EP0891458B1 - Construction, panel therefor and method for making same - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a structure defining a volume modular hollow and self-supporting obtained by the juxtaposition of panels of precast concrete panels, compressed together and forming a box rigid and undeformable. Depending on their position, the panels constitute walls or floors. These structures defining a modular volume are constructed preferably at floor level. The modular volume is assembled in the factory, completely finished outside and inside. Modular volumes completed are transported to site for rapid construction of buildings made by installing one or more modules. A designed and constructed building using this type of concrete structure box is particularly suitable to resist earthquakes.

An example of such structures is known from document WO-A-86/05227.

According to document WO 90/15202, precast concrete panels lightweight are concrete panels of constant thickness.

This design, similar to most of the processes using manufacturing panels with constant thickness has several disadvantages major. Either the panel is made of reinforced concrete to obtain the resistance mechanical in accordance with technical standards and the final weight of the panel requires costly transport solutions, either the panel is made of lightweight concrete and said panel must be reinforced, as taught by WO 90/15202, by a reinforced concrete sill, which increases the price.

In addition, such an assembly of panels on site requires many costly labor services on site for the structural work itself and especially for interior finishing work carried out according to artisanal methods.

On the contrary, the present invention provides a modular volume completely finished inside and out, factory built, which allows a considerable reduction in costs, thanks to the productivity of the production of modules in series. In addition, the invention advantageously combines the solidity of the concrete and lightness of the entire volume, which is decisive for the stability of the building and the cost of transport.

The present invention relates to a structure defining a volume modular hollow and self-supporting obtained by the assembly between them of panels precast concrete with reservations for doors, windows, stairs, etc ..., said panels being very advantageously lightened by the digging of cells between a network of beams and / or crosspieces or ribs browsing the panel. This network constitutes a skeleton framework of the structure, while the sleepers or ribs of each panel are connected between them by a thin concrete veil on the areas delimited by the cells.

According to the invention, the steels necessarily present in the concrete in order meet technical stability standards, are advantageously used to ensure both stability and assembly in compression of the panels. Thus steels working in traction in the ribs of floors are used as tie rods to compress the vertical walls against said floor. According to the invention, the connection between the panels of the vertical walls and the panels of the floors or ceiling to obtain the modular structure is carried out in compressing the vertical walls against the edges of the floors by means of studs connected by screwing to the steel tie rods located in the floors.

The modular structure according to the invention essentially consists of two vertical panels whose flat walls face one another, and of two horizontal panels, said horizontal panels being placed between the flat walls of said two vertical panels and being attached to said vertical panels by means of studs inserted into panel tubes vertical before being screwed into sockets at the ends of the tie rods horizontal panels. Unlike the usual structures, floors or the ceiling and the floor do not rest on built supports wall sills or other elements of the construction. In the structure according to the invention, the floors or the ceiling and the floor are compressed between vertical walls by studs which ensure the resumption of the shearing force and imposes significant friction between the concrete walls in contact.

Advantageously, a layer of glue or concrete extends between the contact surfaces of the panels with each other. This layer is applied under liquid form and allows after hardening or solidification to reduce or even to eliminate the shearing forces applied to the studs.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE INVENTION

(a) de deux panneaux verticaux dont les parois planes sont tournées l'une vers l'autre, et dont les poutres inférieure et supérieure présentent une série de passages définis par des tubes dont l'axe est perpendiculaire à la paroi plane.

(b) de deux panneaux horizontaux, chaque panneau horizontal comportant des tirants reliés à des douilles filetées présentant chacune une ouverture le long d'une paroi latérale d'une poutre, ladite paroi latérale étant perpendiculaire à la paroi plane du panneau horizontal, lesdits panneaux horizontaux étant placés entre les parois planes desdits deux panneaux verticaux, de manière à ce que les ouvertures de douilles d'une paroi de la poutre d'un panneau horizontal se trouvent en regard de passages définis dans la poutre inférieure ou supérieure d'un panneau vertical, et

(c) d'une série de goujons au moins partiellement filetés introduits dans des passages des panneaux verticaux avant d'être vissés dans des douilles de tirants des panneaux horizontaux, lesdits goujons comprimant les parois planes de chaque panneau vertical contre une paroi latérale de chaque panneau horizontal.

The structure according to the invention comprises at least four concrete panels connected two by two, each panel consisting of a rectangular or square frame formed of beams between which extend a series of crosspieces or ribs so as to define a series d cells between said sleepers or ribs or beams, said beams and said sleepers or ribs being interconnected by a concrete veil of a thickness less than 40 mm, advantageously less than 30 mm, in particular between 10 and 25 mm. This veil forms a flat wall. Said panels include a series of tie rods embedded in the concrete. Said structure is made up of:

(a) two vertical panels whose planar walls face one towards the other, and whose lower and upper beams have a series of passages defined by tubes whose axis is perpendicular to the planar wall.

(b) two horizontal panels, each horizontal panel comprising tie rods connected to threaded bushings each having an opening along a side wall of a beam, said side wall being perpendicular to the flat wall of the horizontal panel, said panels horizontal being placed between the flat walls of said two vertical panels, so that the socket openings of a wall of the beam of a horizontal panel are located opposite passages defined in the lower or upper beam of a panel vertical, and

(c) a series of at least partially threaded studs introduced into passages of the vertical panels before being screwed into sleeves of tie rods of the horizontal panels, said studs compressing the flat walls of each vertical panel against a side wall of each horizontal panel.

Advantageously, the structure comprises one or two panels end, this or these end panels allowing to resume efforts of against wind, each end panel consisting of a frame rectangular or square formed of beams, including two vertical beams between which extend a series of crosspieces or ribs so as to define a series of cells between said crosspieces or ribs or beams, said beams and said sleepers or ribs being interconnected by a concrete veil of a thickness less than 40 mm forming a flat wall, said panels comprising a series of tie rods embedded in the concrete and extending between a first vertical beam and a second vertical beam. In this case, tie rods of the or each end panel are connected to threaded bushings each having an opening along a side wall of a beam vertical, said side wall being perpendicular to the flat wall of the panel end, while each vertical panel has at least one beam vertical extending between the lower beam and the upper beam, said beam vertical have a series of passages defined by tubes whose axis is perpendicular to the flat wall of the vertical panel. The or each panel end is placed between the flat walls of said two vertical panels, so that the socket openings of a side wall of a first vertical beam of an end panel are located opposite defined passages in a vertical beam of a first vertical panel, and so that the sleeve openings of a wall of the second vertical beam of a end panel are located opposite passages defined in a beam vertical of the second vertical panel. At least one series of studs partially threaded are introduced into passages of vertical panels before being screwed into tie rod sockets of the end panel (s), said studs compressing the flat walls of each vertical panel against a side wall of the end panel or of each end panel.

