WO2001053624A1

WO2001053624A1 - Method for constructing a building,, structural block, window lintel and support for implementing said method

Info

Publication number: WO2001053624A1
Application number: PCT/FR2000/000090
Authority: WO
Inventors: Serge Wrobleski
Original assignee: Serge Wrobleski
Priority date: 1998-07-16
Filing date: 2000-01-18
Publication date: 2001-07-26
Also published as: FR2781241B1; FR2781241A1

Abstract

The invention concerns a method for constructing a building comprising pillars (50-52), and door frames (53), characterised in that it consists in: first assembling the pillars (50-52) and the door frames (53) using structural blocks comprising: a through recess designed to constitute the formwork for receiving the cast reinforced concrete; a projecting part forming tenon, designed to be nested in a hollow part of an adjacent structural block forming a mortise; at least a hollow zone adapted to enable the structural elements wherewith it is urged into contact to be cottered; then mounting the structural elements (55) to form the building walls between the various pillars (50-52) and frames (53) previously assembled, the position of said pillars (50-52) and frames (53) enabling said structural elements (55) to be assembled for mounting.

Description

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING A BUILDING. BUILDING BLOCK. LINTEAU AND WINDOW SUPPORT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE PROCESS

Technical area

The invention relates to the building sector. It more specifically targets specific building blocks, intended for the production of door and window frames, and pillars integrated into a construction.

The invention also relates to a method of producing a building by means of such blocks.

Previous techniques

Traditionally, to make a building, we use simple agglomerated blocks, posts and concrete blocks, which are placed next to each other following the alignment path materialized on the slab. With regard to the corner pillars, for example, these are therefore made up of particular, slightly prominent blocks so that the pillar protrudes from the plane formed by the wall itself, to give an aesthetic effect.

Such pillar blocks are generally mounted progressively, at the same time as the agglomerated blocks forming the wall itself. It is easily understood that when the pillars are mounted at the same time as the walls, the alignment constraints are particularly severe, in particular to maintain the offset between the pillar and the face of the wall.

A first problem that the invention seeks to solve is that of alignment constraints.

Likewise, to make flattering door frames, we also use blocks mounted as the wall is built, which therefore have the same drawbacks and the same constraints as the abovementioned pillar blocks.

A solution has also been proposed consisting in making door frames independently and prior to the construction of the wall by associating four massive main blocks forming the two lateral jambs, the lintel and the door threshold itself. This assembly carried out beforehand must then be transported to the final place of assembly. However, this kind of assembly is extremely heavy and difficult to handle simply, which limits the uses or significantly increases the cost of the site because of the necessary handling equipment.

A second problem which the invention proposes to solve is that of easy handling with a view to producing door or window frames, or corner or central pillars.

The objective of the invention is therefore to propose a method which facilitates the construction operations of a building by using a building block for the production of pillars, door or window frames which is easy to handle, which allows a mounting of great solidity, while retaining an attractive external aesthetic appearance, and being easily easily joined together effectively with the rest of the construction.

Description of the invention The invention therefore relates to a method of constructing a building comprising pillars, door and window frames. According to the invention, this process is characterized in that it consists:

- first of all to assemble the pillars and the door frames by means of building blocks comprising:. a through recess intended to form shuttering for receiving poured reinforced concrete; . a protruding part forming a tenon, intended to be nested in a hollow part of an adjacent building block forming a mortise; . at least one recessed area capable of allowing keying with construction elements with which it comes into contact .;

- Then, to mount construction elements to form the walls of the building between the different pillars and frames previously assembled, the position of said pillars and frames allowing alignment for the mounting of said construction elements.

In this way, the construction of buildings according to the invention differs fundamentally from known construction methods because the pillars and the various door frames are mounted beforehand to form a skeleton on which the walls and the rest of the construction are then mounted.

Thus, after stacking the different pillar or frame blocks, concrete is poured into the communicating recesses of all of the associated blocks to form a structure of great solidity.

