EP1032975B1 - Method and apparatus for estimating a frequency offset - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for estimating a frequency offset Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1032975B1
EP1032975B1 EP98956071A EP98956071A EP1032975B1 EP 1032975 B1 EP1032975 B1 EP 1032975B1 EP 98956071 A EP98956071 A EP 98956071A EP 98956071 A EP98956071 A EP 98956071A EP 1032975 B1 EP1032975 B1 EP 1032975B1
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Prior art keywords
frequency
sums
phase differences
frequency offset
phase
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EP98956071A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1032975A1 (en
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Roozbeh Atarius
Georg Frank
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson AB
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03J—TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS
    • H03J7/00—Automatic frequency control; Automatic scanning over a band of frequencies
    • H03J7/02—Automatic frequency control
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03J—TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS
    • H03J5/00—Discontinuous tuning; Selecting predetermined frequencies; Selecting frequency bands with or without continuous tuning in one or more of the bands, e.g. push-button tuning, turret tuner
    • H03J5/02—Discontinuous tuning; Selecting predetermined frequencies; Selecting frequency bands with or without continuous tuning in one or more of the bands, e.g. push-button tuning, turret tuner with variable tuning element having a number of predetermined settings and adjustable to a desired one of these settings
    • H03J5/0245—Discontinuous tuning using an electrical variable impedance element, e.g. a voltage variable reactive diode, in which no corresponding analogue value either exists or is preset, i.e. the tuning information is only available in a digital form
    • H03J5/0272—Discontinuous tuning using an electrical variable impedance element, e.g. a voltage variable reactive diode, in which no corresponding analogue value either exists or is preset, i.e. the tuning information is only available in a digital form the digital values being used to preset a counter or a frequency divider in a phase locked loop, e.g. frequency synthesizer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03J—TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS
    • H03J7/00—Automatic frequency control; Automatic scanning over a band of frequencies
    • H03J7/02—Automatic frequency control
    • H03J7/04—Automatic frequency control where the frequency control is accomplished by varying the electrical characteristics of a non-mechanically adjustable element or where the nature of the frequency controlling element is not significant
    • H03J7/06—Automatic frequency control where the frequency control is accomplished by varying the electrical characteristics of a non-mechanically adjustable element or where the nature of the frequency controlling element is not significant using counters or frequency dividers
    • H03J7/065—Automatic frequency control where the frequency control is accomplished by varying the electrical characteristics of a non-mechanically adjustable element or where the nature of the frequency controlling element is not significant using counters or frequency dividers the counter or frequency divider being used in a phase locked loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03J—TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS
    • H03J7/00—Automatic frequency control; Automatic scanning over a band of frequencies
    • H03J7/18—Automatic scanning over a band of frequencies
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H04L27/2655—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04L27/2657—Carrier synchronisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/0014—Carrier regulation
    • H04L2027/0044—Control loops for carrier regulation
    • H04L2027/0063—Elements of loops
    • H04L2027/0065—Frequency error detectors

Definitions

  • This invention as it is defined in the appended claims relates generally to a method and apparatus for estimating a frequency offset. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for estimating the frequency offset between a carrier frequency of a transmitter and a local frequency reference of a receiver in a communication system.
  • a receiver In any communication system, it is important for a receiver to be synchronized with a transmitter so that messages can be successfully exchanged between the transmitter and the receiver. In a radio communication system, in particular, it is important that a receiver be tuned to the frequency of the transmitter for optimal reception.
  • remote stations communicate with one or more base stations via a radio air interface.
  • Various approaches have been employed to prevent transmissions between the various base stations and remote stations from interfering with each other.
  • neighboring base stations are each assigned a different carrier frequency with which to communicate with remote stations so that transmissions from one base station do not interfere with transmissions from a neighboring base station.
  • Frequency Division Multiple Access FDMA
  • TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
  • each remote station is assigned a particular frequency with which to communicate with a base station.
