Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
  • A61K31/18—Sulfonamides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis

Definitions

• This invention is in the field of the prevention and treatment of angiogenesis . More specifically, this invention relates to the use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors or derivatives thereof in preventing and treating angiogenesis-related disorders.
• NSAID's common non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs
• corticosteroids An alternative to NSAID's is the use of corticosteroids , which also produce severe adverse effects, especially when long term therapy is involved.
• NSAIDs have been found to prevent the production of prostaglandins by inhibiting enzymes in the human arachidonic acid/prostaglandin pathway, including the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) .
• COX cyclooxygenase
• Angiogenesis is the development of new blood vessels into a tissue or organ. Under normal conditions, angiogenesis is observed in wound healing and embryonal development. Uncontrolled angiogenesis is associated with neoplastic disease, tumor metastasis and other angiogenesis-related diseases.
• glucocorticoids Although originally developed for their anti-inflammatory properties, glucocorticoids are now recognized to have a wide variety of therapeutic uses . For example, many steroids with anti-inflammatory activity inhibit angiogenesis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,136).
• the present invention is directed to the use of inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 for the treatment and prevention of tumor growth and metastasis that are dependent on the angiogenic process.
• the treatment and prevention of non-neoplastic angiogenesis- related disorders, such as retinopathies , and endo etriosis is also included.
• the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing angiogenesis-related disorders in a subject in need of such treatment or prevention, the method comprises treating the subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor or derivative or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.
• the method above would be useful for, but not limited to, the treatment of angiogenesis-related disorders in a subject.
• the compounds of Formula I are administered to a subject in need of angiogenesis inhibition.
• the method would be useful for treatment of neoplasia, including metastasis; ophthalmological conditions such as corneal graft rejection, ocular neovascularization, retinal neovascularization including neovascularization following injury or infection, diabetic retinopathy, retrolental fibroplasia and neovascular glaucoma; ulcerative diseases such as gastric ulcer; pathological, but non-malignant, conditions such as hemangiomas, including invantile hemaginomas , angiofibroma of the nasopharynx and avascular necrosis of bone; and disorders of the female reproductive system such as endometriosis .
• treatment includes partial or total inhibition of angiogenesis, including neoplastic growth, spreading or metastasis, as well as partial or total destruction of the neoplastic cells.
• prevention includes either preventing the onset of clinically evident angiogenesis altogether or preventing the onset of a preclinically evident stage of angiogenesis in individuals at risk. Also intended to be encompassed by this definition is the prevention of metastasis of malignant cells or to arrest or reverse the progression of malignant cells. This includes prophylactic treatment of those at risk of developing angiogenesis .
• therapeutically-effective is intended to qualify the amount of each agent which will achieve the goal of improvement in disease severity and the frequency of incidence over treatment of each agent by itself, while avoiding adverse side effects typically associated with alternative therapies.
• subject for purposes of treatment includes any human or animal subject who has any one of the known angiogenesis-related disorders.
• the subject is any human or animal subject, and preferably is a human subject who is at risk for obtaining an angiogenesis-related disorder, such as metastasis.
• the subject may be at risk due to exposure to carcinogenic agents, being genetically predisposed to have the angiogenesis, and the like.
• these compounds are also useful for veterinary treatment of mammals, including companion animals and farm animals, such as, but not limited to, horses, dogs, cats, cows, sheep and pigs.
• subject means a human.
• Inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase pathway in the metabolism of arachidonic acid used in the prevention and treatment of angiogenesis may inhibit enzyme activity through a variety of mechanisms.
• the inhibitors used in the methods described herein may block the enzyme activity directly by acting as a substrate for the enzyme.
• the use of cyclooxygenasse-2 selective inhibitors is highly advantageous in that it minimize the gastric side effects that can occur with non-selective NSAID's, especially where prolonged prophylactic treatment is expected.
• cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor denotes a compound able to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 without significant inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1.
• it includes compounds which have a cyclooxygenase-2 IC 50 of less than about 0.2 ⁇ M, and also have a selectivity ratio of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition over cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition of at least 50, and more preferably of at least 100.
• the compounds have a cyclooxygenase-1 IC 50 of greater than about 1 ⁇ M, and more preferably of greater than 10 ⁇ M.
• the method provided herein relates to the use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors or derivatives thereof in the prevention and treatment of angiogenesis.
• the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor is selected from compounds of Formula I
• A is a substituent selected from oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thienyl, dihydrofuryl, furyl , pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isothiazolyl, cyclopentenyl, phenyl and pyridyl; wherein R 1 is at least one substituent selected from heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and aryl, wherein R!
