EP1036884A2 - Deflecting device for avalanches with inclined surface areas - Google Patents

Abstract

The structure is for protecting an object (1) and diverting material rolling into a valley, e.g. snow, scree or rockfalls, away from it. It comprises two nets (F1, F2) of steel cable which are anchored to a point (A) above the object and fill the length and breadth of the valley in a tent shape

Description

The invention is concerned with the protection of objects such as hotels or cabins in Zones at risk of avalanches, especially high-altitude research stations or regular whereabouts of visitors.

Avalanche protection has been tried and tested over many years, and avalanche barriers, which are designed as transverse snow fences or safety fences, are used for protection against rolling avalanches in the avalanche starting area, for example according to DE 74 07 622 U1 , which describes a safety fence tensioned from elastic ropes, which describes is reinforced with an additional center column, but is oriented in any case transversely to the avalanche direction or slope direction. Such a snow fence is a barrier that tries to counteract movements of the snow thickness above the barrier directly by trying to stow it well and fasten it from many sides with tension cables. In the same way, other suggestions for snow fences are made, such as DE 29 19 582 C2 , in which a safety mat is used, which is arranged vertically upright on the slope directly across the flow direction of the avalanche. The safety mat has crosswise (elastic) bands, which correspond to the elastic ropes of the above-mentioned script. Here too, attempts are made to master the snow thicknesses by simply blocking their weight or their force. So also DE 22 49 696 C3 , which proposes as a safety fence or snow fence a stretched flexible web made of a polyester fabric with a polyvinyl chloride sheathing between two posts. The posts are correspondingly attached to pegs by anchoring running in several directions and anchoring wires.

The object of the invention is to provide a protective structure that can be manufactured more cost-effectively and in particular requires a minimum of foundations to be concreted. The invention also does not neglect the aspect of environmental protection, so that the protective structure to be created should offer an at least appealing aesthetic appearance and should blend harmoniously into the landscape in terms of its appearance.

This is achieved with a protective sheeting according to claim 1. Also achieved can be with a method according to claim 33 or 37, which is the flexibly controlled (or guided) derivation of triggered Volumes, how to deal with avalanches.

The starting point of the invention is the consideration that a mere barrier effect with a transverse structure is insufficient in the case of large volumes and leads to walls or fences that are no longer portable Avalanche-prone zones, especially where critical slopes (um about 40 °) prevent the snow from slipping and still have large accumulation levels in the Cause flow (flow).

The invention therefore wants the volume masses rolling to the valley Masses of snow, mud or rubble, or rockfalls, not alone block, but deflected flexibly controlled to the side to deflect in Shadow area of the deflection zone an at least one-sided protective effect to be able to develop. To this end, the invention uses itself from a first anchor point extending, essentially closed surface area (e), which extends over the Increasingly raise the slope and extend or extend sideways towards the valley (Claim 1). This creates the possibility that the at least one sublime and flexible surface area is extended and widened down the valley and thereby is inclined twice, once laterally opposite the straight valley direction and once downwards with regard to its height.

Such a flexible protective structure has one in two areas wedge-shaped plan and a wedge-shaped elevation. Your side faces offer that moving masses large deflection moments, not by massive construction, but be made possible by an elastic configuration of the surfaces (claim 33, 34). The pressure forces of an triggered avalanche are at least partially affected by the inclined surface area that extends and widens towards the valley added. This results in a change in shape, at least one Area to a ploughshare-like shape with increasing avalanche pressure trains automatically (claim 37). The ploughshare shape allows the controlled or Guided derivation of the avalanche arms (s) running on one or two sides below strong reduction of the traffic jam effect and increase of the tax and management effect, away from the object to be protected, which is in the center of the axis of the avalanche barrier at the valley end (claim 13), here referred to as "casting shadows", beneath a built-in opening - created on two surfaces - a protected one Location reached for the object.

The invention therefore does not work with an initially massive protective shoring already in the initial zones of the avalanche strike area, but at least leaves yours a protective and avalanche-guiding surface area from the anchor point starting to get wider, longer and higher (claim 3). Such a construction requires lower construction costs, requires less effort in concrete Foundations and allows the visually appealing fitting of a so formed (one-sided) umbrella or badger or saddle roof in an area prone to avalanche, directly above the object to be protected.

The upper edges of the lateral surface areas run with a weaker one Slope as the average slope towards the object to be protected below the protective structure (claim 2). This results in a steady increasing height of the surface areas.

In the area where the top two edges of the surface areas meet a roof area can be designed in the manner of a gable roof shape (claim 3, 4), so that the top of the protective structure formed blunt, especially initially triangular widening (claim 3) and then converging triangular is formed (claim 4).

Ropes are used to build up the surface areas are (claims 26, 27 and 10, 16, 17 and 15). The structure with net-like Geometry from ropes, especially steel ropes, offers elastic flexibility of the surface areas that contribute to their shape in the manner of a self-regulation Avalanches change, towards increasingly steeper areas that caused by a stronger curvature or a greater curvature of the surfaces (Claim 9, Claim 28).