  • a base station allocates a particular time slot or slots within a frame to each remote station. Some remote stations can use the same frequency but different time slots to communicate with the base station.
  • CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
  • each remote station is assigned a particular digital code word(s) that is orthogonal to code words assigned to other stations.
  • Neighboring base stations can exchange messages with remote stations using the same frequency but different digital orthogonal code words to indicate which remote station the messages are designated for.
  • a radio communication system employs FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, a combination of these approaches, or some other approach, it is important for a remote station to be time and frequency synchronized to the base station serving the area from which it desires to communicate.
  • the local frequency reference of the remote station must be tuned to the carrier frequency of the base station, and the local time reference of the remote station must be synchronized to the time reference of the base station.
  • a periodic synchronization signal is typically transmitted from the base station to the remote station for this purpose.
  • the carrier frequency of the base station is modulated from time to time with a Frequency Correction Burst (FCB) and a Synchronization Burst (SB) to form a frequency synchronization signal.
  • FCB Frequency Correction Burst
  • SB Synchronization Burst
  • the carrier frequency of the base station is typically modulated with the FCB using Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK).
  • GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
  • a typical FCB is a sequence of 148 symbols, each symbol a zero, that transforms into a pure sinusoidal signal after modulation.
  • the frequency of the resulting frequency synchronization signal is thus equal to 1/4T Hz, where T represents a symbol duration of the sinusoidal signal, and there are four symbols per cycle of the sinusoidal signal.
  • T is typically 48/13 microseconds ( ⁇ sec), so that the frequency synchronization signal has a frequency of approximately 67.7 KHz.
  • the FCB is repeated every tenth frame for the first four times, and then for the fifth time, the FCB is repeated on the eleventh frame. This frame sequence is then repeated indefinitely, to maintain synchronization between the remote station and the base station.
  • the remote station From the information in the FCB, the remote station is able to roughly synchronize itself with the time slot(s) allocated to it. This rough time synchronization is then sufficient to locate the SB, which is typically located eight bursts after the FCB, and to decode the information it carries. The information obtained by decoding the SB is then used to finely tune the local frequency reference of the remote station to the carrier frequency of the base station and to adjust the remote station's local time reference to the time slot(s) allocated to it by the base station.
  • each base station transmits a frequency synchronization signal in the form of, for example, a pilot sequence on each of the frequencies assigned to that particular base station as well as possibly on some or all of the frequencies that are not assigned to that particular base station. If the frequency has been assigned to the base station, the corresponding pilot sequence may be transmitted with slightly more power than the other frequencies used by the base station.
  • Each remote station receiving the carrier modulated by the pilot sequence demodulates the signal. As a result, each remote station can receive signals designated for it and simultaneously measure the signal strengths of neighboring base stations using different carriers. This information is used by the remote station to determine which received pilot sequence has the strongest signal strength, and the local frequency reference of the remote station is adjusted to the appropriate carrier frequency, accordingly.
  • any frequency difference between the local frequency reference of the remote station and the carrier frequency of the base station is readily detected in the demodulated frequency synchronization signal.
  • the difference between the frequency of the modulated frequency synchronization signal, which is known to be 67.7 KHz, and the frequency of the received frequency synchronization signal, demodulated to the baseband is a direct measure of the error in the local frequency reference of the remote station.
  • the difference between the known frequency of the strongest transmitted pilot sequence and the frequency of the demodulated pilot sequence is used by the remote station as a measure of the error in the local frequency reference of the remote station.
  • a number of approaches have been introduced for estimating the frequency difference between the remote station's local frequency reference and the carrier frequency of the base station, taking into account phase variations that may occur in the transmitted frequency synchronization signal due to modulation. From this estimated frequency difference, the carrier frequency of the base station can be derived.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,847,872 to Hespelt et al. discloses a method and arrangement for synchronizing receivers in digital transmission systems.