• R 2 is methyl or amino; and wherein R 3 is a radical selected from hydrido, halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, oxo, cyano, carboxyl, cyanoalkyl, heterocyclyloxy, alkyloxy, alkylthio, alkylcarbonyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, haloalkyl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, heterocyclylalkyl, acyl, alkylthio
• a preferred class of compounds which inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 consists of compounds of Formula I wherein A is selected from oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, cyclopentenyl, phenyl, and pyridyl; wherein R 1 is selected from 5- and 6- membered heterocyclyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkenyl and aryl selected from phenyl, biphenyl and naphthyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted at a substitutable position with one or more radicals selected from lower alkyl, lower haloalkyl, cyano, carboxyl, lower alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, lower hydroxyalkyl, lower haloalkoxy, amino, lower alkylamino, phenylamino, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkylsulfinyl , halo, lower alkoxy and lower alkylthio;
• a more preferred class of compounds which inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 consists of compounds of Formula I wherein A is selected from oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl and cyclopentenyl; wherein R 1 is selected from pyridyl optionally substituted at a substitutable position with one or more methyl radicals, and phenyl optionally substituted at a substitutable position with one or more radicals selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, cyano, carboxyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, N-methylamino, N,N- dimethylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dipropyla
• a family of specific compounds of particular interest within Formula I consists of compounds and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof as follows :
• a family of specific compounds of more particular interest within Formula I consists of compounds and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof as follows:
• a subclass of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors is selected from compounds of Formula II
• R ⁇ is selected from hydrido, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, cyanoalkyl , carboxyl, aminocarbonyl , alkylaminocarbonyl, cycloalkylaminocarbonyl , arylaminocarbonyl , carboxyalkylaminocarbonyl , carboxyalkyl , aralkoxycarbonylalkylaminocarbonyl , aminocarbonylalkyl , alkoxycarbonylcyanoalkenyl and hydroxyalkyl; wherein R ⁇ is selected from hydrido, alkyl, cyano, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl and halo; and wherein R ⁇ is selected from aralkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl and heterocyclic; wherein R ⁇ is optionally substituted at a substitutable position with one or more
• a class of compounds of particular interest consists of those compounds of Formula II wherein R ⁇ is selected from lower haloalkyl; wherein R ⁇ is hydrido; and wherein R ⁇ is selected from phenyl optionally substituted at a substitutable position with one or more radicals selected from halo, lower alkyl and lower alkoxy; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or derivative thereof.
• R ⁇ is selected from lower haloalkyl; wherein R ⁇ is hydrido; and wherein R ⁇ is selected from phenyl optionally substituted at a substitutable position with one or more radicals selected from halo, lower alkyl and lower alkoxy; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or derivative thereof.
• a family of specific compounds of particular interest within Formula I consists of compounds, derivatives and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof as follows:
• a family of specific compounds of more particular interest within Formula I consists of compounds and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or derivatives thereof as follows:
• Derivatives are intended to encompass any compounds which are structurally related to the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors or which possess the substantially equivalent biologic activity.
• inhibitors may include, but are not limited to, prodrugs thereof.
• Such compounds can be formed in vivo, such as by metabolic mechanisms.
• hydro denotes a single hydrogen atom (H) .
• This hydrido radical may be attached, for example, to an oxygen atom to form a hydroxyl radical or two hydrido radicals may be attached to a carbon atom to form a methylene (-CH2-) radical.
• haloalkyl alkylsulfonyl
• alkoxyalkyl alkoxyalkyl
• hydroxyalkyl alkyl
• alkyl embraces linear or branched radicals having one to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, one to about twelve carbon atoms.
• alkyl radicals are "lower alkyl” radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms. Most preferred are lower alkyl radicals having one to about six carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl and the like.
• alkenyl embraces linear or branched radicals having at least one carbon-carbon double bond of two to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, two to about twelve carbon atoms.
• alkenyl radicals are "lower alkenyl” radicals having two to about six carbon atoms.
• alkenyl radicals include ethenyl, propenyl, allyl, propenyl , butenyl and 4-methylbutenyl .
• alkynyl denotes linear or branched radicals having two to about twenty carbon atoms or, preferably, two to about twelve carbon atoms .
• More preferred alkynyl radicals are "lower alkynyl” radicals having two to about ten carbon atoms . Most preferred are lower alkynyl radicals having two to about six carbon atoms .
• radicals examples include propargyl, butynyl , and the like.
• alkenyl lower alkenyl
• cycloalkyl embraces saturated carbocyclic radicals having three to twelve carbon atoms. More preferred cycloalkyl radicals are “lower cycloalkyl” radicals having three to about eight carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• cycloalkenyl embraces partially unsaturated carbocyclic radicals having three to twelve carbon atoms . More preferred cycloalkenyl radicals are "lower cycloalkenyl” radicals having four to about eight carbon atoms . Examples of such radicals include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, and cyclohexenyl .