en ce que le ou chaque panneau d'about présente une poutre inférieure et une poutre supérieure entre lesquelles s'étendent lesdites première et deuxième poutres verticales du panneau d'about;

en ce que lesdites poutres inférieure et supérieure du panneau d'about présentent une série de passages définis par des tubes ou douilles dont l'axe est perpendiculaire à la paroi plane du panneau d'about ;

en ce que chaque panneau horizontal comporte une poutre présentant une série de passages définis par des tubes ou douilles dont l'axe est parallèle à la paroi plane du panneau horizontal, lesdits panneaux horizontaux étant placés par rapport au panneau d'about ou par rapport à chaque panneau d'about, de manière à ce que les ouvertures de douilles ou passages d'une poutre d'un premier panneau horizontal se trouvent en regard de passages ou douilles de la poutre inférieure du panneau d'about, et de manière à ce que les ouvertures de douilles ou passages d'une poutre du deuxième panneau horizontal se trouvent en regard de passages ou douilles de la poutre supérieure du panneau d'about.

According to a preferred form, the structure is characterized:

in that the or each end panel has a lower beam and an upper beam between which extend said first and second vertical beams of the end panel;

in that said lower and upper beams of the end panel have a series of passages defined by tubes or sockets whose axis is perpendicular to the flat wall of the end panel;

in that each horizontal panel comprises a beam having a series of passages defined by tubes or sockets whose axis is parallel to the flat wall of the horizontal panel, said horizontal panels being placed with respect to the end panel or with respect to each end panel, so that the openings of sockets or passages of a beam of a first horizontal panel are located opposite passages or sockets of the lower beam of the end panel, and so that that the openings of sockets or passages of a beam of the second horizontal panel are located opposite passages or sockets of the upper beam of the end panel.

In a preferred embodiment, the lower horizontal panel of the structure is arranged at a level distant from the base of the vertical panels, this which results in defining a free area located under said panel horizontal and therefore under said structure. This free area is useful for passing of accessories and pipes necessary for the infrastructure of the building in to build.

THE PANEL

The invention also relates to a panel for a following structure the invention, this prefabricated panel being light, having a wall that is suitable for form either a floor or an interior face of a room, and possibly a ceiling. The panel according to the invention has joists, for example made of wood, making it easier to attach decorative panels or facade panels exterior, and has means for fixing the panels together by studs.

The panel according to the invention allows a weight saving of 60%, or even more, relative to the weight of the solid panels, while retaining characteristics mechanical meeting technical standards.

• quatre poutres en béton définissant un cadre carré ou rectangulaire, lesdites poutres étant parallèles entre elles deux à deux et présentant chacune une première face formant une partie de la paroi plane du panneau, une deuxième face opposée à la première face, une face latérale intérieure tournée vers une autre poutre, et une face latérale extérieure qui est opposée à la face latérale intérieure ;
• au moins deux traverses ou nervures ou nervures en béton s'étendant entre deux poutres parallèles entre elles et présentant chacune une première face formant une partie de la paroi plane du panneau, une deuxième face opposée à la première face, une face latérale tournée vers une traverse ou nervure adjacente, et une face opposée à ladite face latérale ;
• entre les traverses ou nervures et/ou les poutres, au voisinage de leur première face, un voile de béton d'une épaisseur inférieure à 40 mm, avantageusement inférieure à 30 mm. ce voile de béton formant avec lesdites premières faces des traverses ou nervures et des poutres la paroi plane du panneau, des cuvettes étant ainsi définies entre les traverses ou nervures et poutres, le fond desdites cuvettes étant formé par la paroi plane du panneau, lesdites cuvettes étant avantageusement remplies de matière isolante ;
• au moins une lambourde pour chaque poutre, la ou lesdites lambourdes de chaque poutre étant portées par la deuxième face de la poutre;
• au moins une lambourde pour la majorité des traverses ou nervures, la ou lesdites lambourdes d'une traverse ou nervure étant portées par la deuxième face de la traverse ou nervure ;
• des tirants reliant deux poutres parallèles entre elles à des traverses ou nervures, et
• au moins une douille filetée pour chaque tirant reliant une poutre à une traverse ou nervure, ladite douille présentant une ouverture tournée vers la face latérale extérieure de la poutre.

The concrete panel according to the invention has a flat wall and consists of a concrete assembly formed by:

• four concrete beams defining a square or rectangular frame, said beams being parallel to one another in pairs and each having a first face forming a part of the plane wall of the panel, a second face opposite to the first face, an interior side face turned towards another beam, and an outer lateral face which is opposite to the inner lateral face;
• at least two sleepers or ribs or ribs of concrete extending between two beams parallel to each other and each having a first face forming a part of the flat wall of the panel, a second face opposite to the first face, a side face facing a transverse or adjacent rib, and a face opposite to said lateral face;
• between the crosspieces or ribs and / or the beams, in the vicinity of their first face, a concrete veil with a thickness less than 40 mm, advantageously less than 30 mm. this concrete veil forming with said first faces of the sleepers or ribs and beams the flat wall of the panel, bowls being thus defined between the sleepers or ribs and beams, the bottom of said bowls being formed by the flat wall of the panel, said bowls advantageously being filled with insulating material;
• at least one joist for each beam, the one or more joists of each beam being carried by the second face of the beam;
• at least one joist for the majority of sleepers or ribs, said one or more joists of a sleeper or rib being carried by the second face of the sleeper or rib;
• tie rods connecting two parallel beams to each other through crosspieces or ribs, and
• at least one threaded bush for each tie connecting a beam to a cross member or rib, said bush having an opening facing the external lateral face of the beam.

Advantageously, the concrete veil has a thickness of between 10 and 30 mm, preferably between 15 and 25 mm.

According to one embodiment, each concrete cross member or rib is connected by the same tie to the two beams parallel to each other.

According to an advantageous embodiment, each tie rod is connected to a additional bar by slashes or a zigzag-shaped bar. This additional bar is parallel to the tie and defines with it a plane vertical in which the slashes extend or by the zigzag bar.

This advantageous arrangement stiffens the tie rod and increases the speed of placing said tie rod in the horizontal concrete mold. Indeed, without that, like all the concrete bars are laid horizontally, the tie would touch the bottom of the mold driven by its own weight, which affects the stability of the structure, the pulling then no longer uniformly coated with concrete. This provision eliminates the usual use of small usual or intermediate supports serving spacers.

In particular, when the concrete is not a fiber concrete, the panel has a trellis extending in the veil, as well as in the sleepers or ribs and beams near their first face.

