EP0833781B1 - Verschlusskappe aus kunststoff - Google Patents
Verschlusskappe aus kunststoff Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0833781B1 EP0833781B1 EP96914039A EP96914039A EP0833781B1 EP 0833781 B1 EP0833781 B1 EP 0833781B1 EP 96914039 A EP96914039 A EP 96914039A EP 96914039 A EP96914039 A EP 96914039A EP 0833781 B1 EP0833781 B1 EP 0833781B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tear
- peripheral portion
- ring
- closure cap
- closure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
- B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
- B65D41/46—Snap-on caps or cap-like covers
- B65D41/48—Snap-on caps or cap-like covers non-metallic, e.g. made of paper or plastics
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
- B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
- B65D41/46—Snap-on caps or cap-like covers
- B65D41/48—Snap-on caps or cap-like covers non-metallic, e.g. made of paper or plastics
- B65D41/485—Snap-on caps or cap-like covers non-metallic, e.g. made of paper or plastics with integral internal sealing means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D2401/00—Tamper-indicating means
- B65D2401/15—Tearable part of the closure
- B65D2401/35—Vertical or axial lines of weakness
Definitions
- the invention relates to a sealing cap made of plastic according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Such caps are used especially for closing containers, in particular of bottles with liquid content. If the Cap on containers with carbonated drinks the cap may need to be used reliable with the container mouth, even under considerable gas pressure stay connected. Therefore are at the tank mouth and retention means on the inside of the sealing cap provided with which the closure cap with the container mouth engaged. But that also makes it intentional removal of the cap by hand difficult. There are several suggestions to solve this problem known.
- CH-PS-529 022 shows a closure cap made of plastic, which with the outer wall of the cap encompassing bracket is provided, by means of which the closure cap with force from the container mouth can be deducted.
- the CH-PS-553 696 shows a closure cap, which on her Coat with a push-off nose and with predetermined breaking points is.
- the cap can be pressed by pressing the push-off tab be removed.
- the predetermined breaking points tear and allow easier to overcome the retaining elements. Cunning In addition, predetermined breaking points show an unauthorized opening of the Container.
- DE-A-1 782 059 shows a plastic closure cap according to the preamble of claim 1 with a tear-off ring and with integrated in the cap jacket Weakened zones is provided.
- a force is applied to the tear ring, tear the weakened zones, causing the cap to open is simplified.
- the retention element of the Sealing cap additionally has sections of less Thickness and, if necessary, openings to cover the cap to give increased flexibility.
- the object of the invention is therefore to avoid the disadvantages of the known and in particular to create a closure cap made of plastic for CO 2 -containing beverages, which can be removed from the mouth of the container with as little effort as possible.
- the closure cap should also indicate the first opening of the container.
- this task is primarily carried out according to the characterizing part of claim 1 solved.
- the closure cap has a closure base and one this connected, cylindrical jacket. On the inside a retaining bead is attached to the cylindrical jacket, with retention elements in the area of the container mouth can engage.
- a tear-off ring is provided, which at least one, but preferably two connection points the edge area of the Coat is connected.
- the tear-off ring is concentric to the coat around it and can be self-contained or be open.
- the jacket Provide predetermined tear lines. These target tear lines run vertically from the edge area of the jacket up against the Bottom and are adjacent to the connection points arranged between the tear-off ring and the jacket.
- the tear-off ring is opened to open the cap bent up and pulling with a finger becomes a force on the connection points between the tear-off ring and the Coat exercised. Due to the proximity to the target tear lines and by connecting in the edge area of the jacket is the tear-off ring optimally connected to the coat. Thereby can be used to open the cap Maximum force can be used. The opening force will brought directly to the target tear lines by the tear-off ring, making it easy to tear open. The closure can then be removed with little effort.
- the tear-off ring connected to the jacket at two junctions.
- the tear-off ring is apart from the fixed connection points, additionally with one or more predetermined breaking bars with the Edge area of the jacket connected. This will make the tear-off ring held in place. It is avoided that the tear ring, for example, hooks during transport and the Closure is opened by mistake. On the other hand, serve such predetermined breaking bars also as tamper-evident. To open the cap, the tear-off ring from Coat separated and pulled up.