• halo means halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
• haloalkyl embraces radicals wherein any one or more of the alkyl carbon atoms is substituted with halo as defined above.
• a monohaloalkyl radical for one example, may have either an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical.
• Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.
• “Lower haloalkyl” embraces radicals having 1-6 carbon atoms.
• haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl , dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, pentafluoroethyl , heptafluoropropyl , difluorochloromethyl , dichlorofluoromethyl , difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl , dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl .
• hydroxyalkyl embraces linear or branched alkyl radicals having one to about ten carbon atoms any one of which may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl radicals. More preferred hydroxyalkyl radicals are "lower hydroxyalkyl" radicals having one to six carbon atoms and one or more hydroxyl radicals .
• radicals examples include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl and hydroxyhexyl .
• alkoxy and alkyloxy embrace linear or branched oxy-containing radicals each having alkyl portions of one to about ten carbon atoms . More preferred alkoxy radicals are “lower alkoxy” radicals having one to six carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy and tert-butoxy.
• alkoxyalkyl embraces alkyl radicals having one or more alkoxy radicals attached to the alkyl radical, that is, to form monoalkoxyalkyl and dialkoxyalkyl radicals .
• alkoxy radicals may be further substituted with one or more halo atoms, such as fluoro, chloro or bromo, to provide haloalkoxy radicals. More preferred haloalkoxy radicals are "lower haloalkoxy" radicals having one to six carbon atoms and one or more halo radicals . Examples of such radicals include fluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, fluoroethoxy and fluoropropoxy .
• aryl alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such rings may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused.
• aryl embraces aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl , indane and biphenyl .
• Aryl moieties may also be substituted at a substitutable position with one or more substituents selected independently from alkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl , carboxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl , aminocarbonylalkyl, alkoxy, aralkoxy, hydroxyl, amino, halo, nitro, alkylamino, acyl, cyano, carboxy, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl and aralkoxycarbonyl .
• heterocyclyl embraces saturated, partially unsaturated and unsaturated heteroatom-containing ring-shaped radicals, where the heteroatoms may be selected from nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• saturated heterocyclyl radicals include saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocylic group containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms (e.g. pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidino, piperazinyl, etc.); saturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 oxygen atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms (e.g.
• heteroaryl embraces unsaturated heterocyclyl radicals.
• heteroaryl radicals examples include unsaturated 3 to 6 membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms, for example, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazolyl (e.g., 4H-l,2,4-triazolyl, 1H-1, 2 , 3-triazolyl , 2H-1 , 2 , 3-triazolyl, etc.) tetrazolyl (e.g.
• unsaturated condensed heterocyclyl group containing 1 to 5 nitrogen atoms for example, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl , tetrazolopyridazinyl (e.g., tetrazolo [1, 5- b] pyridazinyl , etc.), etc.
• unsaturated 3 to 6- membered heteromonocyclic group containing an oxygen atom for example, pyranyl , furyl, etc.
• unsaturated 3 to 6-membered heteromonocyclic group containing a sulfur atom for example, thienyl, etc.
• benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl , etc. unsaturated 3 to 6- membered heteromonocyclic group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms, for example, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl (e.g., 1,2,4- thiadiazolyl , 1, 3 , 4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5- thiadiazolyl, etc.) etc.; unsaturated condensed heterocyclyl group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms (e.g., benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, etc.) and the like.
• thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl e.g., 1,2,4- thiadiazolyl , 1, 3 , 4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5- thiadiazolyl, etc.
• unsaturated condensed heterocyclyl group containing 1 to 2 sulfur atoms and 1 to 3 nitrogen atoms
• heterocyclyl radicals are fused with aryl radicals.
• fused bicyclic radicals include benzofuran, benzothiophene, and the like.
• Said "heterocyclyl group” may have 1 to 3 substituents such as alkyl, hydroxyl, halo, alkoxy, oxo, amino and alkylamino.
• alkylthio embraces radicals containing a linear or branched alkyl radical, of one to about ten carbon atoms attached to a divalent sulfur atom. More preferred alkylthio radicals are "lower alkylthio" radicals having alkyl radicals of one to six carbon atoms. Examples of such lower alkylthio radicals are methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio and hexylthio.
• alkylthioalkyl embraces radicals containing an alkylthio radical attached through the divalent sulfur atom to an alkyl radical of one to about ten carbon atoms . More preferred alkylthioalkyl radicals are "lower alkylthioalkyl " radicals having alkyl radicals of one to six carbon atoms .
• alkylthioalkyl radicals examples include methylthiomethyl .