  • a preamble pattern is transmitted and demodulated such that the received signal has a cosine shape.
  • the frequency and/or phase of the carrier are estimated, and individual spectral lines of the received signal are obtained by filtering.
  • the frequencies and phases associated with the spectral lines are determined by linear regression, and the carrier frequency offset is estimated based on these values.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,416,800 to Frank discloses a mobile radio receiver for a radio transmission system including a recognition circuit which detects pulses of a frequency synchronization signal including a FCB and derives a time position signal from the detected pulses using linear regression.
  • the radio receiver also includes a frequency estimating circuit which estimates a frequency deviation based on the received signal. The time position signal and the frequency deviation signal are used to track the frequency of the carrier wave. According to this patent, the entire FCB is used to estimate the frequency deviation.
  • phase unwrapping i.e., limiting the range of phase variation in the received signal to ⁇ . If the phase difference between successive samples is outside of the interval (- ⁇ , ⁇ ), the most recently collected sample is "unwrapped", i.e., phase shifted by -2 ⁇ or 2 ⁇ , and this phase shift is tracked, e.g., stored in a memory in association with the corresponding sample. This consumes even more memory and results in a complex system.
  • a method and apparatus are provided for estimating a frequency offset between a carrier frequency of a transmitter and a local frequency reference of a receiver in a communication system.
  • Successive samples of a frequency synchronization signal transmitted by the transmitter and detected by the receiver are collected, and a phase difference is computed between the successively collected samples.
  • the signal received by the receiver can be prefiltered to improve detection.
  • the phase difference is added to accumulated phase differences.
  • Phase differences of successively collected samples are computed and added to accumulated phase differences until M accumulated phase differences have been added. The sum of the M phase differences is dumped, resulting in zero accumulated phase differences.
  • phase differences of successively collected samples are computed, the phase differences are added to accumulated phase differences, and the sum of M phase differences is dumped until N sums of M phase differences have been dumped.
  • the N sums of M phase differences are each weighted, and the weighted N sums are added to produce the estimated frequency offset.
  • phase variations in the detected frequency synchronization signal are compensated for, i.e., phase unwrapping is achieved, without requiring a memory to keep track of phase shifts.
  • a quality factor can be estimated.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary communication system in which the present invention can be implemented.
  • the system includes at least one transmitter 100 and at least one receiver 150.
  • the transmitter 100 and the receiver 150 are depicted in FIG. 1 as a base station and a mobile station, respectively, it will be appreciated that the transmitter can be implemented in many ways, e.g., as a terrestrial or satellite repeater, and the receiver can be implemented in many ways, e.g., as a fixed cellular terminal (wireless local loop).
  • a base station and a mobile station are depicted in FIG. 1 and described in the following for illustrative purposes only.
  • Each neighboring base station 100 is assigned a particular carrier frequency, and each base station 100 allocates specific time slots for each mobile station 150.
  • a mobile station 150 To communicate with a base station 100, a mobile station 150 must be time and frequency synchronized to the base station 100. In other words, the local frequency reference and time reference of the mobile station 150 must be synchronized with the carrier frequency assigned to the base station 100 and the time slot(s) allocated by the base station, respectively. In a CDMA system, the mobile station 150 must be synchronized with the base station's carrier frequency and the code words transmitted.
  • the base station 100 transmits a frequency synchronization signal to the base station.
  • the base station 100 modulates its carrier frequency with a FCB to form a frequency synchronization signal.
  • the mobile station 150 receives and demodulates the transmitted frequency synchronization signal x c (t) in any suitable manner.
  • the frequency synchronization signal can be detected in the manner described in the copending U.S. patent application entitled “Method and Apparatus for Detecting a Frequency Correction Burst", filed on the same date as this application, in the names of Roozbeh Atarius and Kjell Gustafsson, and incorporated here by reference.