- the tear-off ring can be a non-self-contained ring be trained in a circular sector of the one to the other junction around the coat extends. Because the tear-off ring in the area of the connection points ends, there is an optimal power transmission reached from the tear-off ring on the jacket of the sealing cap. However, it is also advantageous to have one that is self-contained Ring-shaped tear-off ring on one or more Connections is connected to the jacket. With Above all, a self-contained tear-off ring reduces the risk of multiple containers with their Hook the caps into each other.
- the one running on the inside of the jacket Retention bead two or more vertical breaks on.
- the retaining bead is divided into several sections split, giving the cap an additional flexibility gives. This is especially the case with the opening process of Advantage.
- Two of these interruptions are preferred in this way arranged that the vertical predetermined tear lines the retaining bead cross in the area of interruptions. Will be at Open the closure of the jacket in between the predetermined tear lines torn area, becomes a shell segment folded up, which is a section of the Retaining bead carries. This section is no longer in the Engagement with the containment elements of the container, thereby for the opening of the closure means a significantly lower effort necessary is.
- the vertical target tear lines can both on the inside as also be attached to the outside of the jacket.
- the predetermined tear lines are preferably as material weaknesses of the jacket.
- a horizontal hinge that between those adjacent to the connection point or connections arranged predetermined tear lines runs. This will make it Folding up the jacket area between the predetermined tear lines, which preferably contains a section of the retaining bead, facilitated.
- the hinge can be in the form of a Be weakened material.
- the coat must be in the Area of the hinge to be thicker than in the area the predetermined tear lines, so that when opening, not the whole Jacket segment is torn out of the jacket.
- a sealing cap with optimal properties results in that the preceding exemplary embodiments are additional with sealing elements in the area of the closure bottom and / or are provided on the jacket. Suitable as sealing elements sealing lips that run concentrically to the jacket the inner or outer surface of the container mouth issue.
- a closure cap has a circular disk shape Locking base 2 and one on the edge of the locking base 2 attached, cylindrical jacket 3.
- the Sheath 3 has means in a fastening area 4 for fastening the cap 1 on a container mouth.
- a retaining bead 5 serves as fastening means on the inside of the jacket, directed radially inwards and runs circularly on the jacket 3.
- the retention bead 5 faces on its radially innermost surface a retention area 13, which with the retention elements the container mouth comes into engagement.
- a tear-off ring 7 is at two junctions 8 with the Edge region 10 of the jacket facing away from the closure base 2 3 connected.
- the tear-off ring 7 is not completely closed and runs concentrically around the coat this and thus sweeps over a circular sector of preferably at least 270 degrees.
- predetermined tear lines 9 provided, which extends from the edge section 10 of the casing 3 approximately vertically against the closure bottom 2 and over the Restraining area 13 of the retaining bead 5 also extend.
- the predetermined tear lines 9 are adjacent to the connection points 8 arranged so that when opening the cap 1 from the tear-off ring 7 optimally transferred to the jacket 3 in the area of the predetermined tear lines 9 becomes.
- the tear-off ring is used to open the closure cap 1 7 pulled up and around the connection points 8 turned around so that the jacket 3 no longer from the tear ring 7 is enclosed.
- the two predetermined tear lines 9 are destroyed and one area of the jacket 3 is released.
- the cap 1 is now no longer with the entirety of the retaining bead 5 with the Retaining elements in the area of the container mouth and can be easily removed.
- the retaining bead 5 is through in this embodiment Interruptions 14 divided, resulting in individual sections of the retaining bead 5.
- a section lies in the area of the jacket that passes through the two predetermined tear lines 9 is limited.
- the two predetermined tear lines 9 begin at the edge region 10 of the jacket 3 and extend vertically towards the top and up to the retention area 13 of the retention bead 5 beyond.
- To the flexibility of the two vertical target tear lines to increase the area formed is a horizontal at the end of the predetermined tear lines 9 in the jacket 3 extending hinge 15 is provided.
- the hinge 15 is formed as a slight weakening of material in the jacket 3.
- Desired tear lines 9 limited area broken out of the jacket 3 and can be easily around the hinge 15 unfold as shown in Figure 4.