• alkylsulfonyl embraces alkyl radicals attached to a sulfonyl radical, where alkyl is defined as above. More preferred alkylsulfonyl radicals are "lower alkylsulfonyl " radicals having one to six carbon atoms. Examples of such lower alkylsulfonyl radicals include methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl and propylsulfonyl .
• alkylsulfonyl radicals may be further substituted with one or more halo atoms, such as fluoro, chloro or bromo, to provide haloalkylsulfonyl radicals.
• halo atoms such as fluoro, chloro or bromo
• sulfamyl denote NH 2 O 2 S-.
• acyl denotes a radical provided by the residue after removal of hydroxyl from an organic acid. Examples of such acyl radicals include alkanoyl and aroyl radicals.
• lower alkanoyl radicals examples include formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, valeryl, isovaleryl, pivaloyl, hexanoyl, trifluoroacetyl .
• aroyl embraces aryl radicals with a carbonyl radical as defined above. Examples of aroyl include benzoyl, naphthoyl, and the like and the aryl in said aroyl may be additionally substituted.
• carboxy or “carboxyl”, whether used alone or with other terms, such as
• Carboxyalkyl denotes -CO 2 H.
• Carboxyalkyl embraces alkyl radicals substituted with a carboxy radical . More preferred are “lower carboxyalkyl” which embrace lower alkyl radicals as defined above, and may be additionally substituted on the alkyl radical with halo. Examples of such lower carboxyalkyl radicals include carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl and carboxypropyl .
• alkoxycarbonyl means a radical containing an alkoxy radical, as defined above, attached via an oxygen atom to a carbonyl radical. More preferred are "lower alkoxycarbonyl” radicals with alkyl porions having 1 to 6 carbons.
• alkoxycarbonyl (ester) radicals examples include substituted or unsubstituted methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl , butoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl .
• alkylcarbonyl " , "arylcarbonyl” and “aralkylcarbonyl” include radicals having alkyl, aryl and aralkyl radicals, as defined above, attached to a carbonyl radical. Examples of such radicals include substituted or unsubstituted methylcarbonyl, ethylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl and benzylcarbonyl .
• aralkyl embraces aryl-substituted alkyl radicals such as benzyl, diphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl, phenylethyl, and diphenylethyl .
• the aryl in said aralkyl may be additionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, halkoalkyl and haloalkoxy.
• benzyl and phenylmethyl are interchangeable.
• heterocyclylalkyl embraces saturated and partially unsaturated heterocyclyl-substituted alkyl radicals, such as pyrrolidinylmethyl , and heteroaryl-substituted alkyl radicals, such as pyridylmethyl , quinolylmethyl , thienylmethyl, furylethyl, and quinolylethyl .
• the heteroaryl in said heteroaralkyl may be additionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy, halkoalkyl and haloalkoxy.
• aralkoxy embraces aralkyl radicals attached through an oxygen atom to other radicals.
• aralkoxyalkyl embraces aralkoxy radicals attached through an oxygen atom to an alkyl radical .
• aralkylthio embraces aralkyl radicals attached to a sulfur atom.
• aralkylthioalkyl embraces aralkylthio radicals attached through a sulfur atom to an alkyl radical.
• aminoalkyl embraces alkyl radicals substituted with one or more amino radicals. More preferred are “lower aminoalkyl” radicals. Examples of such radicals include aminomethyl, aminoethyl, and the like.
• alkylamino denotes amino groups which have been substituted with one or two alkyl radicals.
• lower N- alkylamino radicals having alkyl portions having 1 to 6 carbon atoms .
• Suitable lower alkylamino may be mono or dialkylamino such as N- methylamino, N-ethylamino, N, N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino or the like.
• arylamino denotes amino groups which have been substituted with one or two aryl radicals, such as N-phenylamino .
• the "arylamino" radicals may be further substituted on the aryl ring portion of the radical.
• aralkylamino embraces aralkyl radicals attached through an amino nitrogen atom to other radicals.
• N- arylaminoalkyl and "N-aryl-N-alkyl-aminoalkyl” denote amino groups which have been substituted with one aryl radical or one aryl and one alkyl radical, respectively, and having the amino group attached to an alkyl radical .
• examples of such radicals include N-phenylaminomethyl and N- phenyl-N-methylaminomethyl .
• alkylaminocarbonyl denotes an aminocarbonyl group which has been substituted with one or two alkyl radicals on the amino nitrogen atom.
• N- alkylaminocarbonyl "N, N-dialkylaminocarbonyl” radicals. More preferred are “lower N- alkylaminocarbonyl” “lower N,N- dialkylaminocarbonyl” radicals with lower alkyl portions as defined above.
• alkylaminoalkyl embraces radicals having one or more alkyl radicals attached to an aminoalkyl radical.
• aryloxyalkyl embraces radicals having an aryl radical attached to an alkyl radical through a divalent oxygen atom.