  • Equation 2 Equation 2
  • Equation 3 Any frequency offset ⁇ F between the local frequency reference of the mobile station and the carrier frequency of the base station changes Equation 3 to:
  • Equation 4 the carrier amplitude ⁇ P of the demodulated frequency synchronization signal can be assumed to be constant. This assumption is reasonable because the duration of the FCB is relatively short, typically 0.546 ⁇ sec, and thus the carrier amplitude ⁇ P is not significantly affected by fading. Equation 4 can be further simplified by setting the initial phase ⁇ to zero.
  • the signal model of Equation 4 does not take noise into account.
  • the noise ⁇ (n) may be assumed to have a white, Gaussian distribution, ⁇ (n) ⁇ N (0, ⁇ 2 / ⁇ ) such that the components ⁇ I (n) and ⁇ Q (n) are real-valued with variance ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 and are assumed to be uncorrelated.
  • the variance V ⁇ ⁇ (n) ⁇ of the phase noise ⁇ ⁇ (n) can be expressed as:
  • Equation 7 can be rewritten as: which corresponds to a straight line with a slope of 2 ⁇ ( ⁇ F / Fs + 1 / 4) with white noise.
  • the estimation of the frequency offset ⁇ F is related to the estimation of the Equation 9.
  • This estimate is the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimate if the noise ⁇ ⁇ (n) is Gaussian.
  • the frequency offset ⁇ F can be estimated as:
  • the estimate e ⁇ ⁇ F o ⁇ is unbiased and has the variance V ⁇ e ⁇ F 0 ⁇ where:
  • the carrier frequency of the base station can be determined, and the mobile station's local frequency reference can be synchronized to the base station.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary apparatus for estimating a frequency offset using linear regression.
  • a detected frequency synchronization signal y(n) is normalized in a Normalizer 160 which limits the dynamic range of the detected signal
  • the phase of the normalized signal is determined in a Phase Measuring unit 170
  • the phase is unwrapped in a Phase Unwrapping circuit 180.
  • the quantity 2 ⁇ n / 4 is subtracted from the unwrapped phase signal ⁇ y (n) in an adder 185, and the frequency offset e ⁇ F o ⁇ is estimated in a Frequency Offset Estimation Circuit 190.
  • the Frequency Offset Estimation Circuit 190 can be implemented with a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter having delay elements D and coefficients a k where:
  • the amount of memory required to estimate the frequency offset can be reduced by grouping the N o samples of the FCB into N groups of M phase differences each and then computing the sum of each group.
  • block sums of phase differences between successively collected samples of the detected frequency synchronization signal can be used to estimate the frequency offset, rather than individual phase differences between successively collected samples. This reduces the number of calculations required for frequency offset estimation.
  • Equation 12 Inserting the sample frequency F s / M , the sample period T s M , and the number of phase sums N 0 / M into Equation 12, the variance V ⁇ e ⁇ F M ⁇ of the estimated frequency offset e ⁇ F M ⁇ can be given as:
  • Equation 17 which shows that the variance V ⁇ e ⁇ F M ⁇ increases by increasing M and thereby decreasing N .
  • the choice of M is thus a trade-off between accuracy and memory requirements.
  • N 0 NM coincides as closely as possible with the total number of samples of the FCB.
  • N 0 should be small enough to exclude samples outside the FCB and simultaneously large enough to include as many samples of the FCB as possible. Assuming one sample is collected for each symbol of the FCB, and the FCB is 148 symbols long, N and M should be selected so that NM is less than or equal to 148.
  • this method can be applied to other types of frequency synchronization signals obtained via other types of modulation methods.
  • phase unwrapping requires phase shifting of samples by ⁇ 2 ⁇ and a memory to keep track of the phase shifts.
  • this memory can be reset whenever a FCB is detected, the memory must be large enough to store the phase shifts for each sample of an FCB.
  • the method of linear regression can be modified to compensate for the phase variations without having to shift each sample and keep track of the phase shift in a memory.