The panels intended to form vertical walls have two mutually parallel beams each comprising a series of tubes connected between them by at least one plate, said tubes extending from the first face of the beam to the second face of the beam. Preferably, the tubes extending in a beam are interconnected by two parallel plates between them, while the plates connecting tubes together are located along the second face of the beam.

These dishes advantageously allow to block in place and at a distance appropriate dimensional the tubes between them when laying the tubes at the bottom of mold and during the efforts exerted by the vibrators during the boiling of the concrete. In addition, the plates provide support for the studs around the tubes, this which constitutes a better distribution of the compressive forces exerted by the studs on the areas around the tubes when fixing two panels together and in particular vertical panels with the panels horizontal.

Although concrete can be ordinary concrete, it is possible and even advantageous to use special concretes, such as concretes containing fibers, or composite concrete.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the bowls defined between the beams and crosspieces or ribs contain a block or insulating material plate, while the second face of the beams is provided of a block or plate of insulating material extending between a joist and the block or plate of insulating material placed in a bowl. In fact, the beams are provided with plates of insulating material placed at the bottom of the casting, that is to say on the face opposite to the plain face constituted by the thin concrete veil. This embodiment is advantageous because it allows to isolate and protect entirely the outside face of the panel (face opposite to the solid face made up by the thin concrete veil) against atmospheric agents, said face exterior being intended to receive exterior decorative siding. Such panel has the advantage of ensuring remarkable insulation from a point of thermal and acoustically. For example, the insulating material is an expanded material, in particular a foam, with closed cells, in particular density less than 1. For example, the insulating material is made of polystyrene foam, polyurethane, recycled material, etc.

For fixing joists to concrete, joists advantageously made of wood preferably have a tail post dovetail directed towards the first face of the beam or a crosspiece. This post is in fact embedded in the concrete forming either a beam or a crosspiece or rib.

Although it is very easy to make panels with concrete sleepers or ribs parallel to each other, it may be advantageous to have intersecting ties or ribs. This last form of realization allows to resume efforts in different directions.

Advantageously, the bowls defined between the beams and crosspieces or ribs contain a block of insulating material, while the second side beams is provided with a block of insulating material extending between a joist and block placed in a bowl

MANUFACTURE OF THE PANEL

• on recouvre le fond du moule d'une membrane ( de préférence alvéolée ou autre) assurant une circulation d'air entre le panneau une fois coulé et le fond du moule, cette membrane pouvant avantageuxement être dessinée ou marquée pour augmenter la rapidité de pose des éléments formant le panneau ;
• on pose sur la membrane des lambourdes et des blocs ou plaques de matière isolante rigide ( par exemple de densité inférieure à 1,2), au moins d'épaisseur inférieure ou équivalente à l'épaisseur des lambourdes de manière à définir les fonds de deux canaux principaux pour la coulée de deux premières poutres parallèles entre elles , et on pose des lambourdes pour définir les fonds des canaux de coulée des traverses ou nervures ;
• on pose sur la membrane entre les canaux de coulée principaux des poutres et des nervures et des traverses, des blocs de matière isolante qui présente une épaisseur au moins supérieure (par exemple deux fois supérieure) à l'épaisseur de la lambourde des traverses ou nervures;
• éventuellement (en particulier dans le cas des panneaux verticaux), on pose sur le fond de chacun des deux canaux principaux une série de tubes reliés entre eux par un ou deux plats, les tubes s'étendant de bas en haut dans lesdits canaux depuis leur fond;
• on introduit dans les canaux transversaux ou juste au-dessus des canaux transversaux, un tirant ou des tirants munis d'une ou de douilles filetées, on introduit des goujons dans des orifices que présentent les parois latérales du moule, et on visse lesdits goujons dans les douilles des tirants pour maintenir en place les tirants et pour que les douilles soient chacune appliquées contre une paroi latérale du moule, lesdits orifices de la paroi du moule permettant avantageusement de positionner les douilles des tirants à leur emplacement exact en vue de l'assemblage des panneaux ;
• on coule du béton dans les canaux principaux et les canaux transversaux, ainsi qu'au dessus des blocs de matière isolante, la quantité de béton coulée étant telle que l'épaisseur du voile de béton formé au-dessus des blocs soit inférieure à 40 mm;
• on soumet le moule à des vibrations, et
• après une prise partielle du béton, on retire les goujons et on retire le panneau formé hors du moule.

The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a panel according to the invention. In this method, a mold is used having a bottom and side walls defining with the bottom a bowl. According to the invention.

• the bottom of the mold is covered with a membrane (preferably honeycomb or other) ensuring air circulation between the panel once cast and the bottom of the mold, this membrane can advantageously be drawn or marked to increase the speed of laying of elements forming the panel;
• are placed on the membrane joists and blocks or plates of rigid insulating material (for example of density less than 1.2), at least of thickness less than or equivalent to the thickness of the joists so as to define the bottoms of two main channels for the casting of two first beams parallel to each other, and joists are laid to define the bottoms of the casting channels of the sleepers or ribs;
• is placed on the membrane between the main casting channels of the beams and ribs and sleepers, blocks of insulating material which has a thickness at least greater (for example twice greater) than the thickness of the sleeper of the sleepers or ribs ;
• optionally (in particular in the case of vertical panels), a series of tubes connected together by one or two plates is placed on the bottom of each of the two main channels, the tubes extending from bottom to top in said channels from their background;
• a tie rod or tie rods fitted with one or more threaded bushes are introduced into the transverse channels or just above the transverse channels, pins are introduced into the holes in the side walls of the mold, and said studs are screwed into the bushings of the tie rods to hold the tie rods in place and so that the bushings are each applied against a side wall of the mold, said holes in the wall of the mold advantageously making it possible to position the bushings of the tie rods in their exact location for assembly Signs ;
• concrete is poured into the main channels and the transverse channels, as well as above the blocks of insulating material, the quantity of concrete poured being such that the thickness of the concrete veil formed above the blocks is less than 40 mm ;
• the mold is subjected to vibrations, and
• after a partial setting of the concrete, the studs are removed and the panel formed is removed from the mold.

Thanks to the use of the membrane, preferably of the honeycomb type, it has could be removed from the mold without encountering any adhesion problem on the bottom of the mold by suction effect, that is to say by not breaking the thin concrete veil during the demolding operation, despite the fact that the setting of the concrete is not still complete or total.

Preferably, in the process according to the invention, structures are used comprising a tie rod, a bar parallel to said tie rod and oblique bars or a zigzag bar connecting the tie rod to the parallel bar, and we place at least partially a structure in a transverse channel, preferably in each transverse channel.

Advantageously, in order to reduce the weight of the panel, it is poured sufficient concrete to obtain a concrete veil formed above blocks having a thickness of between 10 and 30 mm, preferably between 15 and 25 mm.