- Figure 3 shows a view of an embodiment of a Cap 1, in which the tear-off ring 7 additionally to the fixed connections at the connection points 8 Breakaway webs 11 with the jacket 3 in the edge region 10 thereof connected is.
- a concentric Sheath 3 extending sealing element in the form of a sealing lip 6 arranged.
- the vertical target tear lines are as material thinning formed on the inside of the jacket 3.
- the two arrows F indicate where the force is the coat 3 acts when the cap 1 by pulling the tear-off ring 7 is opened.
- Figure 4 shows how a cap 1 by pulling the Tear-off ring 7 is opened in the K direction.
- the Tear ring 7 in the area of the connection points 8 easily curved and the part of the jacket 3 which is between two vertical Target tear lines 9 lies, folded out.
- the hinge 15, the 9 between the two vertical tear lines is attached and runs horizontally on the coat, relieved the bending of the torn out of the jacket 3 Area.
- the target tear lines 9 run so far in the direction Closure bottom that a portion of the retaining bead 5 or at least the retention area 13 in the out of the jacket 3 expanded area is included.
- FIG. 5 shows a further exemplary embodiment of a closure cap, in which the tear-off ring 3 one in itself forms a closed ring.
- the ring is on one Junction 8 with the edge region 10 of the jacket 3 connected.
- the two vertical tear lines 9 are arranged adjacent to the connection point 8 and as Dilution of the jacket 3 formed on the inside.
- the retention bead 5 is interrupted 14 in several Divided sections.
- Figure 6 shows a closure cap, which in this respect differs from the 5 shows the embodiment shown as the self-contained tear-off ring 7 by two connection points 8 connected to the edge region 10 of the jacket 3 is.
- Figure 7 shows an embodiment in which the vertical Target tear lines 9 as a thinning of the jacket 3 on its Are formed outside, and in which the retaining bead 5 runs evenly.
- the two arrows F show how the force that when tearing the cap 1 from Tear ring 7 is exerted on the jacket 3 in the area of Target tear lines 9 attacks.
- Figures 8 and 9 show options such as the connection points 8 can be configured.
- Figure 8 shows junctions 8, which extends from the edge region 10 of the jacket 3 extend below.
- the tear-off ring 7 is thus somewhat below of the jacket 3 arranged.
- On the inside of the Sheath 3 is the retention area 13 of the retention bead 5 shown.
- the tear-off ring 7 can also with connection points 8 be connected to the jacket 3, which is horizontal and radial extend outwards from the edge region 10 of the jacket 3.
- the lower edge of the tear-off ring 7 is in the embodiment 9 in the same plane as that Edge area 10 of the jacket 3.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 can be seen that the axial extension of the tear-off ring 7 in Small compared to the axial extent of the jacket 3 must be chosen. The smaller the extension of the tear-off ring 7, the better it can be applied to the tear-off ring 7 Force to be transferred to the vertical target tear lines 9.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Closures For Containers (AREA)
Description
- Figur 1
- eine Seitenansicht einer erfindungsgemässen Verschlusskappe mit Teil-Schnitt,
- Figur 2
- eine Ansicht eines Mantelabschnittes vom Inneren der Verschlusskappe her gesehen in vergrössertem Massstab,
- Figur 3
- eine Verschlusskappe von unten,
- Figur 4
- eine schematische Darstellung einer Verschlusskappe während des Oeffnungsvorgangs,
- Figur 5 bis 7
- Unteransichten von abgewandelten Ausführungsbeispielen der Erfindung,
- Figur 8 und 9
- einen Querschnitt eines Verschlusskappenabschnittes im Bereich der Verbindungsstellen.