  • the phase difference between successively collected samples of the FCB can be used for this purpose.
  • ⁇ M (k) is related to its initial value ⁇ M (k 0 ) and the sum ⁇ M (j) of the phase differences between successively collected samples of the FCB as follows:
  • Equation 19 the frequency offset e ⁇ F M ⁇ can be estimated as:
  • the phase initial value, ⁇ M (k 0 ) does not have any influence in Equation 20 since By performing frequency offset estimation in this manner, the phase variation between successive samples of the FCB is compensated for, i.e., phase unwrapping is achieved, without requiring a memory to keep track of phase shifts.
  • This approach can be implemented with the apparatus shown in FIG. 3.
  • the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 is similar to that shown in FIG. 2, although the Normalizer 160 and the Phase Measuring unit 170 have been omitted from FIG. 3 in the interest of simplicity. Instead of an adder 185, however, the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 includes a Differentiator 200 and a Sum & Dump Circuit 210. In addition, the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 does not include a Phase Unwrapper 180.
  • the phase difference ⁇ y (n) between successively collected samples of the received and demodulated frequency synchronization signal is computed in a known manner in the Differentiator 200.
  • the Differentiator 200 can be conveniently implemented by, for example, a high pass filter.
  • Each phase difference is added to accumulated previous phase differences by the Sum & Dump Circuit 210.
  • the Sum & Dump Circuit 210 can be implemented by an adder and a filter, such as a FIR filter, with M coefficients set to unity.
  • the phase differences can be added by other devices, e.g., an integrate and dump circuit, a resettable integrator, or a low pass filter.
  • the sum is "dumped", i.e., output by the Sum & Dump Circuit 210 to a Frequency Offset Estimation Circuit 220.
  • the Frequency Estimation Circuit 220 computes a weighted sum of groups of phase differences between successively collected samples of the detected frequency synchronization signal to estimate the frequency offset, thus compensating for phase variations between successively collected samples of the frequency synchronization signal, i.e., performing phase unwrapping, without requiring a memory to keep track of phase shifts.
  • the Frequency Estimation Circuit 220 can be implemented with a FIR filter with delay elements D, accumulators, and coefficients b k where:
  • the coefficients c k can be used instead of the coefficients b k where: This avoids the need for the accumulators shown in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 4A An implementation of this approach is shown in FIG. 4A.
  • the apparatus shown in FIG. 4A is similar to that in FIG. 3, except that a Frequency Estimation Circuit 230 is used instead of the Frequency Estimation Circuit 220.
  • the Frequency Estimation Circuit 230 can be implemented with a FIR filter with delay elements D and coefficients c 0 ,,c 1 ,,... c N-2 ,c N-1 .
  • the Frequency Offset Estimation Circuit 230 is a simpler device than the Frequency Estimation Circuit 220.
  • the embodiments described above demonstrate how a frequency offset in a received frequency synchronization signal can be estimated.
  • There are different disturbances which affect this estimation e.g. noise, fading, etc.
  • the estimated frequency offset is not accurate, the local frequency reference of the mobile station will not be properly synchronized to the carrier frequency of the base station.
  • it is important to be able to determine the accuracy of the estimated frequency offset so that it can be adjusted if necessary.
  • a quality factor ⁇ can be estimated which indicates accuracy of the estimated frequency offset.
  • FIG. 4B illustrates an apparatus for estimating the frequency offset ⁇ F M and the quality factor ⁇ for evaluating the estimate e ⁇ ⁇ F M ⁇ according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
  • the apparatus shown in FIG. 4B is the same as that shown in FIG. 4A, except that it includes a Quality Factor Estimation Circuit 240.
  • the Quality Factor Estimation Circuit 240 computes the quality factor estimate e ⁇ according to Equation 23 above. If the estimated quality factor e ⁇ indicates that the estimated frequency offset is not sufficiently accurate, i.e., the estimated quality factor is greater than a preconfigured threshold, the estimated frequency offset can be adjusted, e.g., computed again.