Between the nodes of the network structure of the surface areas - At least in larger areas, preferably on essentially the whole Network structure - surface-forming elements, especially (textile) membranes arranged so that a flat structure arises from the reticulated structure. A Sliding coating of the surface improves the dissipative effect of the surfaces and reduces the congestion effect on the protective structure caused by static forces is collected (claim 5, claim 17).

A main cable bundle starts from the first (upper) anchor point A (claim 16), that at the valley end point of the surface areas in two valley spaced and the anchoring ropes underneath the protective structure, which are divided into two find further rock anchors. The cable bundle is static required geometry mostly a parabola and a gable roof, if necessary follows this shape in the upper blunt area. The point of deflection is the upper end of a girder supported backwards on the slope (pylon), the lower uppermost End of the protective structure is supported on a slope-side foot point (claim 4).

In the side areas specified in this way, the main supporting elements are straight, pre-tensioned ropes are provided, starting from the main rope bundle to near the ground Edge ropes are stretched. The edge ropes (eaves) close to the ground also go from the first, upper anchor point A and end in spaced anchor points B, C, about at the base D of the post-like beam and are in the course of their Anchored one, two or more times at further intermediate anchor points in order to to form arcuate structures (claim 25). Form the arched structures Passage areas below that according to the tile-like occupancy of the network structure sealed surface areas so that rubble can pass and maintenance the functionality of the protective structure does not clear the mountain side Areas required. Accumulated rubble or rock largely passes through the gap that is formed by the arcuate structure of the eaves between the Slope surface and the surface areas forms.

Because of the minimal rock anchoring required and the strong Reduced length or size of foundations creates only a fraction of the cost of a rigid avalanche barrier.

Additional protective measures can be used, so a facility for Generation of vibrations, especially in the area of the post-like beam (Claim 24) to accumulate snow on the roof-shaped Loosen protective sheeting and make it roll.

Starting from the anchor point, extending and widening to the valley extending two surface areas, in particular also with the gable roof Additional surface area, form a span of a wedge-shaped area and with it a roof. The span or roofing of the vertical Avalanche direction largely prevents snow from being deposited in it Area. The wind-related snow shipment will cover the snow from the roof rather remove and the slope of the roof is mostly for natural slipping Ensure snow masses, so that the roof at least in the lower areas Can be kept free even in the case of heavy snow in the opening area. In addition, the roof construction benefits from the fact that it is compared to the typical Wind flow directions have only obtuse angles and without one Stopping a further transport of the snow is made possible, so that the tendency to snow deposits in the area of the roof due to wind freight only extremely is low.

Due to the hollow structure (claim 8), the roof shape is inside with an airbag membrane fillable, which is due to an internal, closed and braced Inner membrane can be realized with a breathing pressure compensation function. The pressure compensation function can regulate excess pressure to Maintain ambient pressure, possibly supported with pressure boosting components (Claims 18). With the trained like an intelligent pillow Inner membrane can be a self-regulating counterforce to absorb stronger Impulse forces are provided. The impulse forces caused by the sudden event of an avalanche are not introduced into the statics, but at least partially absorbed by the self-regulating counterforce.

The protective structure still offers even in the event of exceptional avalanche events adequate protection because a large part of the avalanche core is protected by the objects to be protected can be guided away, even if the remains of an exceptionally large avalanche Protection overflow still overflow.

The overflow process is a condition that spreads over a large width extending roof structure can also meet if there are several Line up areas across the slope and only weakly raise. A wavy surface is then achieved, which can be used as a gallery or Roof structure can be built over linear objects (such as roads) and Volume flows are derived from these linear objects, that is, through them be passed over (claim 31, claim 32). To train such Area ropes are used, the elastic compliance of the Enable roof construction. Below the end of the roof are pull ropes in Foundations anchored while essentially vertical at the end of the roof oriented bearers take on a supporting function, preferably at regular intervals. There is always a girder and a pull rope alternately along the lower edge the gallery sheeting so that even long distances can be bridged. A Such a roof structure can be thought of as several spaced triangular patches of two each only slightly uplifting areas, extending and widening to valley extend in a directed manner, the respective ones arranged above the protected object first anchor points have a greater distance than the lower corner points of the Areas that complement each other to form a continuous line. In the still open permanent triangular areas are oriented in the opposite direction triangular patches from two areas also arranged, the also have slope-side second anchor points, each of which is preferably somewhat lower are arranged as the first anchor points.

Controlled by a pressure surge or volume movement Such pressure-building elements can also form such wedge-shaped areas Inflate or inflate the protective structure before triggering the Pressure build-up element spread substantially flat on the slope were spread out. This surge-like structure function (claim 29) goes from one avalanche protection that initially does not exist, protective sheeting rising above the slope, if actually Volume movements are detected, for which a sensor, in particular a flow or Pressure sensor can be used (claim 30), which is preferably above the protruding inflating protective structure is arranged.