Claims (10)
- Verschlusskappe aus Kunststoff für einen Behälter, insbesondere für eine Flasche mit radial vorstehenden Rückhalteelementen zum Befestigen der Verschlusskappe, wobei die Verschlusskappe einen Verschlussboden (2) und einen mit diesem verbundenen zylindrischen Mantel (3) sowie einen Abreissring (7) aufweist, wobei der Mantel (3) mit seinem vom Verschlussboden (2) abgewandten Randbereich (10) auf die Behälteröffnung aufsetzbar ist und einen etwa ringförmigen Befestigungsbereich (4) mit wenigstens einem, wulstartig und radial nach innen gerichteten Rückhaltewulst (5) aufweist, dessen Rückhaltebereich (13) den freien Innendurchmesser der Verschlusskappe (1) bestimmt, wobei weiterhin wenigstens zwei etwa vertikale Sollreisslinien (9) im Mantel vorgesehen sind, und wobei der Abreissring (7) wenigstens teilweise und etwa konzentrisch um den Mantel (3) verläuft und an wenigstens einer Verbindungsstelle (8) fest mit dem Mantel (3) verbunden ist, wobei der Abreissring (7) am Randbereich (10) des Mantels (3) angreift, wobei die vertikalen Sollreisslinien (9) vom Randbereich (10) des Mantels (3) etwa vertikal in Richtung auf den Kappenboden (2) verlaufen und in einem Bereich zwischen dem Rückhaltebereich (13) und dem Verschlussboden (2) enden und wobei der Rückhaltewulst mehr als zwei Unterbrechungen (14) aufweist, von welchen zwei so angeordnet sind, dass sie die Sollreisslinien kreuzen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die vertikalen Sollreisslinien (9) benachbart zu den Verbindungsstellen (8) liegen.
- Verschlusskappe nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abreissring (7) an zwei Verbindungsstellen (8) fest mit dem Mantel (3) verbunden ist.
- Verschlusskappe nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abreissring (7) mit wenigstens einem Sollbruchsteg (11) mit dem Randbereich (10) des Mantels (3) verbunden ist.
- Verschlusskappe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abreissring (7) als in sich geschlossener Ring ausgebildet ist.
- Verschlusskappe nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sich der Abreissring (7) in einem Sektor von mindestens 270 Grad von der einen zur anderen Verbindungsstelle (8) erstreckt.
- Verschlusskappe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die vertikalen Sollreisslinien (9) auf der Innenseite des Mantels (3) angebracht sind.
- Verschlusskappe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die vertikalen Sollreisslinien (9) auf der Aussenseite des Mantels (3) angebracht sind.
- Verschlusskappe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die vertikalen Sollreisslinien (9) als Materialschwächung des Mantels (3) ausgebildet sind.
- Verschlusskappe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem Mantel (3) ein horizontales Scharnier (15) in der Form einer Verdünnung des Mantels (3) angebracht ist, welches sich zwischen den dem Verschlussboden (2) zugewandten Enden zweier Sollreisslinien (11) erstreckt.
- Verschlusskappe nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass am Verschlussboden (2) und/oder am Mantel (3) wenigstens eine konzentrisch zum Mantel (3) verlaufende Dichtlippe (6) angebracht ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH1769/95 | 1995-06-15 | ||
CH176995 | 1995-06-15 | ||
CH176995 | 1995-06-15 | ||
PCT/CH1996/000211 WO1997000210A1 (de) | 1995-06-15 | 1996-06-04 | Verschlusskappe aus kunststoff |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0833781A1 EP0833781A1 (de) | 1998-04-08 |
EP0833781B1 true EP0833781B1 (de) | 2000-01-05 |
Family
ID=4218164
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96914039A Expired - Lifetime EP0833781B1 (de) | 1995-06-15 | 1996-06-04 | Verschlusskappe aus kunststoff |
Country Status (17)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6116444A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0833781B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH11511096A (de) |
KR (1) | KR19990022790A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1193307A (de) |
AR (1) | AR002141A1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU705426B2 (de) |