According to a particular feature of the method according to the invention, after having placed the tie rods and / or structures, a trellis is placed so that it rests on tie rods or structural bars.

Special features and details of the invention will emerge from the description following detailed in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings.

• la figure 1 est une vue en perspective partiellement arrachée d'une structure suivant l'invention;
• la figure 2 est vue du panneau vertical de la structure de la figure 1;
• la figure 3 est une vue en perspective du panneau de plafond de la structure de la figure 1;
• la figure 4 est une vue du panneau d'about de la structure de la figure 1;
• la figure 5 est une vue partielle en coupe selon la ligne V-V de la figure 1;
• la figure 6 est une vue partielle en coupe selon la ligne VI-VI de la figure 1;
• la figure 7 est une vue partielle en coupe transversale selon la ligne VII-VII;
• la figure 8 est une vue partielle en coupe transversale selon la ligne VIII-VIII;
• la figure 9 est une vue partielle en coupe transversale selon la ligne IX-IX;
• la figure 10 est une vue en perspective avec arrachement d'un panneau vertical suivant l'invention;
• les figures 11 et 12 sont des vues en coupe selon les lignes XI-XI et XII-XII du panneau de la figure 10;
• la figure 13 est vue partielle en perspective et en coupe du panneau de la figure 10;
• la figure 14 est une vue partielle d'un moule avant la coulée de béton.

In these drawings,

• Figure 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a structure according to the invention;
• Figure 2 is a view of the vertical panel of the structure of Figure 1;
• Figure 3 is a perspective view of the ceiling panel of the structure of Figure 1;
• Figure 4 is a view of the end panel of the structure of Figure 1;
• Figure 5 is a partial sectional view along line VV of Figure 1;
• Figure 6 is a partial sectional view along line VI-VI of Figure 1;
• Figure 7 is a partial cross-sectional view along line VII-VII;
• Figure 8 is a partial cross-sectional view along line VIII-VIII;
• Figure 9 is a partial cross-sectional view along line IX-IX;
• Figure 10 is a perspective view with cutaway of a vertical panel according to the invention;
• Figures 11 and 12 are sectional views along lines XI-XI and XII-XII of the panel of Figure 10;
• Figure 13 is a partial perspective view in section of the panel of Figure 10;
• Figure 14 is a partial view of a mold before pouring concrete.

The structure of Figure 1 has six panels, namely two vertical panels 100, 101; two horizontal panels 102, 103, and two end panels 104, 105. These panels are made of concrete. Each panel consists of a rectangular or square frame formed of beams 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D. Between two opposite beams 4A.4B extend a series of sleepers or ribs 9 so as to define a series of cells 15 between said sleepers or ribs or beams, said beams and said sleepers or ribs being interconnected by a concrete veil 14 with a thickness less than 40 mm forming a flat wall 2, said panels comprising a series of tie rods 19 drowned in concrete.

(a) de deux panneaux verticaux 100, 101 dont les parois planes 2 sont tournées l'une vers l'autre, et dont les poutres inférieure 4B et supérieure 4A présentent une série de passages définis par des tubes 23 dont l'axe est perpendiculaire à la paroi plane verticale 2,

(b) de deux panneaux horizontaux 102,103, chaque panneau horizontal 102,103 comportant des tirants 19 reliés à des douilles filetées 20 présentant chacune une ouverture le long d'une paroi latérale d'une poutre 4A,4B, ladite paroi latérale étant perpendiculaire à la paroi plane 2 du panneau horizontal. lesdits panneaux horizontaux étant placés entre les parois planes 2 desdits deux panneaux verticaux 100, 101, de manière à ce que les ouvertures de douilles 20 d'une paroi de la poutre d'un panneau horizontal se trouvent en regard de passages définis par des tubes 23 dans la poutre inférieure 4B ou supérieure 4A d'un panneau vertical,

(c) d'une série de goujons 106 au moins partiellement filetés introduits dans des passages 23 des poutres 4A,4B des panneaux verticaux 100, 101 avant d'être vissés dans des douilles 20 de tirants 19 des panneaux horizontaux 102,103, lesdits goujons 106 comprimant les parois planes de chaque panneau vertical contre une paroi latérale de chaque panneau horizontal, et

(d) deux panneaux d'about 104,105, chaque panneau d'about étant constitué d'un cadre rectangulaire ou carré formé deux poutres verticales 4C,4D et de poutres inférieure 4B et supérieure 4A, entre les deux poutres verticales 4C,4D s'étendent une série de traverses ou nervures 9 de manière à définir une série d'alvéoles 15 entre lesdites traverses ou nervures ou poutres, lesdites poutres et lesdites traverses ou nervures étant reliées entre elles par un voile de béton 14 d'une épaisseur de 20 à 25 mm formant une paroi plane 2, lesdits panneaux comportant une série de tirants 19 noyés dans le béton et s'étendant entre une première poutre verticale 4A et une deuxième poutre verticale 4B; les tirants de chaque panneau d'about sont reliés à des douilles filetées 20 présentant chacune une ouverture le long d'une paroi latérale d'une poutre verticale, ladite paroi latérale étant perpendiculaire à la paroi plane du panneau d'about.

Said structure is made up of:

(a) of two vertical panels 100, 101 whose flat walls 2 are turned towards one another, and whose lower beams 4B and upper 4A have a series of passages defined by tubes 23 whose axis is perpendicular to the vertical plane wall 2,

(b) two horizontal panels 102, 103, each horizontal panel 102, 103 comprising tie rods 19 connected to threaded bushings 20 each having an opening along a side wall of a beam 4A, 4B, said side wall being perpendicular to the wall plane 2 of the horizontal panel. said horizontal panels being placed between the flat walls 2 of said two vertical panels 100, 101, so that the socket openings 20 of a wall of the beam of a horizontal panel are opposite passages defined by tubes 23 in the lower beam 4B or upper 4A of a vertical panel,

(c) a series of studs 106 at least partially threaded introduced into passages 23 of the beams 4A, 4B of the vertical panels 100, 101 before being screwed into sockets 20 of tie rods 19 of the horizontal panels 102,103, said studs 106 compressing the flat walls of each vertical panel against a side wall of each horizontal panel, and

(d) two end panels 104, 105, each end panel consisting of a rectangular or square frame formed by two vertical beams 4C, 4D and lower beams 4B and upper 4A, between the two vertical beams 4C, 4D s' extend a series of sleepers or ribs 9 so as to define a series of cells 15 between said sleepers or ribs or beams, said beams and said sleepers or ribs being interconnected by a concrete veil 14 with a thickness of 20 to 25 mm forming a flat wall 2, said panels comprising a series of tie rods 19 embedded in the concrete and extending between a first vertical beam 4A and a second vertical beam 4B; the tie rods of each end panel are connected to threaded bushings 20 each having an opening along a side wall of a vertical beam, said side wall being perpendicular to the flat wall of the end panel.