Subsequently, all of the pillars and thresholds form a skeleton or framework in which it suffices to mount the rest of the walls without worrying about alignment, the latter being provided by a simple cord drawn between the elements of the skeleton . According to another characteristic of the invention, the door frames include:

- two legs made from said building blocks;

- a lintel coming to nest on said legs, said lintel having a shape of gutter intended to serve as formwork in order to receive poured reinforced concrete, said lintel comprising at its ends two hollow mortises opening into the recess passing through blocks of construction, so as to allow the flow of reinforced concrete poured from the gutter forming the lintel towards the jambs.

In this way, when the concrete is poured into the lintel, it also spreads in the jambs through hollow mortises and a particularly rigid and resistant frame is obtained. In practice, the lateral ends of the gutter forming the lintel are closed either by a formwork board or by the adjacent building blocks.

Advantageously in practice, the jambs of the frames are placed on bases fixed to the slab of the building, said bases ensuring both the alignment and the spacing of the jambs as well as the level relative to the slab. The height of the base also called birth, can be adjusted precisely by additional elements such as a layer of glue or mortar, so as to give the final height level necessary for the installation of pillars and jambs. This level can vary depending on the type of soil chosen and its equipment. Thus, it is possible to adapt to different heights depending on whether the slab receives, for example, floor heating pipes or other equipment.

According to another characteristic of the invention, the method can include a step consisting in installing at least one window frame, the window frame comprising:

- two legs made from said building blocks; - a lintel coming to nest on said legs, said lintel having a shape of gutter intended to serve as formwork in order to receive poured reinforced concrete, said lintel comprising at its ends two hollow mortises opening into the recess passing through blocks of construction, so as to allow the flow of reinforced concrete poured from the gutter forming the lintel towards the jambs.

- A window sill supporting said legs, said support comprising two hollow studs in which are nested said legs.

Thanks to this arrangement, the spacing between the window jambs is perfectly determined by the geometry of the window sill and the operations for installing the jambs are greatly simplified, since it is not necessary to carry out alignment, which is done automatically by self-centering the building blocks in the hollow studs.

The invention can be applied to straight or curved lintels, or even forming an arch. These lintels can be part of door, window or porch framing, or even decorative elements.

The invention also relates to the building block used for making window and door frames, supports, thresholds and pillars of corners or central in accordance with the method of the invention.

Such a block is characterized in that it comprises: - a through recess intended to form shuttering in order to receive poured reinforced concrete;

- a protruding part forming a tenon, intended to be nested in a hollow part of an adjacent building block forming a mortise;

- At least one recessed area capable of allowing keying with construction elements with which it comes into contact. Thus, the block is particularly easy to handle because it is largely hollowed out and therefore has a very limited weight.

In addition, thanks to this recess forming a lost formwork, the joining of adjacent blocks whose recesses communicate makes the pillars, posts or frames extremely resistant.

The presence of protruding or recessed parts allows easy mounting and facilitates all the operations of centering or aligning the blocks with one another.

In addition, the shape of the lateral zones of such a block is particularly suitable for joining with agglomerated or other adjacent building blocks.

In an advantageous form, the post has a height greater than the depth of the mortise of the adjacent block. In this way, there remains after assembly of these two blocks an apparent space which allows the realization of an aesthetic joint.

To solve the problem of water infiltration inside this joint, the post is located on the upper face of the block to avoid the accumulation of water in the hollow formed by the mortise.

In practical embodiments, the post has a pyramidal or frustoconical shape.

In this case, the crushing stresses are limited to the upper surface of the post, which eliminates the risks of degradation of the block in the visible areas. In an alternative embodiment, each block comprises means for anchoring with the construction elements with which it comes into contact. It can be, according to different embodiments, reinforcements, perforated plates or waiting boxes allowing a particularly effective connection, especially since these anchoring means are then embedded in the keying which connects the block and the adjacent building element.

According to another characteristic of the invention, the building block may have a removable protective layer on at least its faces intended to be visible. In fact, the building block according to the invention can be made of poured concrete having excellent aesthetic qualities. In this case, it serves as a decorative element and its visible faces should not be soiled during the construction site, or during transport operations. Thanks to this protective layer, advantageously made of plastic, for example polymers, any splashes of concrete or mortar do not soil the visible surfaces. When the site is finished, it suffices to remove the protective layers to reveal the exterior faces in their initial state after manufacture.