  • the Quality Factor Estimation Circuit 240 can be implemented with N subtractors for computing N differences between each of the N groups of M phase differences and the estimated frequency offset, N absolute value circuits for computing the absolute values of the N differences, and an adder for adding the N absolute values to produce the estimated quality factor e ⁇ . Although shown as being separate from the Frequency Offset Estimation Circuit 230 for ease of illustration and explanation, it should be understood that the Quality Factor Estimation Circuit 240 and the Frequency Offset Estimation Circuit 230 can be combined in a single device.
  • the received signal can be prefiltered in a frequency selective filter to select the frequency band corresponding to the FCB to discriminate the FCB from noise and thus enhance the signal to noise ratio.
  • the frequency of the transmitted frequency synchronization signal is approximately 67.7 KHz.
  • the frequency of the received frequency synchronization signal may deviate from 67.7 KHz, due to the lack of the synchronization between the carrier frequency of the base station and the local frequency reference of the mobile station.
  • the amount of frequency deviation that can be tolerated depends on the precision of the internal crystal oscillator of the detector in the mobile station. For example, assuming that the precision of this crystal is ⁇ 16 parts per million (ppm), in the GSM 900 MHZ band, there can be a frequency offset of up to ⁇ 14.4 KHz in the received frequency synchronization signal.
  • the bandwidth of a frequency selective filter can be set up to ⁇ 14.4 KHz around 67.7 KHz, i.e., between 53.3 KHz and 82.1 KHz to suppress the background noise.
  • a slightly narrower bandwidth can be conveniently used, e.g., ⁇ 13 KHz around 67.7 KHz, corresponding to approximately 0.05 F s .
  • the bandwidth of the frequency selective filter can be suited to the standard of the communication system.
  • the frequency deviation may be twice that of a system using the GSM standard, due to the addition of the frequency error of the mobile station and the home base station.
  • CTS Cordless Telephony System
  • the filter bandwidth in such a system can thus theoretically be chosen to be up to ⁇ 28.8 KHz around the frequency of the transmitted frequency synchronization signal.
  • the bandwidth can be conveniently selected to be ⁇ 27 KHz around the frequency of the transmitted frequency synchronization signal, corresponding to approximately 0.1 F s .
  • the received signal can be shifted from the center frequency of 67.7 KHz to the baseband, and then the shifted signal can be lowpass filtered.
  • the shifting can be performed by changing the sign of y I (n) and y Q (n) and then combining these components.
  • FIG. 4C shows the apparatus shown in FIG. 4C.
  • the elements shown in FIG. 4C are the same as those in FIG. 4B, except for the addition of a LP Filter 165 and a Shifter 162.
  • FIG. 4C shows the Normalizer 160 and the Phase Measuring Circuit 170 which are omitted from FIG. 4B.
  • a normalized frequency synchronization signal is shifted the Shifter 162.
  • the Shifter 162 shifts the normalized frequency synchronization signal according to Equation 24, and can be implemented with, e.g., a multiplier.
  • the shifted signal is low pass filtered in the LP Filter 165, and the phase ⁇ yLP (n) of the filtered signal y LP (n) is then measured in the Phase Measuring Circuit 170. From this point, the frequency offset and the quality factor are estimated as described above with reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B.
  • the frequency selective filter according to the fourth embodiment enhances the SNR by reducing the noise outside the frequency band of interest.
  • the SNR is sufficient to make the assumption in Equation 7 reasonable.
  • the noise is not reduced to zero, but the noise reduction is still sufficient to produce the desired SNRs.
  • a frequency selective filter can affect the distribution of the white Gaussian noise v(n) and thus affect the results of the linear regression.