• arylthioalkyl embraces radicals having an aryl radical attached to an alkyl radical through a divalent sulfur atom.
• the compounds utilized in the methods of the present invention may be present in the form of free bases or pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable salts embraces salts commonly used to form alkali metal salts and to form addition salts of free acids or free bases. The nature of the salt is not critical, provided that it is pharmaceutically-acceptable.
• Suitable pharmaceutically- acceptable acid addition salts of compounds of Formula I may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of such inorganic acids are hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric and phosphoric acid.
• organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, example of which are formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, mesylic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic) , methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, algenic, ⁇ - hydroxybutyric , salicylic, galacta
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable base addition salts of compounds of Formula I include metallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from N,N' -dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N- methylglucamine) and procaine. All of these salts may be prepared by conventional means from the corresponding compound of Formula I by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with the compound of Formula I.
• cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor compounds of the invention can be synthesized according to the following procedures of Schemes I-X, wherein the R!-R3 substituents are as defined for Formula I, above, except where further noted.
• Synthetic Scheme I shows the preparation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor compounds, as described in U.S. patent No. 5,521,207 and WQ95/15316, which are incorporated by reference, embraced by Formula I .
• ketone 1 is treated with a base, preferably NaOMe or NaH, and an ester, or ester equivalent, to form the intermediate diketone 2 (in the enol form) which is used without further purification.
• diketone 2 in an anhydrous protic solvent such as absolute ethanol or acetic acid, is treated with the hydrochloride salt or the free base of a substituted hydrazine at reflux to afford a mixture of pyrazoles 3 and 4.
• Scheme II shows the four step procedure for forming cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor pyrazoles 8 as described in U.S. patent No. 5,486,534 (where R is hydrido or alkyl) from ketones 5.
• ketone 5 is reacted with a base, such as lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to form the anion.
• a base such as lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)
• step 2 the anion is reacted with an acetylating reagent to provide diketone 6.
• step 3 the reaction of diketone 6 with hydrazine or a substituted hydrazine, gives pyrazole 7.
• step 4 the pyrazole 7 is oxidized with an oxidizing reagent, such as Oxone® (potassium peroxymonosulfate) , 3- chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) or hydrogen peroxide, to give a mixture of the desired 3- (alkylsulfonyl) phenyl-pyrazole 8 and the 5- (alkylsulfonyl) phenyl-pyrazole isomer.
• the desired pyrazole 8 usually a white or pale yellow solid, is obtained in pure form either by chromatography or recrystallization.
• diketone 6 can be formed from ketone 5 by treatment with a base, such as sodium hydride, in a solvent, such as dimethylformamide, and further reacting with a nitrile to form an aminoketone. Treatment of the aminoketone with acid forms the diketone 6.
• a base such as sodium hydride
• a solvent such as dimethylformamide
• Treatment of the aminoketone with acid forms the diketone 6.
• Similar pyrazoles can be prepared by methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,984,431 which is incorporated by reference.
• Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor diaryl/heteroaryl thiophenes (where T is S, and R 3 is alkyl) can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,427,693, 4,302,461, 4,381,311, 4,590,205, and 4,820,827, and PCT documents WO 95/00501 and W094/15932, which are incorporated by reference. Similar pyrroles (where T is N) , furanones and furans (where T is 0) can be prepared by methods described in PCT documents WO 95/00501 and W094/15932, and in EP799,823.
• Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor diaryl/heteroaryl oxazoles can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,743,656, 3,644,499 and 3,647,858, and PCT documents WO 95/00501 and WO94/27980, which are incorporated by reference.
• Equivalent oxazole compounds can be prepared via W096/19463 and W096/19462.
• Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor diaryl/heteroaryl isoxazoles can be prepared by the methods described in United States No. 5,633,272, PCT documents WO92/05162, and WO92/19604, and European Publication EP 26928 which are incorporated by reference.
• Sulfona ides 24 can be formed from the hydrated isoxazole 23 in a two step procedure. First, hydrated isoxazole 23 is treated at about 0 °C with two or three equivalents of chlorosulfonic acid to form the corresponding sulfonyl chloride. In step two, the sulfonyl chloride thus formed is treated with concentrated ammonia to provide the sulfonamide derivative 24
• Scheme VI shows the three step preparation of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor imidazoles 29 of the present invention.
• step 1 the reaction of substituted nitriles (R 1 CN) 25 with primary phenylamines 26 in the presence of alkylaluminum reagents such as trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, dimethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum chloride in the presence of inert solvents such as toluene, benzene, and xylene, gives amidines 27.