The design elements and the less intrusive effect on the Environment. Due to the network-like structure, there are large gaps in the Side surfaces are initially completely transparent and after covering with surface-forming Elements may still be transparent, in some cases also visually appealing or usable as photovoltaic elements or with thermal insulation accidental, to form a tempered interior, using the Solar energy through the greenhouse effect.

Any dismantling required would be limited to removing the moving parts without having to tear down foundations. To preserve the protective structure suffices to separate (damaged) tile-shaped elements exchange.

The construction principle is simultaneous in the context of an architectural design appealing and functional. It can go directly into the object to be protected be integrated, e.g. through a special shape in the roof and Facade area, especially in the context of a one-sided arrangement of one area extending obliquely downward to the valley, which in the course of its Downward movement extends laterally, to derive the masses, as also inclined in the height direction to the valley to act as a one-sided ploughshare-like effect fluidic function and the associated protective effect for the to provide integrated object. The integrated solution can in particular Form case in the roof and facade area for new, extension and renovation measures be used.

The interior, created by the one-sided surface or attached to an object offers two surface areas that are joined together to form a wedge Possibility of use for residential, stay and event purposes, for example, as a storage or storage room. The outer surface may look like Advertising media, identity-building measure for the area surrounding the installation site, Artwork or other similar design that uses the functional principle.

Previously, the simple dismantling was mentioned, the dismantling can also be functionally integrated, in the form of an erectable overall construction, which in their individual components such as the membrane shell partially assembled and disassembled to enable temporary use. This enables the setting on seasonal risks taking into account the requirements of nature conservation and landscape protection.

Figur 1

zeigt eine erste Aufsicht auf einen Hangverlauf ausgehend von einem Hochpunkt HP über Höhenlinien h1,h2,h3, h4,h5,h6, wobei das zu schützende Objekt 1 unterhalb einer keilförmigen Dachstruktur aus zwei schräggestellten Flächenbereichen F1,F2 sich befindet.

Figur 2

veranschaulicht eine geänderte Hanggeometrie ausgehend von einem Hochpunkt HP mit entsprechenden Höhenlinien h1,... und einer Satteldachform der Dachstruktur mit drei Flächenbereichen F1,F2 und F0, wobei hier das zu schützende Objekt 1 als ein Haus dichter in das Ende der Flächenbereiche am Endpunkt E eingefügt ist.

Figur 3

zeigt eine Seitenansicht des Aufbaus gemäß Figur 2. Das zu schützende Objekt 1 ist hier weggelassen.

Figur 4

veranschaulicht eine Aufsicht auf die Projektion der Figur 3 mit genaueren Seilführungen bei aus vielen parallelen Seilen gebildeten Seitenflächen F1 und F2, wobei als Bezugspunkt der obere Ankerpunkt A dient.

Figur 5

veranschaulicht eine dreidimensionale schematische Darstellung des Dachverbaus mit einer Satteldachform gemäß Figur 2, in der die Netzstruktur der Seitenflächen F1 und F2 ebenso deutlich wird, wie die kachelartigen Belegungsflächen m1,m2,m3,..., die zwischen jeweils vier benachbarte Knotenpunkte eingefügt werden.

Figur 5a, Figur 5b, Figur 5c

zeigen einseitig wirkende Schutzverbauungen als Beispiele.

Figur 6

veranschaulicht eine im wesentlichen flächig am Boden entlang des zuvor beschriebenen Hanges liegende Lawinenverbauung, die sich erst im Gefahrenfall aufrichtet.

Figur 7

veranschaulicht den Beginn des Aufrichtungsvorgangs der Lawinenverbauung gemäß Figur 6.

Figur 8

veranschaulicht das Ausgangssignal eines Geschwindigkeitssensors 80, der oberhalb der Lawinenverbauung gemäß Figuren 6,7 angeordnet ist und der zur Ansteuerung von Druckgebern 70 dient, die den stoßartigen Aufrichtvorgang veranlassen und durchführen.

Figur 9a, Figur 9b, Figur 9c

veranschaulichen in drei Stufen den Aufrichtvorgang der Lawinenverbauung, wobei Figur 9c eine solche Lawinenverbauung zeigt, die auch in Figur 1 im fertig errichteten Zustand dargestellt ist, hier aber mit nur einem pfostenartigen Träger 13 am unteren Ende der Schutzverbauung.

Figur 10

zeigt in dreidimensionaler Darstellung die Anordnung, die gemäß Figur 9 stoßartig errichtet worden ist, wobei das zu schützende Objekt 1 unterhalb dieser Anordnung liegt.

Figur 11

veranschaulicht schematisch eine elastische Dachkonstruktion 90, mit der eine linienförmige Bahnführung 92 vor herabströmenden Volumenmassen geschützt werden soll.

Figur 12

zeigt eine Aufsicht der Dachkonstruktion 90 von Figur 11, hier in schematischer Darstellung.

Figur 13

veranschaulicht eine dreidimensionale Darstellung der Dachkonstruktion von Figur 11 und 12.