Each vertical panel 100, 101 has two vertical beams 4D, 4C extending between the lower beam 4B and the upper beam 4A, said beam vertical have a series of passages defined by tubes 23A whose axis is perpendicular to the flat wall of the vertical panel. Each end panel 104.105 is placed between the flat walls 2 of said two vertical panels 100, 101, so that the socket openings 20 of a side wall of a first vertical beam of an end panel are located opposite passages defined in a vertical beam 4C, 4D of a first vertical panel, and of so that the socket openings 20 of a wall of the second beam vertical of an end panel are located opposite passages defined in a vertical beam from the second vertical panel. A series of 106 studs at less partially threaded are introduced into passages 23A of the panels vertical 100. 101 before being screwed into sockets 20 of tie rods 19 of end panels, said studs compressing the flat walls of each vertical panel against a side wall of each end panel.

The lower beams 4A and upper 4B of the end panel have a series of passages 23B defined by tubes or sockets whose axis is perpendicular to the flat wall 2 of the end panel. Each panel horizontal 102,103 has two beams 4C, 4D extending between the panels vertical. Said beams have a series of passages 23C defined by tubes or sockets whose axis is parallel to the flat wall of the horizontal panel. Said horizontal panels 102, 103 are placed relative to each panel end, so that the openings of sockets or passages 23C of a beam of a first horizontal panel are located opposite passages or sockets 23B of the lower beam 4B of the end panel, and so that that the socket openings or passages 23C of a beam of the second horizontal panel are located opposite passages or sockets 23B of the upper beam 4A of the end panel.

Preferably, a layer of glue or concrete extends between the surfaces of contact between the panels.

The horizontal panels are compressed between the panels vertical by the studs 106 and do not rest by gravity on supports. In the structure according to the invention, the studs 106 ensure the recovery of the force sharp, and causes significant friction between the concrete walls in contact. The studs are therefore subjected to a shearing force, an effort which is reduced by using the adhesive layer.

The studs 106 provide traction in the tie rods.

The horizontal beams or ribs 108 of the vertical panels allow to serve as support for the installation of windows, said sleepers and ribs which can advantageously draw or represent the perimeter of a reservation or other opening. To avoid pouring a concrete veil at the place of a reservation for an opening, it is advantageous to place above rigid insulating blocks a lost formwork or a rigid insulating plate whose the thickness is equal to the thickness of the thin veil.

In the floor panel, the tie rod 19 is located in the vicinity of the joist 21 of the crosspieces or ribs. In the vertical panels, the tie rods are located in the middle of the ribs 9. For horizontal panels whose wall flat is used as a ceiling, the tie rods are close to the flat wall.

The total thickness of the panels is variable. For example, the thickness horizontal panels (thickness of the veil + height of the rib) is greater than that of vertical panels and end panels.

The structure has on its upper part a series of openings 22 of vertical panel tie rod bushings. These sockets can be used for fixing of anchor points or lifting rings 107. This facilitates the displacement of structures.

The bottom of the vertical panels 100,101 of the structure takes advantageously based on a leveling system 110. Optionally, such a system is a foot provided with a rod screwed into the tie rod socket, the more or less important screwing of the rod allowing to adjust the position of the foot. Such a system can also be used for anchoring two structures according to the invention one above the other.

• quatre poutres principales formant un cadre et présentant chacune une première face 5 formant une partie de la paroi plane 2 du panneau 1, une deuxième face 6 opposée à la première face 5, une face latérale intérieure 7 tournée vers l'autre poutre 4, et une face latérale extérieure 8 qui est opposée à la face latérale intérieure 7;
• une série de traverses ou nervures 9 en béton s'étendant entre les poutres 4 et présentant chacune une première face 10 formant une partie de la paroi plane 2 du panneau, une deuxième face 11 opposée à la première face 10, une face latérale 12 tournée vers une traverse ou nervure 9 adjacente, et une face 13 opposée à ladite face latérale 12;
• entre les traverses ou nervures 9 et/ou les poutres 4. au voisinage de leur première face (5, 10), un voile 14 de béton d'une épaisseur "e" inférieure à 40 mm, avantageusement inférieure à 30 mm, par exemple de 20 à 25 mm, ce voile 14 de béton formant avec lesdites premières faces (5, 10) des traverses ou nervures 9 et des poutres 4 la paroi plane 2 du panneau 1, des cuvettes 15 étant ainsi définies entre les traverses ou nervures 9 et poutres 4, le fond 16 desdites cuvettes 15 étant formé par la paroi plane 2 du panneau, lesdites cuvettes 15 étant remplies de blocs rigides de matière isolante 17;
• une lambourde 18 pour chaque poutre 4, la ou lesdites lambourdes de chaque poutre étant portées par la deuxième face 6 de la poutre et formant un coin de celui-ci;
• une lambourde 21 pour chaque traverse ou nervure 9, la lambourde 21 d'une traverse ou nervure 9 étant portées par la deuxième face 11 de la traverse ou nervure 9;
• pour chaque traverse ou nervure 9, un tirant 19 reliant la traverse ou nervure aux deux poutres 4, et
• des douilles filetées 20 montées aux extrémités de chaque tirant 19, lesdites douilles présentant une ouverture 22 tournée vers la face latérale 8 extérieure de la poutre.

The concrete panel 1 used in the structure shown in FIG. 1 is advantageously a panel having a planar wall 2 and side walls 3. This panel 1 consists of:

• four main beams forming a frame and each having a first face 5 forming a part of the flat wall 2 of the panel 1, a second face 6 opposite the first face 5, an inner lateral face 7 facing the other beam 4, and an outer side face 8 which is opposite to the inner side face 7;
• a series of concrete sleepers or ribs 9 extending between the beams 4 and each having a first face 10 forming a part of the plane wall 2 of the panel, a second face 11 opposite the first face 10, a side face 12 turned towards an adjacent cross member or rib 9, and a face 13 opposite to said lateral face 12;
• between the crosspieces or ribs 9 and / or the beams 4. in the vicinity of their first face (5, 10), a veil 14 of concrete with a thickness "e" of less than 40 mm, advantageously less than 30 mm, for example from 20 to 25 mm, this veil 14 of concrete forming with said first faces (5, 10) crosspieces or ribs 9 and beams 4 the flat wall 2 of the panel 1, bowls 15 being thus defined between the crosspieces or ribs 9 and beams 4, the bottom 16 of said bowls 15 being formed by the flat wall 2 of the panel, said bowls 15 being filled with rigid blocks of insulating material 17;
• a joist 18 for each beam 4, the one or more joists of each beam being carried by the second face 6 of the beam and forming a corner thereof;
• a bearer 21 for each cross member or rib 9, the bearer 21 of a cross member or rib 9 being carried by the second face 11 of the cross member or rib 9;
• for each cross member or rib 9, a tie rod 19 connecting the cross member or rib to the two beams 4, and
• threaded bushings 20 mounted at the ends of each tie rod 19, said bushings having an opening 22 facing the lateral lateral face 8 of the beam.