• alkylaluminum reagents such as trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, dimethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum chloride
• inert solvents such as toluene, benzene, and xylene
• step 2 the reaction of amidine 27 with 2-haloketones (where X is Br or Cl) in the presence of bases, such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate or hindered tertiary amines such as N, N' -diisopropylethylamine, gives the 4,5- dihydroimidazoles 28 (where R ⁇ is alkyl) .
• bases such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate or hindered tertiary amines such as N, N' -diisopropylethylamine.
• the 4,5- dihydroimidazoles 28 may be dehydrated in the presence of an acid catalyst such as 4- toluenesulfonic acid or mineral acids to form the 1, 2-disubstituted imidazoles 29 of the invention.
• an acid catalyst such as 4- toluenesulfonic acid or mineral acids
• Suitable solvents for this dehydration step are e.g., toluene, xylene and benzene.
• Trifluoroacetic acid can be used as solvent and catalyst for this dehydration step.
• the intermediate 28 may not be readily isolable.
• the reaction proceeds to give the targeted imidazoles directly.
• imidazoles can be prepared having the sulfonylphenyl moiety attached at position 2 and R ⁇ attached at the nitrogen atom at position 1.
• Diaryl/heteroaryl imidazoles can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,822,805, U.S. application Serial No. 08/282,395 and PCT document WO 93/14082, which are incorporated by reference.
• the subject imidazole cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor compounds 36 of this invention may be synthesized according to the sequence outlined in Scheme VII.
• Aldehyde 30 may be converted to the protected cyanohydrin 31 by reaction with a trialkylsilyl cyanide, such as trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) in the presence of a catalyst such as zinc iodide (Z l 2 ) or potassium cyanide (KCN) .
• TMSCN trimethylsilyl cyanide
• Z l 2 zinc iodide
• KCN potassium cyanide
• Benzoin 33 may be converted to benzil 34 by reaction with a suitable oxidizing agent, such as bismuth oxide or manganese dioxide, or by a Swern oxidation using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and trifluoroacetic anhydride.
• a suitable oxidizing agent such as bismuth oxide or manganese dioxide
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• Benzil 34 may be obtained directly by reaction of the anion of cyanohydrin 31 with a substituted benzoic acid halide.
• Any of compounds 33 and 34 may be used as intermediates for conversion to imidazoles 35 (where R ⁇ is alkyl) according to chemical procedures known by those skilled in the art and described by M. R.
• oxidation of the sulfide (where R 2 is methyl) to the sulfone may be carried out at any point along the way beginning with compounds 35, and including oxidation of imidazoles 38, using, for examples, reagents such as hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (OXONE®) .
• MCPBA m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
• OXONE® potassium peroxymonosulfate
• Diaryl/heteroaryl imidazoles can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,707,475, 4,686,231, 4,503,065, 4,472,422, 4,372,964, 4,576,958, 3,901,908, U.S. application Serial No. 08/281,903 European publication EP 372,445, and PCT document WO 95/00501, which are incorporated by reference.
• Diaryl/heteroaryl cyclopentene cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitors can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 5,344,991, and PCT document WO 95/00501, which are incorporated by reference .
• Scheme IX
• Synthetic Scheme IX shows the procedure for the preparation of 1, 2-diarylbenzene cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor agents 44 from 2-bromo- biphenyl intermediates 43 (prepared similar to that described in Synthetic Scheme VIII) and the appropriate substituted phenylboronic acids. Using a coupling procedure similar to the one developed by Suzuki et al . [ Synth . Commun .
• intermediates 43 are reacted with the boronic acids in toluene/ethanol at reflux in the presence of a Pd° catalyst, e.g., tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine)palladium(O) , and 2M sodium carbonate to give the corresponding 1,2- diarylbenzene antiinflammatory agents 44 of this invention.
• a Pd° catalyst e.g., tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine)palladium(O) , and 2M sodium carbonate.
• terphenyl compounds can be prepared by the methods described in PCT patent document W096/16934, which is incorporated by reference.
• Diaryl/heteroaryl thiazole cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent No. 4,051,250, 4,632,930, European Application EP 592,664, and PCT documents
• Diaryl/heteroaryl pyridine cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors can be prepared by the methods described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,169,857, 4,011,328, 4,533,666, and W096/24584 and W096/24585, which are incorporated by reference.
• COX-2 inhibitor [5- (4-chlorophenyl) -3- (difluoromethyl) -1H- pyrazol-1-yl] benzenesulfonamide
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• a Murine Lewis lung carcinoma assay is performed as described by I. Anderson et al [ Can . Res . , 56, 715 (1996)].
• a COX-2 inhibitor is effective in inhibiting metastasis in this model.
• the present invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of angiogenic disorders, comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of Formula I in association with at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, adjuvant or diluent (collectively referred to herein as "carrier” materials) and, if desired, other active ingredients.