Examples illustrate and supplement the invention.

Figure 1

shows a first view of a slope starting from a high point HP over contour lines h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, the object 1 to be protected being located below a wedge-shaped roof structure made of two inclined surface areas F1, F2.

Figure 2

illustrates a changed slope geometry starting from a high point HP with corresponding contour lines h1, ... and a gable roof shape of the roof structure with three surface areas F1, F2 and F0, with object 1 to be protected being closer to the end of the surface areas at end point E as a house is inserted.

Figure 3

shows a side view of the structure according to Figure 2. The object 1 to be protected is omitted here.

Figure 4

3 illustrates a top view of the projection of FIG. 3 with more precise cable guides with side surfaces F1 and F2 formed from many parallel cables, the upper anchor point A serving as the reference point.

Figure 5

illustrates a three-dimensional schematic representation of the roof shoring with a gable roof shape according to Figure 2, in which the network structure of the side surfaces F1 and F2 is just as clear as the tile-like covering areas m1, m2, m3, ..., which are inserted between four neighboring nodes.

Figure 5a, Figure 5b, Figure 5c

show one-way protective structures as examples.

Figure 6

illustrates an avalanche barrier, which lies essentially flat on the ground along the slope described above, and which only rises in the event of an emergency.

Figure 7

illustrates the start of the erection process of the avalanche barrier according to FIG. 6.

Figure 8

illustrates the output signal of a speed sensor 80 which is arranged above the avalanche barrier according to FIGS. 6, 7 and which is used to control pressure transmitters 70 which initiate and carry out the abrupt erection process.

Figure 9a, Figure 9b, Figure 9c

illustrate the erection process of the avalanche barrier in three stages, FIG. 9c showing such an avalanche barrier, which is also shown in FIG. 1 in the fully erected state, but here with only one post-like support 13 at the lower end of the protective barrier.

Figure 10

shows in a three-dimensional representation the arrangement which has been erected abruptly according to FIG. 9, the object 1 to be protected lying below this arrangement.

Figure 11

schematically illustrates an elastic roof structure 90 with which a linear web guide 92 is to be protected from flowing volume masses.

Figure 12

shows a top view of the roof structure 90 of Figure 11, here in a schematic representation.

Figure 13

illustrates a three-dimensional representation of the roof structure of Figures 11 and 12.

To protect against an avalanche, it can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2 that a wedge-shaped, pointed structure is used which starts from an anchor point A on the mountain side and grows to a gable roof shape according to FIG . 2 or a pointed roof shape according to FIG . The side surfaces F1, F2 thus act as snow guide surfaces on which the avalanche splits and runs off to the side. The description based on an avalanche is given as an example of a flowing volume mass, which can also be rubble masses, mud masses, stone chips or other comparable moving objects.

The contour lines h1 to h6 show the structure of a steeply inclined slope, so that the gradient of the contour lines shown here can be understood as "downhill". The object 1 to be protected is located in the avalanche shadow of the roof structure between the contour lines h4 and h5 and approximately at the level of the further anchor points B and C, which are the valley-side ends of the side surfaces F1 and F2. The roof structure extending downwards has a high point E, at which the highest point of the side surfaces F1 and F2 lies. Here engages an apparent from Figure 3 in the side view of pylon 10, which is anchored to a base point D in a foundation. It is inclined backwards to absorb tensioning forces via the ridges 20, 21 to be explained later, which are initially shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as the upper edges of the surface areas F1, F2. Several pylons 11, 12 can also be lined up as support posts along the ropes, so that a wavy ridge results.

The lower edges 25, 24 of the inclined surface areas F1, F2 are also formed by ropes, so-called eaves, as in Figure 3 in side view recognizable.

According to Figure 2, further rock anchors B 'and C' are used, which further down the valley and at a greater distance than the aforementioned rock anchors B and C. are. The ropes from the uppermost anchor point A end at them the upper edges 20, 21 and the high point E at the valley end of the Surface areas. Anchoring of the ridge rope bundle 20, 21 takes place here.

Common anchor techniques can be used as rock anchors A, B, C and B ', C'. A small foundation is required for the support foundation D of the pylon, since only here Pressure forces are to be absorbed, whereas the others described Rock anchors tensile forces are absorbed.

Figure 2 is a rope construction from Figure 4 in a projected onto the horizontal Supervision more clearly visible. The described rock anchors are A, B, B 'and A, C, C' also drawn here. The high point E is the absorption point of compressive forces over the pylon 10, which is stored in the foundation D.

Starting from the uppermost anchor point A near the height line h1, a main cable bundle runs along the gable roof F0, the width f _{0 of which} initially increases and then decreases again to the high point E. The main cable bundles 20, 21 are deflected at the high point E and lead via the cable bundles 23, 22 to the anchoring points B 'and C'. Likewise, starting from the anchor point A on the mountain side, two further eaves 24, 25 oriented laterally outwards, which are firmly anchored several times in individual anchor points b, c, in order to produce an arcuate structure. Between the eaves 25 and the first ridge rope bundle 20, a multiplicity of parallel rope bundles are stretched, here represented only by the last rope 40 and a middle rope 46 in the area of the maximum width f _{0 of} the blunt saddle roof area F0. On the other hand, a plurality of parallel ropes also run between the eaves 24 and the second ridge rope bundle 21, which are also represented here by the valley-side rope 30 and an approximately central rope 36.