Brief description of the drawings

The manner of carrying out the invention as well as the advantages which result therefrom will emerge clearly from the description of the embodiments which follow, with the support of the appended figures in which:

Figure 1 is a summary perspective view of an embodiment of a block according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is a top view of the block illustrated in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view along the plane 111-111 'of FIG. 2.

Figure 4 is a detail sectional view of the contact area between two adjacent blocks at the tenon-mortise assembly. Figure 5 is a summary perspective view of a conforming block according to an alternative embodiment of the invention which comprises anchoring means with the adjacent building blocks.

Figure 6 is a top view of a block according to the invention intended to constitute a window sill.

FIG. 7 is a sectional view along the plane VII-VH 'of FIG. 6.

Figure 8 is a top view of a block according to the invention intended to constitute a window lintel, shown in Figure 9 along the plane IX-IX 'of Figure 8. Figure 10 is a summary perspective view of a building under construction according to the process according to the invention.

Figure 11 is a front view of a slab fitted with bases.

Figures 12 and 13 are sectional views along the planes identified respectively XII-XIII and XIII-XLII of Figure 11.

Way of realizing the invention

As already said, the invention relates to a building block used in particular for making door or window frames, as well as single-sided, double-sided or corner pillars.

Such a block is illustrated in Figure 1. This block (1), of substantially parallelepiped geometry comprises a recess (2) through which is intended to form shuttering in order to receive poured concrete. This recess or reservation (2) has an oval section in the illustration of Figures 1 and 2, but can adopt any advantageous geometric shape, for example elliptical, circular or polygonal, to take account of manufacturing constraints.

In any event, the volume of this obviously (2) must be maximum on the one hand, to lighten the block (1) in order to improve its maneuverability, and on the other hand, to constitute a sufficiently large stiffening post. The invention therefore covers the alternative embodiments which follow this spirit. Furthermore, this block (1) also includes a protruding part (3) forming a tenon. This tenon (3) has the function of ensuring the nesting in a hollow area (4) complementary in the block (10) intended to be placed on the block (1) of FIG. 1, as illustrated in FIG. 4 .

In the illustrated form, the protruding part forming a tenon (3) has a pyramidal shape with four sides. Obviously, the invention also covers different alternative embodiments in which this post would be for example frustoconical or would have a cut out shape in order to limit the risks of pivoting of the blocks on one another.

Advantageously, this tenon (3) is placed on the upper face (5) of the block (1) to avoid any risk of water infiltration into the volume formed by the mortise (4).

Advantageously, the height H _τ of the post (3) as illustrated, of the lower block

(1) illustrated in FIG. 4 is greater than the depth H _m of the mortise (4), which reveals on the lateral faces (6) of the posts or frames, an empty space (7) capable of receiving a joint . In this way, the finished abutment has a flattering aesthetic appearance.

As regards dimensions, the upper part of the tenon (3) corresponding to the upper face (8) of the pyramid has a section S _τ smaller than the surface S _M of the bottom of the mortise (4) to allow a certain latitude of movement favorable to optimal centering. In addition, in this way, the contact zone between two superimposed blocks (1, 10) is limited only to the upper face (8) of the post (3), which concentrates the crushing stresses and prevents the visible zones surfaces do not crack under heavy load. The lateral faces (12) of the block as illustrated in FIG. 1, that is to say the faces in contact with which the agglomerated building blocks will be put in place, have a hollow area (13) capable of allowing keying with said construction elements.

In this way, the wall or the building part, and the pillar or the neighboring threshold are firmly joined together.

In a more particular form illustrated in FIG. 5, the block (20) has an anchoring means, such as for example a hooked rod (21) which connects the recess (22) forming formwork to the keying zone (23 ) with regard to adjacent agglomerated building blocks. In this way, an effective bridging and fastening is carried out between the stiffening post cast in the recesses (22) and the building blocks directly in contact with the block according to the invention.

The rods (21) can be replaced by perforated plates or waiting boxes (not shown).