For vertical panels, the lower beam 4A, the upper beam 4B, as well as the vertical beams 4C, 4D each comprise a series of tubes 23 interconnected by two flat 24 parallel to each other, said tubes 23 extending from the first face 5 of the beam (opening 25 of the tube) to the second face 6 of the beam, said dishes being located along the second face 6 of the beam.

For horizontal panels, beams 4C, 4D each have a series of tubes 23 connected together by two flat 24 parallel to each other. The axis of said tubes is parallel to the flat wall 2 of the panel.

For 104,105 end panels, the lower and upper beams each have a series of tubes 23 connected to each other by two plates 24 parallel to each other, whose axis is perpendicular to the plane wall 2 of the panel, while the vertical beams 4C, 4D each comprise a series of tubes 23 interconnected by two flat 24 parallel to each other, whose axis is parallel to the flat wall 2 of the panel.

Advantageously, the height of the vertical panel 100.101 corresponds at the height of the end panel 104.105, while the width of the panel vertical corresponds to the sum of the thicknesses of the end panels and the length of a horizontal panel. The widths of the horizontal panels and end panels are identical.

The tie rods 19 are each connected to a complementary bar 26 by slashes or a zigzag-shaped bar 27.

The joists 21 and 18 are made of wood and have a tenon 28 in the tail dovetail directed towards the first face of the beam 4 or of a cross member or rib 9. This ensures excellent attachment of the joists to the concrete.

Although in the form shown of the panel, the sleepers or ribs 9 in concrete are parallel to each other and extend perpendicular to the axial direction of two beams, crosspieces or ribs could have intersect or intersect in such a way as to allow efforts to be taken up again in different directions.

When the concrete is not a concrete containing fibers, it is advantageous that the panel comprises a trellis 29 extending in the veil 14, as well as in the sleepers or ribs 9 and the beams 4 in the vicinity of their first face.

The beams 4 are advantageously covered with a rigid plate of insulating material 30, so that the face of the panel 1 opposite to the face 2 of the panel is made of insulating material and wooden joists.

The insulating material is a rigid expanded material with closed cells, in particular density less than 1.

• on recouvre le fond du moule d'une membrane, de préférence alvéolée, 300 assurant une circulation d'air entre le panneau une fois coulé et le fond du moule, cette membrane assurant la présence d'une quantité d'air réparti sous le panneau une fois le béton coulé, ladite membrane pouvant avantageusement recevoir par procédé graphique l'ensemble des constructions et du tracé des éléments devant constituer le panneau ;
• on pose sur la membrane des lambourdes 18 et des blocs ou plaques 30 de matière isolante rigide ( par exemple de densité inférieure à 1,2), au moins d'épaisseur inférieure ou équivalente à l'épaisseur des lambourdes de manière à définir les fonds de deux canaux principaux 204 pour la coulée de deux premières poutres 4 parallèles entre elles , et on pose des lambourdes 21 pour définir les fonds des canaux 205 de coulée des traverses ou nervures 9 ;
• on pose sur la membrane entre les canaux de coulée principaux des poutres 4 et des nervures et des traverses 9, des blocs 17 de matière isolante qui présente une épaisseur au moins supérieure (par exemple deux fois supérieure) à l'épaisseur de la lambourde 21 des traverses ou nervures;
• dans le cas de panneaux verticaux, on pose sur le fond de chacun des deux canaux principaux 204 une série de tubes 23 reliés entre eux par deux plats 24 prenant appui sur le bloc 30, les tubes 23 s'étendant de bas en haut dans lesdits canaux depuis leur fond;
• dans les canaux transversaux destinés à former les poutres s'étendant entre les poutres coulées dans les canaux principaux, on place une série de tubes 23A reliés entre eux par un ou deux plats (panneau vertical) ou une série de tubes 23C (panneau horizontal) ou de douilles (éventuellement reliés par deux plats 24) de manière à ce que dans le cas du panneau horizontal une ouverture des tubes ou douilles touche une paroi du moule ;
• on introduit dans les canaux transversaux 205 ou juste au-dessus des canaux transversaux, un tirant 19 muni à ses extrémités d'une ou de douilles filetées 22, on introduit des goujons 106 dans des orifices 203 que présentent les parois latérales 202, et on visse lesdits goujons 106 dans les douilles 22 des tirants 19 pour maintenir en place les tirants 19 et pour que les douilles 22 soient chacune appliquées contre une paroi latérale 202 du moule;
• on coule du béton dans les canaux principaux 204 et les canaux transversaux 205, ainsi qu'au dessus des blocs 30 de matière isolante, la quantité de béton coulée étant telle que l'épaisseur du voile 14 de béton formé au-dessus des blocs 30 soit inférieure à 40 mm, par exemple de 20 à 25 mm;
• on soumet le moule à des vibrations, et
• après une prise partielle du béton, on retire les goujons 106 et on retire le panneau 1 formé hors du moule.

The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a panel according to the invention, in which concrete is poured into a mold 200 having a bottom 201 and side walls 202 defining with the bottom 201 a bowl. The side walls have a series of openings 203. According to an advantageous method for manufacturing the panel shown in FIG. 1,