• carrier pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, adjuvant or diluent
• the active compounds of the present invention may be administered by any suitable route known to those skilled in the art, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such a route, and in a dose effective for the treatment intended.
• the active compounds and composition may, for example, be administered orally, intra-vascularly, intraperitoneally, intranasal, intrabronchial, subcutaneously, intramuscularly or topically (including aerosol) . If the angiogenesis is localized, local administration rather than system administration is preferred. Formulation in a lipid vehicle may be used to enhance bioavailability.
• the administration of the present invention may be for either prevention or treatment purposes.
• the methods and compositions used herein may be used alone or in conjunction with additional therapies known to those skilled in the art in the prevention or treatment of angiogenesis.
• the methods and compositions described herein may be used as adjunct therapy.
• the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor may be administered alone or in conjunction with other antineoplastic agents or other growth inhibiting agents or other drugs or nutrients.
• antineoplastic agents there are large numbers of antineoplastic agents available in commercial use, in clinical evaluation and in pre-clinical development, which could be selected for treatment of angiogenesis by combination drug chemotherapy. Such antineoplastic agents fall into several major categories, namely, antibiotic-type agents, alkylating agents, antimetabolite agents, hormonal agents, immunological agents, interferon-type agents and a category of miscellaneous agents .
• antibiotic-type agents such as antibiotic-type agents, alkylating agents, antimetabolite agents, hormonal agents, immunological agents, interferon-type agents and a category of miscellaneous agents .
• other anti-neoplastic agents such as metallomatrix proteases inhibitors (MMP) , such as MMP- 13 inhibitors including batiastat, marimastat, Agouron Pharmaceuticals AG-3340, and Roche RO-32-3555, or v ⁇ 3 inhibitors may be used.
• MMP metallomatrix proteases inhibitors
• a first family of antineoplastic agents which may be used in combination with a selective cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitor consists of antimetabolite-type antineoplastic agents.
• Suitable antimetabolite antineoplastic agents may be selected from the group consisting of 5-FU-fibrinogen, acanthifolic acid, aminothiadiazole, brequinar sodium, carmofur, Ciba- Geigy CGP-30694, cyclopentyl cytosine, cytarabine phosphate stearate, cytarabine conjugates, Lilly DATHF, Merrel Dow DDFC, dezaguanine, dideoxycytidine, dideoxyguanosine, didox, Yoshitomi DMDC, doxifluridine, Wellcome EHNA, Merck & Co.
• TIF trimetrexate
• tyrosine kinase inhibitors tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors
• Taiho UFT uricytin
• a second family of antineoplastic agents which may be used in combination with a selective cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitor consists of alkylating-type antineoplastic agents .
• Suitable alkylating-type antineoplastic agents may be selected from the group consisting of Shionogi 254-S, aldo-phosphamide analogues, altretamine, anaxirone, Boehringer Mannheim BBR-2207, bestrabucil, budotitane, Wakunaga CA-102, carboplatin, carmustine, Chinoin-139, Chinoin-153, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, American Cyanamid CL-286558, Sanofi CY-233, cyplatate, Degussa D-19-384, Sumimoto DACHP(Myr)2, diphenylspiromustine, diplatinum cytostatic, Erba distamycin derivatives, Chugai DWA-
• a third family of antineoplastic agents which may be used in combination with a selective cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitor consists of antibiotic-type antineoplastic agents.
• Suitable antibiotic-type antineoplastic agents may be selected from the group consisting of Taiho 4181-A, aclarubicin, actinomycin D, actinoplanone, Erbamont ADR-456, aeroplysinin derivative, Ajinomoto AN-201-11, Ajinomoto AN-3 , Nippon Soda anisomycins, anthracycline, azino-mycin-A, bisucaberin, Bristol- Myers BL-6859, Bristol-Myers BMY-25067, Bristol-Myers BMY-25551, Bristol-Myers BMY-26605, Bristol-Myers BMY- 27557, Bristol-Myers BMY-28438, bleomycin sulfate, bryostatin-1, Taiho C-1027, calichemycin
• a fourth family of antineoplastic agents which may be used in combination with the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor consists of a miscellaneous family of antineoplastic agents selected from the group consisting of alpha-carotene, alpha-difluoromethyl- arginine, acitretin, Biotec AD-5, Kyorin AHC-52, alstonine, amonafide, amphethinile, amsacrine, Angiostat, ankinomycin, anti-neoplaston A10, antineoplaston A2 , antineoplaston A3, antineoplaston A5, antineoplaston AS2-1, Henkel APD, aphidicolin glycinate, asparaginase, Avarol, baccharin, batracylin, benfluron, benzotript, Ipsen-Beaufour BIM-23015, bisantrene, Bristo-Myers BMY-40481, Vestar boron-10, brom
• radioprotective agents which may be used in the combination chemotherapy of this invention are AD-5, adchnon, amifostine analogues, detox, dimesna, 1-102, MM-159, N-acylated-dehydroalanines , TGF- Genentech, tiprotimod, amifostine, WR-151327, FUT- 187, ketoprofen transdermal, nabumetone, superoxide dismutase (Chiron) and superoxide dismutase Enzon.