The blocks as illustrated in Figures 1 to 5 can be stacked to form either pillars, or window or door frames. The recess (2) can be offset from the center of the block to leave a prominent area which is raised relative to the main face of the wall.

Thus, if the pillar has only one visible face, the recess will be slightly eccentric, while if the pillar is through, the recess will be located substantially on the median plane.

In the case of a corner pillar, the recess will be offset in both directions. Such blocks when assembled under one another can form jambs for window or door frames. They are then directly mounted on elements (30) as illustrated in Figure 6 which shows a window sill. In this case, the support (30) comprises a base (31) whose front part (32) protrudes from the plane of the wall and which comprises on each of its lateral faces (33, 34) two portions (35, 36) of block according to the invention.

These portions have interlocking members (37, 38) (tenon-mortise) with the not shown blocks which will form the legs. These block portions also have recesses (39) so that when the legs are placed on the support (30), the casting makes it possible to obtain a massive unitary unit of great rigidity.

Advantageously, the lower part of the block forming a support and in the shape of an inverted L, as illustrated in FIG. 7 to facilitate installation on the pre-existing walls, and to ensure good wedging.

In this way, this block forming a support comes to rest on the part of the wall already mounted.

Figure 8 illustrates a lintel element. Thus, this element comprises a main part (41) and two end portions (42, 43) according to the invention. These portions (42, 43) each have a recess (44, 45) intended for pouring the concrete, as well as in the lower part of the hollow zones (46, 47) forming a mortise to receive by entanglement, the upper end of the legs . For certain particular uses, it can be provided that the two lintel walls have a different height.

Advantageously, as shown in FIG. 9, this lintel-forming element has a U-shaped section consisting of the two walls (48, 49) and the main face (41). Thus, this U-shaped gutter can receive the concrete which will form the rest of the lintel itself. The building blocks according to the invention are made from a mixture of rolled sand, and / or crushed sand, white or colored cement and additive.

The use of blocks in accordance with the invention makes it possible to advantageously implement a particularly advantageous construction method.

Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 10, the construction method according to the invention consists, in a first step, of mounting the elements constituting the pillars (50 - 52) and the door frames (53), then, in a second step, pouring the reinforced concrete into the recesses of these pillars (50 - 52) and frames

(53) to form stiffening posts.

Beforehand as illustrated in FIG. 11, there are put in place on the slab (60), bases or births (61, 62, 63, 64) intended to receive the various posts (65, 66) and the jambs (67 , 68) door frames. More precisely, each of these bases (61 - 64) has a protruding zone (70) intended to form a tenon for nesting in the mortise (72) located in the lower part of the different blocks which will be piled there.

Like the blocks according to the invention, these bases have a recess (71) crossed by not shown frames embedded in the lower part in the slab (60).

The positioning of these bases is the only step requiring great adjustment precision. Indeed, the very precise positioning of these bases makes it possible to avoid any subsequent alignment. To improve the positioning of these bases, in particular at the door thresholds, two successive bases (62, 63) can be connected by a rectilinear zone (73) having the exact length to ensure the precise spacing between the jambs (67, 68) of the framework. Advantageously, as illustrated in FIG. 13, this rectilinear part (73) can have a prominent zone (74) forming a gum allowing the fitting of the door frame.

Referring again to FIG. 10, subsequently, alignment cords are drawn between the different pillars (50 - 52) to allow the establishment and assembly of the agglomerated building blocks (55). Alignment operations, when mounting the wall, are therefore greatly simplified and the conduct of work is thereby facilitated.

As the walls are built, the window frames (57) according to the invention are put in place when the height of the wall corresponds to the height of placing the window.

The construction method according to the invention makes it possible to produce buildings which include pillars and door frames made of blocks having a finished appearance, but whose walls can be made with any type of material, and not only agglomerated blocks , but also bricks, or even wood, stone, concrete, or a combination of different materials.