  • the assumption of having white noise is still valid if the bandwidth of the filter is relatively larger, e.g., several kilo hertz larger, than the frequency band of interest.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary method for estimating a frequency offset according to the present invention.
  • the method begins at step 500, at which a received signal is prefiltered to improve detection of the frequency synchronization signal.
  • step 510 a sample of the detected frequency synchronization signal is collected.
  • step 520 a successive sample is collected.
  • step 530 the phase difference between the successively collected samples is computed.
  • step 540 the phase difference is added to other accumulated phase differences.
  • a determination is made whether M phase differences have been added. If not, the process returns to step 520. If M phase differences have been added, the sum of the M phase differences is dumped at step 560.
  • step 570 a determination is made whether N sums of M phase differences have been dumped. If not, the process returns to step 510, and a new sample is collected. If so, the N sums are added at step 580.
  • this step can be performed by computing a weighted average of the N sums using, for example, linear regression, and the result is the estimated frequency offset.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary method for a estimating quality factor according to the present invention.
  • the process starts after the frequency offset has been estimated.
  • the estimated frequency offset, weighted by M is subtracted from each of the N sums of M phase differences to produce N differences.
  • the absolute values of the N differences are computed.
  • the N absolute values are added to produce the estimated quality factor.
  • the applicable transmission channel in the following simulations is a Typical Urban channel.
  • the transmission channel can be Typical Urban or Rayleigh.
  • the Rayleigh channel is typically used when the mobile station is in a rural area.
  • a typical velocity of a mobile station using a Rayleigh channel is between 110 and 250 kilometers per hour (km/h). This corresponds to mobile station in an automobile traveling on a highway or in a fast train.
  • the Typical Urban channel is used instead of the Rayleigh channel.
  • a typical velocity for a mobile station using the Typical Urban channel is between 3 and 50 km/h. This corresponds to a mobile station used by a person walking in an urban area or in an automobile traveling on a city street, respectively.
  • the velocity of the mobile station is typically assumed to be 3 km/h for both Rayleigh and Typical Urban channels. This corresponds to a mobile station moving in a rural area with the velocity of 3 km/h.
  • FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate the error probabilities of frequency offset estimation using basic linear regression, modified linear regression according to the present invention, conventional techniques and conventional techniques with prefiltering, respectively. The statistical uncertainties of these results were reduced by running one thousand simulations.
  • FIGS. 6A-6D error probabilities are shown for a system using the GSM standard with an SNR of approximately 7.5 dB. There are five different curves in each figure, the curves representing, from top to bottom, the probability of having an estimation error of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 Hz, respectively.
  • the error probability is lower using linear regression to estimate the frequency offset than conventional techniques. Even including prefiltering in conventional techniques, as represented in FIG. 6C, does not produce results as good as those obtained using linear regression.
  • the modified linear regression technique according to the present invention produces results as good as the linear regression technique.
  • FIGS. 7A-7D are similar to FIGS. 6A-6D, except that the error probabilities are represented for an SNR of approximately 11 dB. It is evident from a comparison of FIGS. 7A and 7B with FIGS. 7C and 7D that using linear regression to estimate the frequency offset produces better results than conventional techniques at this SNR, as well. In addition, it is evident from a comparison of FIGS. 7A and 7B that the modified linear regression technique according to the present invention produces results as good as the basic linear regression technique.
  • FIGS. 8A-8D Similar results occur in system using the CTS standard as represented in FIGS. 8A-8D and 9A-9D.
  • FIGS. 8A-8D like FIGS. 6A-6D, illustrate the error probabilities of frequency offset estimation using linear regression, modified linear regression according to the present invention, conventional techniques and conventional techniques with prefiltering, respectively.
  • error probabilities are shown for a system with an SNR of approximately 7.5 dB.
  • FIGS. 9A-9D are similar to FIGS. 8A-8D except that the applicable SNR is approximately 11 dB.