• Methods for preparation of the antineoplastic agents described above may be found in the literature. Methods for preparation of doxorubicin, for example, are described in U.S. Patents No. 3,590,028 and No. 4,012,448. Methods for preparing metallomatrix protease inhibitors are described in EP 780386, WO97/20824, WO96/15096. Methods for preparing SOD mimics are described in EP 524,101. Methods for preparing ⁇ v ⁇ 3 inhibitors are described in WO97/08174.
• the selective COX-2 inhibitor may be administered in conjunction with other antiinflammatory agents for maximum safety and efficacy, including
• NSAID's selective COX-1 inhibitors and inhibitors of the leukotriene pathway, including 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors.
• NSAID's include indomethacin, naproxen, ibruprofen, salicylic acid derivatives such as aspirin, diclofenac, ketorolac, piroxicam, meloxicam, mefenamic acid, sulindac, tolmetin sodium, zomepirac, fenopro en, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, nimesulide, zaltoprofen and etodolac.
• adjunct therapy in defining use of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor agent and one or more other pharmaceutical agent, is intended to embrace administration of each agent in a sequential manner in a regimen that will provide beneficial effects of the drug combination, and is intended as well to embrace co-administration of these agents in a substantially simultaneous manner, such as in a single formulation having a fixed ratio of these active agents, or in multiple, separate formulations for each agent.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of, for example, a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid.
• the pharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosage unit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient.
• dosage units are capsules, tablets, powders, granules or a suspension, with conventional additives such as lactose, mannitol, corn starch or potato starch; with binders such as crystalline cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acacia, corn starch or gelatins; with disintegrators such as corn starch, potato starch or sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose; and with lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate.
• the active ingredient may also be administered by injection as a composition wherein, for example, saline, dextrose or water may be used as a suitable carrier.
• a composition wherein, for example, saline, dextrose or water may be used as a suitable carrier.
• the compound may be combined with a sterile aqueous solution which is preferably isotonic with the blood of the recipient.
• Such formulations may be prepared by dissolving solid active ingredient in water containing physiologically compatible substances such as sodium chloride, glycine, and the like, and having a buffered pH compatible with physiological conditions to produce an aqueous solution, and rendering said solution sterile.
• the formulations may be present in unit or multi-dose containers such as sealed ampoules or vials .
• the compound may be formulated with acid-stable, base-labile coatings known in the art which begin to dissolve in the high pH small intestine. Formulation to enhance local pharmacologic effects and reduce systemic uptake are preferred.
• Formulations suitable for parenteral administration conveniently comprise a sterile aqueous preparation of the active compound which is preferably made isotonic. Preparations for injections may also be formulated by suspending or emulsifying the compounds in non-aqueous solvent, such as vegetable oil, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acids or propylene glycol.
• non-aqueous solvent such as vegetable oil, synthetic aliphatic acid glycerides, esters of higher aliphatic acids or propylene glycol.
• Formulations for topical use include known gels, creams, oils, and the like.
• the compounds may be formulated with known aerosol exipients, such as saline, and administered using commercially available nebulizers.
• Formulation in a fatty acid source may be used to enhance biocompatibility. Aerosol delivery is the preferred method of delivery for epithelial angiogenesis of the lung for prevention application.
• the active ingredient may be formulated into suppositories using bases which are solid at room temperature and melt or dissolve at body temperature.
• bases include coca butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oil, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty esters of polyethylene stearate.
• the dosage form and amount can be readily established by reference to known treatment or prophylactic regiments .
• the amount of therapeutically active compound that is administered and the dosage regimen for treating a disease condition with the compounds and/or compositions of this invention depends on a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex and medical condition of the subject, the severity of the disease, the route and frequency of administration, and the particular compound employed, the location of the angiogenesis, as well as the pharmacokinetic properties of the individual treated, and thus may vary widely.
• the dosage will generally be lower if the compounds are administered locally rather than systemically, and for prevention rather than for treatment. Such treatments may be administered as often as necessary and for the period of time judged necessary by the treating physician.
• the dosage regime or therapeutically effective amount of the inhibitor to be administrated may need to be optimized for each individual.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may contain active ingredient in the range of about 0.1 to 2000 mg, preferably in the range of about 0.5 to 500 mg and most preferably between about 1 and 200 mg.
• the daily dose can be administered in one to four doses per day.

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