BR (1) | BR9608509A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2222276A1 (de) |
CO (1) | CO4440587A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE59604123D1 (de) |
HU (1) | HUP9900237A3 (de) |
IL (1) | IL122295A0 (de) |
PL (1) | PL324077A1 (de) |
TR (1) | TR199701624T1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1997000210A1 (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA965069B (de) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040206721A1 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2004-10-21 | Swanberg Craig C. | Bottle cap |
US7080749B2 (en) * | 2003-12-08 | 2006-07-25 | Bert Van Bruggen | Drum closure overcap and combination |
JP5125163B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-16 | 2013-01-23 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 易分別離脱可能なキャップ |
JP5193544B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-25 | 2013-05-08 | 株式会社吉野工業所 | キャップ |
FR3035644B1 (fr) * | 2015-04-28 | 2018-08-17 | Novembal Usa Inc. | Bouchon pour un col de recipient |
USD963811S1 (en) | 2019-05-28 | 2022-09-13 | Rieke Llc | Tamper evident overcap for drum closures |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1539832A (fr) * | 1967-07-28 | 1968-09-20 | Nouvelle capsule monobloc sertissable en matière plastique | |
CA848786A (en) * | 1968-03-23 | 1970-08-11 | Tamper-Proof-Tops Industries Ltd. | Container closure |
FR1604276A (de) * | 1968-11-20 | 1971-10-11 | ||
CH529022A (de) * | 1971-03-16 | 1972-10-15 | Obrist Ag Albert | Verschlusskappe aus Kunststoff |
FR2218257A1 (de) * | 1973-02-16 | 1974-09-13 | Grussen Jean | |
CH553696A (de) * | 1973-05-09 | 1974-09-13 | Obrist Albert & Co | Verschlusskappe aus kunststoff fuer einen behaelter, insbesondere eine flasche. |
US4230229A (en) * | 1979-02-21 | 1980-10-28 | Northern Engineering & Plastics Corporation | Snap on bottle cap |
GB2097768A (en) * | 1981-04-06 | 1982-11-10 | Smiths Containers Ltd | Bottle and like container closures |
US4534481A (en) * | 1984-08-02 | 1985-08-13 | Rieke Corporation | Snap-on, tamper-evident container closure |
WO1993021080A1 (en) * | 1992-04-20 | 1993-10-28 | Lee, Jung, Min | Bottle cap made of synthetic resin |
-
1996
- 1996-05-29 AR ARP960102787A patent/AR002141A1/es unknown
- 1996-06-04 IL IL12229596A patent/IL122295A0/xx unknown
- 1996-06-04 KR KR1019970709259A patent/KR19990022790A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-04 TR TR97/01624T patent/TR199701624T1/xx unknown
- 1996-06-04 PL PL96324077A patent/PL324077A1/xx unknown
- 1996-06-04 JP JP9502443A patent/JPH11511096A/ja active Pending
- 1996-06-04 HU HU9900237A patent/HUP9900237A3/hu unknown
- 1996-06-04 DE DE59604123T patent/DE59604123D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-06-04 WO PCT/CH1996/000211 patent/WO1997000210A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-04 US US08/981,047 patent/US6116444A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-06-04 CA CA002222276A patent/CA2222276A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-06-04 EP EP96914039A patent/EP0833781B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-04 BR BR9608509A patent/BR9608509A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-06-04 AU AU57578/96A patent/AU705426B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-06-04 CN CN96196293A patent/CN1193307A/zh active Pending
- 1996-06-14 ZA ZA965069A patent/ZA965069B/xx unknown
- 1996-06-14 CO CO96031225A patent/CO4440587A1/es unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
PL324077A1 (en) | 1998-05-11 |
ZA965069B (en) | 1997-01-23 |
MX9710142A (es) | 1998-03-29 |
EP0833781A1 (de) | 1998-04-08 |
AR002141A1 (es) | 1998-01-07 |
AU705426B2 (en) | 1999-05-20 |
BR9608509A (pt) | 1999-06-08 |
WO1997000210A1 (de) | 1997-01-03 |
HUP9900237A2 (hu) | 1999-05-28 |
CA2222276A1 (en) | 1997-01-03 |
AU5757896A (en) | 1997-01-15 |
IL122295A0 (en) | 1998-04-05 |
CO4440587A1 (es) | 1997-05-07 |
US6116444A (en) | 2000-09-12 |
DE59604123D1 (de) | 2000-02-10 |
HUP9900237A3 (en) | 2000-06-28 |
TR199701624T1 (xx) | 1998-04-21 |
CN1193307A (zh) | 1998-09-16 |
JPH11511096A (ja) | 1999-09-28 |
KR19990022790A (ko) | 1999-03-25 |
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