12-15
DE60014243T2 (de) 2005-08-25
ES2228346T3 (es) 2005-04-16
US6372063B1 (en) 2002-04-16
CA2325786A1 (fr) 2002-05-27
DE60014243D1 (de) 2004-11-04
EP1063033A1 (de) 2000-12-27
JP2001191160A (ja) 2001-07-17
ATE277702T1 (de) 2004-10-15

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