Given by the arcuate shape of the eaves 24,25 Opening segments 60, 61 between two respective anchors C, c, c form through openings for smaller debris and those volume masses that are not to be blocked by the obstruction. This leaves the real ones Area areas F1, F2 regularly vacant and do not need to be cleaned by maintenance not, especially where the height and width of the surface areas in the The vicinity of the top anchor point A is still low.

To supplement the network structure, as can be seen in a three-dimensional representation in FIG. 5 , starting from anchor point A, weakly radiating intermediate cables 50, 51 are tensioned, each of which ends at end cables 40, 30.

This results in a network structure that is in intermediate areas of four adjacent network nodes with area-forming elements (m1, m2, m3, ... m11) can be to form a surface F1, F2. The area-forming elements can be used as an entire page or tile-like textile membranes (coated fabric) with a tear-resistant structure, the surface of which is preferably slide-coated so that avalanches can run more easily. Depending on the level of tear strength, the size of the mesh can be chosen his. Especially in the upper area near the highest anchor point A, where the pressure of the Avalanches is still very high, the network structure offers greatly reduced node spacing for area-forming elements, i.e. a convergence of four network nodes each a closer meshed structure.

The resilient network structure can be made from steel cables. Instead of such ropes, the existing tensile forces with elastic compliance Plastic fibers, tension rods or ropes can also be used Find use, the surface-forming elements made of composite materials such as glass fiber reinforced plastic (GRP), carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) or other tear-resistant materials can be formed, the pressure load of a accruing volume mass, especially those arising from its flow Are able to absorb forces.

The slope n can be seen in FIG. 3, it is locally highly variable Size, but can be given as the mean of the slope. This middle one The slope slope is steeper than the slope of the ridge F0 of Figure 2 or the Tip of the pointed roof 20, 21 of FIG. 1, as can easily be seen in FIG. 3 can. This results in a steady increase in the area of the side faces F1, F2, both in the direction perpendicular to the slope and in the lateral direction, perpendicular to the valley direction assumed at the beginning. The height of the protective structure is shown in Figure 3 can be seen, it is measured at the high point E opposite the connecting line of the two rock anchors B, C. The length of the side surfaces F1, F2, projected onto the The horizontal can be seen from FIG. 3 as "1". This length is longer, here about twice as large as the height h of the high point E. That is again greater than the length "l" Width at the valley end of the surface areas F1, F2, soft width the distance of the forms two anchor points B and C.

The opening angle, which corresponds to the angle between the ropes 40 and 30, results from the height h and the width q. An obtuse angle is provided here in any case greater than 50 °, preferably about 90 ° to 120 °, which expresses a flat, wide roof structure according to Figure 4.

The half of the value of the opening angle, the same minus 90 ° results as Inclination angle for the inclination of the side surfaces F1 and F2, starting from a connecting line from anchor point A to anchor point C.

The second inclination of the walls F1, F2 corresponds to the wedge effect, which here with about 30 ° to 40 ° for each area F1 or F2 is assumed. This results in a Wedge angle of approximately 60 ° to 70 °, measured at the top anchor point A.

The net-like structure, the ropes and anchoring in the Anchor points C 'and B', as well as the support via the carrier 10 ensures a elastic structure due to the inherent elasticity of the ropes or additional given elastic elements remains movable, both with respect to wind load and also in relation to the avalanche load to be derived. Strikes an avalanche in Figure 5 of above the anchor point A on the surface F2, the deformation and increases a ploughshare-like geometry of surface F2 is formed. Even in no-load Surface F2 with its net-like structure, covered by Textile segments m1, m2 slightly curved upwards, which depends on the load is amplified by the mightiness of the avalanche. Through the reinforcement they take Tractive forces in the side main cables 30, 36 do not increase significantly, the larger loads but produce greater deformation in the ridge bundles 20,21 and in the Eaves 24.25. The fabric F2 is self-regulating, so to speak. The higher the force acting, the stronger the ploughshare-like formation of the tile-like occupied network structure.

The same shape change occurs for stationary snow loads, so that higher lying snow loads more easily exceed their roll angle and from fall off yourself. Wind loads lead to horizontal shifts in the overall roof structure transverse to the central axis 100 oriented towards the valley, but the Wind loads measured in the load case of an avalanche are low.

The hollow structure shown in FIG. 5, the two or three sides of the wall can also react flexibly to the effects of loads by one drawn eccentric motor in the height point E to vibrate Throw off accumulating snow on the surface areas as far as possible.