  • FIGS. 10A-10D and 11A-11D illustrate exemplary results of quality factor estimation for a system using the GSM standard and a system using the CTS standard, respectively.
  • the applicable SNRs for FIGS. 10A and 11A, FIGS. 10B and 11B, FIGS. 10C and 11C, and FIGS. 10D and 11D are 7.5, 11, 15, and 20 dB, respectively. Due to statistical uncertainties, each simulation was repeated 200 times.
  • the estimated quality factor is plotted as function of the frequency offset, where "+” represents an estimated quality factor for a detected frequency synchronization signal, and “o" represents an estimated quality factor for signals other than the FCB.
  • the frequency offset for a detected frequency synchronization signal was set at 7 KHz.
  • the estimated quality factor e ⁇ has both a small value and a small variance.
  • the variance and the value of the estimated quality factor e ⁇ is large where there is a "o". Therefore, by defining a threshold, the estimated quality factors for a detected frequency synchronization signal and other signals can be separated into two different clusters. As can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 10A-10D with FIGS. 11A-11D, these clusters are closer to each other in a system using the GSM standard than in a system using the CTS standard. However, the estimated quality factor e ⁇ has more variance in a system using the CTS standard than a system using the GSM standard.
  • the estimated frequency offset, ⁇ F is in the tolerable range of a detector even when there is no frequency synchronization signal to detect.
  • the reasonable values of the frequency offset ⁇ F cannot be relied upon to indicate whether the signal is a frequency synchronization signal.
  • the quality factor is, therefore, very important in determining whether or not the detected signal is a frequency synchronization signal.
  • memory requirements for estimating a frequency offset in a detected frequency synchronization signal are reduced by dividing a demodulated frequency synchronization signal into a number of N groups of M phase differences within each group. This also avoids the need for phase unwrapping, thus further reducing the memory requirements.
  • the frequency synchronization signal can be prefiltered to improve detection. All the differentiation, adding, filtering, etc. represented in the equations above can be performed, for example, in an ASIC chip.
  • the present invention is also applicable to maintaining synchronization between a mobile station or any other type of remote station and a base station. This is important because a frequency offset which will disrupt synchronization can arise due to several reasons, e.g., differences in ambient temperature, aging of system components, handoff, etc.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
  • Monitoring And Testing Of Transmission In General (AREA)
  • Channel Selection Circuits, Automatic Tuning Circuits (AREA)
  • Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
  • Cable Transmission Systems, Equalization Of Radio And Reduction Of Echo (AREA)
  • Measuring Frequencies, Analyzing Spectra (AREA)
EP98956071A 1997-11-17 1998-11-13 Method and apparatus for estimating a frequency offset Expired - Lifetime EP1032975B1 (en)

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US971666 1997-11-17
US08/971,666 US6104767A (en) 1997-11-17 1997-11-17 Method and apparatus for estimating a frequency offset
PCT/SE1998/002056 WO1999026338A1 (en) 1997-11-17 1998-11-13 Method and apparatus for estimating a frequency offset

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AR016149A1 (es) 2001-06-20
US6104767A (en) 2000-08-15
CN1286825A (zh) 2001-03-07
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KR20010032165A (ko) 2001-04-16
IL136173A (en) 2004-05-12
BR9814875A (pt) 2000-10-03
EE200000295A (et) 2001-06-15
AU749532B2 (en) 2002-06-27
HK1029232A1 (en) 2001-03-23
IL136173A0 (en) 2001-05-20
CN1120571C (zh) 2003-09-03
WO1999026338A1 (en) 1999-05-27
PL340496A1 (en) 2001-02-12
MY114973A (en) 2003-02-28
KR100567699B1 (ko) 2006-04-05
DE69823693D1 (de) 2004-06-09
JP2001523909A (ja) 2001-11-27
ATE266276T1 (de) 2004-05-15
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DE69823693T2 (de) 2004-10-21
AU1267599A (en) 1999-06-07

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