• the bottom of the mold is covered with a membrane, preferably honeycombed, 300 ensuring air circulation between the panel once poured and the bottom of the mold, this membrane ensuring the presence of a quantity of air distributed under the panel once the concrete has been poured, said membrane can advantageously receive by graphic process all of the constructions and the layout of the elements which must constitute the panel;
• is placed on the membrane joists 18 and blocks or plates 30 of rigid insulating material (for example of density less than 1.2), at least of thickness less than or equivalent to the thickness of the joists so as to define the funds of two main channels 204 for the casting of two first beams 4 parallel to each other, and joists 21 are laid to define the bottoms of the channels 205 for casting the sleepers or ribs 9;
• is placed on the membrane between the main casting channels of the beams 4 and the ribs and crosspieces 9, blocks 17 of insulating material which has a thickness at least greater (for example twice greater) than the thickness of the joist 21 sleepers or ribs;
• in the case of vertical panels, a series of tubes 23 are connected to each other by the two main channels 204 connected together by two plates 24 bearing on the block 30, the tubes 23 extending from bottom to top in said channels from their bottom;
• in the transverse channels intended to form the beams extending between the beams cast in the main channels, a series of tubes 23A are placed connected to one another by one or two plates (vertical panel) or a series of tubes 23C (horizontal panel) or sockets (possibly connected by two plates 24) so that, in the case of the horizontal panel, an opening of the tubes or sockets touches a wall of the mold;
• a tie rod 19 provided at its ends with one or more threaded bushes 22 is introduced into the transverse channels 205 or just above the transverse channels, and studs 106 are introduced into orifices 203 presented by the side walls 202, and screws said studs 106 into the sockets 22 of the tie rods 19 to hold the tie rods 19 in place and so that the sockets 22 are each applied against a side wall 202 of the mold;
• concrete is poured into the main channels 204 and the transverse channels 205, as well as above the blocks 30 of insulating material, the quantity of concrete poured being such that the thickness of the veil 14 of concrete formed above the blocks 30 is less than 40 mm, for example from 20 to 25 mm;
• the mold is subjected to vibrations, and
• after a partial setting of the concrete, the studs 106 are removed and the panel 1 formed is removed from the mold.

In the process shown, structures using a tie rod are used 19, a bar 26 parallel to said tie rod and oblique bars 27 or a bar in zigzag connecting the tie rod to the parallel bar, and at least partially a structure in each transverse channel 205. After placing the structures, we places a trellis 29 so that it rests on tie rods or bars structures, said trellis extending above the insulating blocks 17, preferably by not touching them. Lattice structures or beams are for example formed by concrete bars parallel to each other, connected at regular intervals by oblique spacers.

After sufficient hardening of the concrete, the studs 106 are removed and introduced into tubes 23 attachment means. These attachment means are then connected to a lifting means which, thanks to the membrane 300, allows a release without risk of breakage of the thin web 14. After the complete setting of the concrete, the rigid insulating blocks are slightly compressed and therefore adhere firmly to concrete. If necessary, it is possible to withdraw a part or the all of the insulating blocks, for example by milling.

It is possible to arrange structures according to the invention next to each other others, the free space between two panels of adjacent structures being then possibly filled with reinforced concrete intended to be used to resume vertical loads.

Transporting the structure to the building construction site, we advantageously uses a trailer or semi-trailer. To facilitate this transport the structure is provided on its lower part with a cradle consisting of two cross beams (each attached directly to sockets 22 vertical main panels), a first beam resting directly on the transport plate, while the second beam rests on the transport tray by means of a separate support, which support allows the pivoting of the beam perpendicular to the first beam and in a plane parallel to the transport platform. This provision allows to eliminate torsional forces, which could be caused by the chainring transport.

Claims (13)

1. Structure with at least four concrete panels (100, 101, 102, 103) linked two by two, each panel consisting of a rectangular or square frame composed of beams (4) between which are placed a series of corner braces or ribs (9) so that a series of openings are formed between the mentioned comer braces or ribs (9) and the mentioned beams and the mentioned corner braces or ribs are linked together by means of a thin concrete wall (14) less than 40 mm thick constituting a planar partition and the mentioned panels have a series oftension wires (19) sunk in the concrete and the mentioned structure consists of:

   (a) two vertical panels (100, 101) of which the planar partitions (2) are facing one another and of which the lower and upper beams (4A, 4B) present a series of passages defined by tubes (23) of which the axle is perpendicular to the planar partition (2),

   (b) two horizontal panels (102, 103), each horizontal panel (102, 103) with tension wires (19) linked to threaded stretching screws (20) each presenting an opening along a lateral partition of a beam, and the mentioned lateral partition is perpendicular to the planar partition (2) of the horizontal panel, and the mentioned horizontal panels are placed between the planar partitions (2) of the two mentioned vertical panels (100, 101), so that the holes of the stretching screws (20) of a partition wall of the beam of a horizontal panel are placed opposite of defined passages (23) in the summer beam (4B) or upper beam (4A) of a vertical panel,

   (c) and
   a series of tap bolts (106) at least partially threaded inserted in the passages (23) of the vertical panels (100, 101) before being screwed in the stretching screws (20) of the tension wires (19) of the horizontal panels (102, 103) ; the mentioned tap bolts (106) press the planar partitions (2) of each vertical panel against a lateral partition wall of each horizontal panel.
2. Structure according to requirement 1, characterised

   by the fact that it has one or two front panels (104, 105), each front panel composed of a rectangular or square frame made of beams (4A, 4B, 4C, 4D), of which two vertical beams (4C, 4D) between which a series of corner braces or ribs (9) so that a series of openings are formed (15) between the mentioned comer braces or ribs or beams, the mentioned beams and the mentioned comer braces or ribs being linked together by a thin concrete wall (14) less than 40 mm thick making a smooth partition panel, the mentioned panels having a series of tension wires (19) sunk in the concrete and mounted between a first vertical beam (4C) and a second vertical beam (4D) ;

   by the fact that the tension wires (19) of the front panel or the front panels are linked to threaded stretching screws (20) each having a hole along the lateral partition of a vertical beam, the mentioned lateral partition being perpendicular to the planar partition (2) of the front panel ;

   by the fact that each vertical panel (100,101) presenting at least a vertical beam (4C, 4D) is placed between the summer beam (4B) and the upper beam (4A), the mentioned vertical beam (4C, 4D) presenting a series of defined passages by the tubes (23) of which the axle is perpendicular to the planar partition (2) of the vertical panel,

   by the fact that each front panel (104, 105) is placed between the planar partitions (2) ofthe two mentioned vertical panels (100, 101), so that the openings ofthe stretching screws (20) of a lateral partition of a first vertical beam (4D) of a front panel are opposite the passages (23) defined in a vertical beam (4C) of a first vertical panel, and so that the openings of the stretching screws (20) of a partition wall of the second vertical beam (4C) of a front panel are placed opposite defined passages (23) in a vertical beam (4D) of the second vertical panel; and

   by the fact that a series of tap bolts (106) at least partially threaded are inserted in the passages (23) of the vertical panels (100,101) before being screwed in the stretching screws (20) of the tension wires (19) of the front panel or front panels, the mentioned tap bolts (106) pressing the planar partitions (2) of each vertical panel against a lateral partition wall of a front panel or of each front panel.
3. Structure according to requirement 2, characterised by the fact that the or each front panel (104, 105) has a summer beam (4B) and an upper beam between which the first and second vertical beams (4C, 4D) of the front panel are placed ;

   by the fact that the mentioned summer beams and upper beams (4B, 4A) of the front panel (104, 105) present a number of passages (23) defined by the tubes or the stretching screws of which the axle is perpendicular to the planar partition of the front panel;