FIGS. 5a, 5b and 5c show a one-sided deflection of volume masses flowing downwards, the direction of fall 100 corresponding to the slope normal, while the deflection direction 101 is caused by the protective sheeting at an angle> 0 °, here drawn in between 10 ° and 30 ° and deflects the volume masses flowing in the direction of fall onto the protective structure in the deflection direction, so that an object 1 to be protected can be protected below and down the valley next to the one-sided protective structure. This protective structure also starts from an anchor point A1 on the mountain side and has a surface area F1 which extends and rises downwards and is formed in individual segments. It extends with an extension and widening towards the valley, but obliquely with respect to the direction of fall 100. The contour lines h1, h2 etc. are taken from FIGS. 1 and 2. The elastic, net-like structure of the area F1 can be taken from FIGS. 3, 4 and 5. Several post-like beams 16 are used here, each of which is individually fixed with a pair of guy ropes S1 'and S1'', while they themselves stand on a small base or concrete foundation D1. Alternatively, post-like girders and guy ropes can be used alternately, so that a pressure point and a pull point along the ridge rope 17 are created in a staggered manner, in the course of the upper edge of the area F1 running laterally downwards and slightly inclined downward in the slope direction. The corresponding eaves are used as in the previous examples. FIG. 5a shows a respective individual bulge of individual sections F3, F4, Fn of the surface area F1, which ends in an anchor point A6 on the valley side. Due to the structure with a net structure and cables that allow elastic expansion, the one-sided arrangement is also able to apply elastic forces to inflowing volume masses.

A pressure cushion character can be created in the protective sheeting according to FIG. 5 by an internal, closed and tensioned inner membrane, which additionally absorbs the impulse forces of the avalanche in the manner of an internal air cushion. The air cushion is supported on the slope surface, which is somewhat covered by the layer of snow that has passed through the openings 60, 61, so that protruding peaks of the rock contour are avoided.

The support function can also only take place in some areas, for example in in those areas where heavy loads are expected, so after the first Third or fourth of the expanding roof structure starting from the top one Anchor point A.

The air cushion can by an auxiliary device, such as a compressor or a propellant be inflated to provide sufficient internal pressure against the pulse load.

FIGS. 6 and 7 as well as FIGS. 9 show a protective shoring erecting itself in the event of a load, which in the fully erected state according to FIG. 9c essentially corresponds to that of FIG. 1. Reference symbols are adopted accordingly, provided that they describe the same elements. The structure of Figure 6 is anchored to the ground. It consists of a closed inner membrane which, if activated, is fixed or completely erected in a short time by a shaping cable construction. It then develops its full protective effect. Activation can be done manually or independently, for example according to defined parameters, which detect an avalanche in good time. Activation via pressure-generating elements 70 takes place via a specifically triggered increase in internal pressure, caused, for example, by a propellant charge, the increase in pressure being brought about by a sensor 80 which is arranged above the avalanche barrier. If the self-erecting protective sheeting is to last for a long time, constant internal pressure can be provided, which can be achieved using known means from the prior art.

The self-erecting protective structure shown in FIG. 6 has a central, along the axis 100, folded, buffered buffer zone, which according to Figure 7 unfolded in abrupt construction of the protective shoring and one Forms construction according to Figure 1. The eaves F4 are between the Anchor points A, B and C anchored to the ground, and the surface areas F1 and F2 arise as downhill oriented, upward and inclined to the slope and inclined to surfaces formed over the central axis 100. At the bottom An approximately triangular surface F3 is formed at the end, that of the one shown in FIG Opening corresponds.

The internal pressure is generated by two propellant charges 70, which are provided here at the lower end. To equalize the increase in internal pressure, several such drive lines can also be distributed uniformly on the floor surface. On the basis of a measurement signal which a transducer 80 gives in the avalanche region, an automatic triggering of the avalanche barrier, which is erected in a jerky manner, can be initiated if the signal value v ₈₀ , which represents the speed, is compared with a comparison value v ₀ . This comparative measurement is shown in FIG . 8 .

The structure of the avalanche barrier can be seen in a side view from FIGS. At rest in a substantially spread out, along the A bent or folded pylon 13 becomes a sloping shape used, which when erected by the propellant 70 to a continuous Pylon trained in Figure 9c with support function. The eaves on the bottom are similar arranged as in Figures 1 and 2, so that they are not described separately here the first anchor point A on the mountain side is the starting point and stopping point for the lateral surface areas F1, F2 extending downwards.

In the fully erected state, FIG. 10 illustrates the protective structure and the object 1 to be protected. The anchor points and the pylon are arranged as shown in FIG. 1, only that the pylon 13 consists of two elements provided with a joint, which joint in the erected state can snap or snap, so that it is suitable to take vertical loads.

The pressure stability of the structure described is a closed Reached inner membrane, which is arranged below the net-like structure and erects the same due to the pressure increase. The jerky erection movement can be completed within a few seconds if the propellant charges are sufficient are distributed and large enough.