It appears from the above that the building block and the method according to the invention have the following advantages:

- great maneuverability due to its low weight; - a final exterior appearance which avoids all plastering and finishing operations;

- optimal rigidity thanks to the use of the block as lost formwork for the production of stiffening posts;

- ease of positioning centering thanks to the embedding or interlocking system in mortise and tenon; elimination of alignment constraints in the case of using the process according to the invention for producing a framework prior to mounting the walls.

Claims

1 / A method of constructing a building comprising pillars (50-52), and door frames (53), characterized in that it consists: - first of all in assembling the pillars (50 - 52) and door frames (53) by means of building blocks comprising:. a through recess (2) intended to form formwork for receiving poured reinforced concrete; . a protruding part forming a tenon (3), intended to be nested in a recessed part (4) of an adjacent building block forming a mortise;

. at least one recessed area (13) adapted to allow keying with construction elements with which it comes into contact.

- Then, to assemble construction elements (55) to form the walls of the building between the different pillars (50 - 52) and frames (53) previously assembled, the position of said pillars (50 - 52) and frames (53 ) allowing alignment for mounting of said construction elements (55).

2 / A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the door frames include: - two legs (67,68) made from said building blocks;

- A lintel (40) which is nested on said legs (67,68), said lintel (40) having a shape of gutter intended to serve as formwork for receiving poured reinforced concrete, said lintel (40) comprising its ends two hollow mortises (46,47) opening into the recess passing through building blocks, so as to allow the flow of the reinforced concrete poured from the gutter forming the lintel (40) towards the jambs (67,68).

3 / A method according to claim 2, characterized in that the jambs (67,68) of the frames are placed on bases (63,70) fixed to the slab (60) of the building, said bases (63, 70) ensuring both the alignment and the spacing of the legs (67,68) as well as the level with respect to the slab (60). 4 / A method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a step consisting in setting up at least one window frame (57), the window frame comprising: - two jambs (75,76) made from said building blocks;

- A lintel (77) which is nested on said legs (75,76), said lintel (77) having a gutter shape intended to serve as formwork for receiving poured reinforced concrete, said lintel (77) comprising its ends two hollow mortises opening into the recess passing through building blocks, so as to allow the flow of reinforced concrete poured from the gutter forming the lintel towards the jambs.

- A window sill (30) supporting said legs (75,76), said support comprising two hollow studs (37,38) in which said legs are nested.

5 / Method according to one of claim 2 or 4, characterized in that the lintels are straight or curved, or forming an arch.

6 / Building block for implementing the method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises:

. a through recess (2) intended to form formwork for receiving poured reinforced concrete; . a protruding part forming a tenon (3), intended to be nested in a recessed part (4) of an adjacent building block forming a mortise; . at least one recessed area (13) adapted to allow keying with construction elements with which it comes into contact.

Il Bloc according to claim 6, characterized in that in the tenon (3) has a height H _τ greater than the depth H _M of the mortise (4) of the adjacent block. 8 / block according to claim 6, characterized in that the pin (3) is located on the upper face of the block (1).

9 / block according to claim 6, characterized in that the post (3) has a pyramidal or frustoconical shape.

10 / Block according to claim 6, characterized in that it comprises anchoring means (22) with the construction elements with which it comes into contact.

10 11 / Block according to claim 10, characterized in that the anchoring means are constituted by at least one frame.

12 / Block according to claim 10, characterized in that the anchoring means consist of at least one perforated plate. 15

13 / block according to claim 10, characterized in that the anchoring means are constituted by at least one waiting box.

14 / unit according to one of claims 6 to 13, characterized in that it has a removable protective layer on at least its faces intended to be visible.

15 / Lintel (40) for the implementation of the method of claim 2 characterized in that it has a shape of gutter intended to serve as formwork in order to receive poured reinforced concrete, said lintel (40) comprising at its ends two 25 hollow mortises (46,47) opening into the recess passing through building blocks on which said lintel is nested, so as to allow the flow of the reinforced concrete poured from the gutter forming the lintel (40) towards the jambs .

30 16 / Lintel according to claim 15, characterized in that it is straight, curved or forming an arch. 16 / Window sill (30) for implementing the method of claim 4, characterized in that it comprises two hollow studs (37,38) in which the legs which it supports are nested.