   by the fact that each horizontal panel (102, 103) has a beam (4C, 4D) with a series of passages (23) defined by the tubes or the stretching screws of which the axle is parallel to the planar partition of the horizontal panel, the mentioned horizontal panels being placed in relation to the front panel (104, 105) or in relation to each front panel, so that the holes ofthe stretching screws or the passages (23) of a beam (4D) of a first horizontal panel (102) are opposite the passages (23) or the stretching screws of the summer beam (4B) of the front panel (104) and so that the holes of the stretching screws or the passages (23) of a beam (4D) of the second horizontal panel (103) are opposite to passages (23) or stretching screws of the upper beam (4A) of the front panel.
4. Concrete panel (1) representing a planar partition (2) for a structure according to one of the claims from 1 to 3, this panel being composed by a unit of concrete composed of:

   four concrete beams (4A, 4B, 4C, 4D) defining a square or a rectangular frame, the mentioned beams being parallel two by two each presenting a first side (5) constituting a part of the planar partition (2) of the panel, a second side (6) opposite the first side (5), a lateral interior side (7) oriented towards another beam, and a lateral exterior side (8) which is opposite to an interior lateral side (7) ;

   at least two comer braces or ribs or concrete ribs (9) between two parallel beams (4A, 4B, 4C, 4D), each having a first side (10) constituting a first side (10) of the planar partition (2) of the panel (1), a second side (11) opposite the first side (10), a lateral side (12) oriented towards an adjacent comer brace or a rib (9) and a side (13) opposite to the mentioned lateral side (12) ;

   between the comer braces or ribs (9) and/or the beams (4), near their first side (5, 10), a thin concrete wall not thicker than 40 mm, adequately below 30 mm, this thin wall (14) of concrete constituting with the mentioned first sides (5, 10) corner braces or ribs and beams the planar partition (2) of the panel (1), hollowings (15) being defined in this manner between the comer beams or ribs and beams, the bottom of the mentioned hollowings (15) being formed by a planar partition (2) of the panel (1), the mentioned hollowings (15) being suitably filled with insulating material (17);

   at least a fillet (18) for each beam, the fillet or fillets of each beam being carried by the second side (6) of the beam ;

   at least a fillet (21) for the majority of the comer braces or ribs (9)n the mentioned fillet or fillets of a comer brace or rib (9) being carried by the second side (11) of the comer brace or the rib (9) ;

   tension wires (19) linking two parallel (4) beams (4A, 4B) to comer braces or ribs (9) ;

   at least a threaded stretching screw (20) for each tension wire (19) linking a beam (4) to a comer brace or a rib (9), the mentioned stretching screw (20) presenting an opening (22) oriented to the exterior lateral side (8) of the beam (4A, 4B).
5. Concrete panel according to requirement 4, characterised by the fact that the thin concrete wall (14) is between 10 and 30 mm thick, preferably between 15 and 25 mm.
6. Concrete panel according to requirement 4 or 5, characterised by the fact that each comer brace or rib (9) in concrete is linked by a same tension wire (19) to the two parallel beams (4A, 4B).
7. Concrete panel according to the claims 4 to 6, characterised by the fact that each tension wire (19) is linked to a additional oblique rod (bar) (27) or a zigzag shaped rod (bar).
8. Concrete panel according to the claims 4 to 7, characterised by the fact that it has trelliswork (29) in the thin concrete wall (14) as well as in the corner braces or ribs (9) and the beams (4A, 4B, 4C, 4D) near their first side (5).
9. Concrete panel according to the claims 4 to 8, characterised by the fact that two parallel beams (4A, 4B) each have a series of tubes (23) linked together by at least a flat bar (24), the mentioned tubes starting from the first side (5) of the beam (4) until the second side (6) of the beam (4).
10. Concrete panel according to the claims 9, characterised by the fact that the tubes (23) extended in a beam (4A, 4B) are linked together by two parallel flat bars (24) and the flat bars (24) linking the tubes (23), are located along the second side (6) of the beam (4A, 4B).
11. Concrete panel according to the claims 4 to 10, characterised by the fact that the hollowings (15) defined between the beams (4) and the corner braces or ribs (9) contain a block of insulating material (17) and that the second side (6) of the beams (4A, 4B) has a sheet or a block of insulating material (30) extending between a fillet (18) and the block or the sheet (30) placed in a hollowing (15).
12. Manufacturing procedure of a panel according to requirement 11, in which one casts concrete in a mould (formwork) (200) presenting a bottom (201) and lateral partition walls (202) making a hollowing with the bottom, characterised by the fact that:

    one covers the bottom (201) of the mould (formwork) with a membrane, preferably cellular and in a convenient way marked with a drawing or a sign representing the constitutive elements of the panel, (300) assuring a circulation of air between the moulded panel and the bottom of the mould (formwork) ;

    one puts on top of the membrane fillets (18) and blocks or sheets (30) of rigid insulating material, with a thickness that is at least lower or equivalent to the thickness of the fillets (18) in such a way as to define the bottoms of the two main channels (204) for the casting of the two first parallel beams (4) and one puts fillets (21) to define the bottoms of the casting channels (205) of the comer braces or ribs (9) ;

    one puts on top of the membrane between the main casting channels of the beams (4) and of the ribs and the comer braces, blocks (17) with an insulating material with a thickness at least superior to the thickness of the fillet (21) of the comer braces or ribs ;

    one may put at the bottom of each of the main channels (204) a series of tubes (23) linked together by one or two flat bars (24), the tubes (24) extending from below to the top in the mentioned channels as from their bottom ;

    one inserts in the transversal channels (205) or just above the transversal channels, a tension wire (19) or tension wires (19) provided with a threaded stretching screw or with threaded stretching screws (20), one inserts tap bolts (106) in the holes (203) on the lateral partition walls of the mould (formwork), and one screws the mentioned tap bolts in the stretching screws of the tension wires (19) in order to keep the tension wires positioned and so that the stretching screws are each put against a lateral partition wall (202) of the mould (formwork); one casts concrete in the main channels (204) and the transversal channels (205) as well as on top of the blocks with insulating material (17) and the quantity of cast concrete must be so that the thickness of the thin concrete wall (14) on top of the blocks is less than 40 mm ; one submits the mould (formwork) to vibrations, and

    after a partial hardening of the concrete, one removes the tap bolts (106) and one removes the formed panel from the mould (formwork).
13. Procedure according to requirement 12, characterised by the fact that one casts a sufficient quantity of concrete in order to obtain a thin concrete wall (14) on top of the blocks (17) having a thickness ranging from 10 to 30 mm, preferably between 15 and 25 mm.

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