FIGS. 11 to 13 illustrate a further application of the protective structure constructed with elastic rope bracing, namely a roof-like, elastic structure with only a slight slope, which is suitable for rolling volume masses down over linear objects to be protected, such as roads, railway lines, supply routes, etc. to pass over, as a replacement for fixed structures made of steel or reinforced concrete.

On the description of the roof structure with reference to Figures 1 and 2 explicitly referenced. In a lateral sequence of several such triangular shapes with a very weak elevation from the Slope slope, there is a slightly wavy roof structure in Figure 12, the is seen in side view of Figure 11. The roof structure 90 consists of spaced triangular surface areas 91a, 91b, each of an anchor point A1, A3 on the mountain side. At the valley end there is one Edge bracing 93 is provided, which is arcuate in nature and which extends continuously along the entire width of surface 90. Each along the Axis 100 of the triangular surface areas runs a rope tension that but is not braced at the valley end, instead the two are Key points S1, S2 about a respective tension on the valley side, on train loadable anchorages arranged. The carrier 10, the uniform Distance are arranged, so form an alternating tension / pressure fixation of the lower edge 93, based on the triangular previously described Sheets 91a, 91b.

To complement the roof-like shape are inverted triangular ones Flat structures inserted in the spaces that are attached to the edge ropes can, in particular the wedges 91c, 91d facing the edge 93. The the respective central starting point there as the anchor point A2, A4 on the mountain side lies somewhat deeper than the previously described anchor points A1, A3.

The pylons 10 in the design shown in FIG. 13 of a gallery that covers a street 92 are designed to be elastic, so that not only the cable construction but also the support function at the valley end 93 is elastically flexible.

After in each pull point S1, S2, S3, between two post-like Beams 10 give a low point of the arch structure 93 of the valley end of the gallery, two diverging ropes are tensioned here, which are in anchor points S1 ', S2' ' are anchored and a crosswise continuation to the diagonal opposite anchor point A1, A3 on the mountain side.

The shock-like erection described in relation to FIGS closed inner membrane with an independent pressure compensation function be coupled. A longer-term maintenance of the upright state will also ensured about large temperature fluctuations when a temperature sensor is assigned to the inner membrane, the pressure in the interior essentially keeps constant. Alternatively, a slow pressure sensor can also be provided Pressure increases are compensated, for example by known valves. At However, the valves can be blocked due to impulse loads, resulting in a Avalanche indicates. In such a case, a limited number can be added Propellant charge is provided that provides an increased internal pressure that is not can escape through the provided pressure compensation valve. This is how one is formed additional pulse-like reinforcement that opposes the avalanche pulse force becomes. Such a pulse-like pressure increase can take place through a propellant charge, as is well known in the art, e.g. for airbags of motor vehicles.

The same pulse-shaped pressure support can be used in stationary protective structures be provided according to Figure 1 or 2, then in each case as support of the anyway provided stationary protective structure.

Claims (37)

Protective structure to protect an object (1) and to divert volume masses rolling down to the valley, in particular snow, mud or rubble masses or stone chips,
at which a first anchor point (A) is provided above the protected object (1), from which at least one, preferably two rising, resilient surface areas (F1, F2) extend in the direction of the valley with the extension and widening. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, in which two surface areas Upper edges (21, 20) have a weaker inclination than the middle one Own slope (s). Protective sheeting according to claim 2, in which the upper edges (20, 21) of the two Surface areas (F1, F2) starting from the anchor points (A) are increasing spaced more to form a gable roof shape (F0), which shape initially triangular between the upper edges (20, 21) extending roof section that forms in the above Area areas (F1, F2) transitioned downwards. Protective structure according to claim 3, in which the maximum of an area Width (f0) of the roof section (F0) is the distance between the upper edges (20, 21) of the Area areas (F1, F2) reduced again, tapering to an end point (E) the surface areas on the valley side via a pedestal (1) to its base (D) are supported. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, wherein the at least one Surface area (F1, F2), at least in some areas, in a tile-like manner - in particular elastic - tear-resistant material plates are covered (m1, m2, ..., m10), in particular made of a textile material, the outside of which is slip-coated. Protective sheeting according to claim 5, in which the material plates are flat or even curved in at least one of their directions of orientation. Protective sheeting according to claim 5, in which the tear-resistant material panels interchangeable, in particular (easily) detachable in the surface areas (F1, F2) are arranged. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, in which two surface areas (F1, F2) starting from the anchor point (A) a wedge-shaped (q) and a (h) hollow structure increasing from the slope. Protective sheeting according to claim 8, in which the surface areas are flat or in The shape of a parabola is curved. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, wherein the at least one Surface area (F1, F2) has a network-like (50, 40, 30) portion, in particular from steel cables. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, which has two areas (F1, F2) in its area Latitude (q) perpendicular to the valley direction is larger than the projection of its length in Valley direction to a horizontal level (l). Protective structure according to claim 11 or 1, which is on the slope level in their End area rises at a height (h) that is less than the length of the two lateral surface areas (F1, F2) in the valley direction and / or the width (q) perpendicular to the valley direction. Protective barrier according to claim 1, wherein the end of the at least one is surface area (F1, F2) extending downward in front of the protected object (1), in particular so that the protected object (1) at a volume flow on the placed at least one area in the current shadow of the protective structure is. Protective sheeting according to Claim 1, in which the valley-side edges (40, 30) of two lateral surface areas (F1, F2) - looking upwards - one Have opening angles of between 50 ° to 120 °, in particular about 90 °. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, wherein the deflection angle of the at least one lateral surface area (F1, F2) greater than 30 ° compared to Valley direction (100), in particular that covered by two surface areas Floor area in supervision of the protective structure essentially one forms an isosceles triangle. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, in which in the area of the meeting the upper edges (21, 20) of two surface areas (F1, F2) a main cable bundle runs from the anchor point (A) over a valley end point (E) the surface areas (F1, F2) run and backwards there at least at one on the slope supported (D) beam (10) is deflected (22,23) to on the valley side spaced further anchor points (B ', C') to end, especially in the course the course of the upper edges at least one other post-like carrier is provided. Protective sheeting according to claim 10 or 5, in which in the Area areas (F1, F2) nodes are formed by between four each to arrange a membrane segment (m1, m2, m3 ...) to neighboring nodes, that for the volume masses in a direction perpendicular to the membrane segment impermeable, but in one direction approximately parallel to the membrane segment is in particular designed to be sliding. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, which is under the lateral Surface areas (F1, F2) is hollow or not solid, in particular thanks to an internal, closed and tensioned inner membrane Formation of a pressure pad is actively supported. Protective sheeting according to claim 18, which is an automatic Has pressure compensation element, in particular in valve form. Protective sheeting according to claim 19, wherein the pressure compensation is temperature controlled. Protective sheeting according to claim 19, wherein the pressure compensation at Pulse loading of the pillow is essentially inoperative to a Allow pressure increase to increase the the pulse load Opposing momentum. Protective sheeting according to claim 18, wherein the pressure in the pressure pad is pulsed can be increased if a pulse load from one of the pressure pads assigned pressure sensor is detected. Protective sheeting according to claim 19, wherein the pressure equalization is slow Pressure changes essentially compensated. Protective structure according to claim 1, which contains an oscillation device with which the at least one surface area (F1, F2) in a natural vibration is displaceable to build up deposits of the bulk on the side surfaces solve, the device in particular at the top (E) on the valley side Post-like support (1) arranged at the end of the surface areas is. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, wherein the at least one surface area on the lower edge (24, 25) pointing to the slope over larger lengths has a clear distance (60.61) to the slope surface, in particular arcuate trained spacer segments to allow rubble to pass freely, without the risk of an avalanche. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, wherein the at least one lateral Surface area (F1, F2) is designed to be resilient. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, wherein the at least one Area (F1, F2) in the state not burdened by volume masses (weakly) curved to the slope. Protective sheeting according to claim 1 or 27, in which the at least one Area (F1, F2) curved along its extension to the valley (weakly) runs. Protective sheeting according to claim 1, in which at least one Pressure build-up element (70) two surface areas (F1, F2) from one in essentially flat spread condition in an abrupt manner into an erect Condition transferred. Protective sheeting according to claim 29, in which a sensor (80) is arranged above the protective sheeting in order to emit a signal (v ₈₀ ) which is characteristic of an incipient volume flow, and the signal actuates, in particular triggers, the pressure build-up element (70). Protective sheeting according to claim 1, in which the surface areas (F1, F2) in run essentially flat, rise from the slope, essentially are closed and designed to be resilient. Protective barrier according to claim 31, wherein a plurality of pairs of Area areas (91a, 91b) are strung together to form a Roof (90) extending over a greater width, for deriving Volume masses over a linear, extending transversely to the slope Object (92) away. A method of protecting against volume masses rolling towards the valley on slopes with valley-oriented areas, characterized in that the volume mass is displaced elastically yielding laterally, but continues to flow. A method according to claim 33, wherein under the action of the flowing Volume mass at least one laterally diverging surface area (F1, F2) first yields elastically before the one built up by the elasticity Back pressure is so great that the resulting, especially two, split Avalanche arms unblocked - but distracted - continue to flow down the valley. The method of claim 33, wherein the avalanche arms are diverging (q) and Surface areas (F1, F2) inclined downwards in the height direction (h) laterally to be ousted. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein a flowing volume mass in arms displaced on both sides is split, each of which continues to flow. Method for the controlled derivation or blocking of avalanches or comparable volume movements in regions inclined downwards, at least one, preferably two laterally diverging, substantially closed surface areas (F1, F2) having network structures and by means of an elastic elongation of the ropes, ropes or forming the network structures Tension rods (20,21,24,25; 36,46; 50,51) absorb the pressure forces applied by the volume movement at least partially and convert them into a more pronounced curvature of at least one of the surface areas (F1, F2),
to form an at least one-sided ploughshare-like shape of the surface area (F1, F2) which controls the volume movement in a controlled manner.

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