EP0804626B1 - CONSTRUCTION SOUDEE EN ALLIAGE AlMgMn A RESISTANCE MECANIQUE AMELIOREE - Google Patents
CONSTRUCTION SOUDEE EN ALLIAGE AlMgMn A RESISTANCE MECANIQUE AMELIOREE Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0804626B1 EP0804626B1 EP96904891A EP96904891A EP0804626B1 EP 0804626 B1 EP0804626 B1 EP 0804626B1 EP 96904891 A EP96904891 A EP 96904891A EP 96904891 A EP96904891 A EP 96904891A EP 0804626 B1 EP0804626 B1 EP 0804626B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- welded
- welded construction
- mpa
- construction according
- sheets
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Revoked
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 17
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910017060 Fe Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001080024 Telles Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003416 augmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of rolled or wire, such as sheets, profiles, wires or tubes, of alloy aluminum of the type AlMgMn to Mg> 3% by weight, intended for welded constructions with a high elastic limit, good resistance to fatigue and good toughness for structural applications, such as, for example, boats, industrial vehicles or frames welded bicycles.
- the invention also relates to the use of these welded constructions for the shipbuilding, manufacturing of industrial vehicles and bicycle frames.
- compositions for minor addition elements in particular iron, manganese and zinc, leading to a set of interesting properties. combining static mechanical characteristics, toughness, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and cutting deformation, this set of properties being particularly well suited to the use of these alloys for shipbuilding, commercial vehicles or welded cycle frames.
- This set of properties is obtained by the combination of a low iron content, ⁇ 0.20%, and even 0.15%, and a manganese and zinc content such as Mn + 2Zn> 0.8% .
- the Mn content must be> 0.72%, and preferably> 0.8%, to have sufficient mechanical characteristics, but must not exceed 1%, if we want to avoid degradation of the toughness and the resistance to fatigue.
- the addition of zinc in combination with manganese has been shown to have a beneficial effect on the mechanical properties of the sheets and welded joints. However, it is better not to exceed 0.4%, as this can cause problems with welding.
- Magnesium is maintained> 4.3% because it has a favorable effect on elastic limit and resistance to fatigue, but above 5% corrosion resistance is less good.
- the addition of Cu and Cr are also favorable at the elastic limit, but Cr is preferably kept ⁇ 0.15% to maintain good resistance to fatigue.
- the mechanical resistance of the sheets depends both on the content of magnesium in solid solution and dispersoids in manganese. It was found that the volume fraction of these dispersoids, which is linked to the iron and manganese contents, should preferably be kept above 1.2%. This volume fraction is calculated from the average of surface fractions measured on polished sections produced in the 3 directions (length, width and thickness) by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis.
- the products according to the invention can be products rolled or spun such as hot rolled or cold, wires, profiles or tubes spun possibly re-stretched.
- the sheets according to the invention assembled by butt welding using a MIG or TIG process and with a chamfer of the order of 45 ° over approximately 2/3 of the thickness, are present in the area welded an elastic limit R 0.2 which can be at least 25 MPa higher than that of a conventional alloy having the same magnesium content, ie a gain of the order of 20%.
- the mechanical resistance of the welded joints was measured from these sheets under the following conditions: automatic continuous butt MIG welding, with a symmetrical chamfer of slope 45 ° relative to the vertical over a thickness of 4 mm and wire 5183 alloy intake.
- the mechanical characteristics (tensile strength Rm, elastic limit R 0.2 ) were obtained by traction on test pieces standardized by the Norwegian inspection body DNV for shipbuilding, length 140 mm, width 35 mm, the weld bead of width 15 mm being in the center and the length of the narrow part of the test piece being 27 mm, ie the sum of the width of the bead and twice the thickness (15 + 12 mm).
- the volume fractions of manganese dispersoids were also measured.
- the elastic limit of the welded samples according to the present invention refers to an increase between 15 and 35 MPa.
- the sheets according to the invention have a fatigue resistance at least as good as that of sheets in classic 5083.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98123582A EP0909828A3 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-21 | Produit pour construction soudée en alliage AlMgMn à résistance mécanique améliorée |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9502387A FR2731018B1 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1995-02-24 | Tole pour construction soudee en alliage almgmn a resistance mecanique amelioree |
FR9502387 | 1995-02-24 | ||
FR9512065A FR2731019B1 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1995-10-09 | Produit pour construction soudee en alliage almgmn a resistance mecanique amelioree |
FR9512065 | 1995-10-09 | ||
PCT/FR1996/000279 WO1996026299A1 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-21 | PRODUIT POUR CONSTRUCTION SOUDEE EN ALLIAGE AlMgMn A RESISTANCE MECANIQUE AMELIOREE |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98123582A Division EP0909828A3 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-21 | Produit pour construction soudée en alliage AlMgMn à résistance mécanique améliorée |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0804626A1 EP0804626A1 (fr) | 1997-11-05 |
EP0804626B1 true EP0804626B1 (fr) | 2001-07-11 |
Family
ID=26231789
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98123582A Ceased EP0909828A3 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-21 | Produit pour construction soudée en alliage AlMgMn à résistance mécanique améliorée |
EP96904891A Revoked EP0804626B1 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-21 | CONSTRUCTION SOUDEE EN ALLIAGE AlMgMn A RESISTANCE MECANIQUE AMELIOREE |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98123582A Ceased EP0909828A3 (fr) | 1995-02-24 | 1996-02-21 | Produit pour construction soudée en alliage AlMgMn à résistance mécanique améliorée |
Country Status (21)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6444059B2 (no) |
EP (2) | EP0909828A3 (no) |
JP (1) | JPH11500783A (no) |
CN (1) | CN1078622C (no) |
AR (1) | AR001000A1 (no) |
AU (1) | AU690433C (no) |
CA (1) | CA2211433C (no) |
DE (2) | DE69613812T2 (no) |
DK (1) | DK0804626T3 (no) |
ES (1) | ES2161347T3 (no) |
FI (1) | FI121471B (no) |
FR (1) | FR2731019B1 (no) |
HK (1) | HK1002201A1 (no) |
NO (1) | NO973681D0 (no) |
NZ (1) | NZ302706A (no) |
PL (1) | PL321887A1 (no) |
RU (1) | RU2156319C2 (no) |
TR (1) | TR199700843T1 (no) |
UA (1) | UA49823C2 (no) |
UY (1) | UY24172A1 (no) |
WO (1) | WO1996026299A1 (no) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020053507A1 (fr) * | 2018-09-13 | 2020-03-19 | Constellium Issoire | Produit en alliage almgmn a tenue à la corrosion améliorée |
Families Citing this family (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2752244B1 (fr) † | 1996-08-06 | 1998-09-18 | Pechiney Rhenalu | Produit pour construction soudee en alliage almgmn a tenue a la corrosion amelioree |
EP0892077A1 (en) * | 1997-07-18 | 1999-01-20 | Aluminum Company Of America | Cast aluminium alloy and components produced thereof |
ES2191418T5 (es) * | 1998-02-20 | 2007-05-01 | Corus Aluminium Walzprodukte Gmbh | Aleacion de aluminio-magnesio de alta resistencia y conformable para aplicacion en estructuras soldadas. |
ES2280300T3 (es) | 2000-03-31 | 2007-09-16 | Corus Aluminium Voerde Gmbh | Producto de aleacion de aluminio colado en coquilla. |
DE10231437B4 (de) | 2001-08-10 | 2019-08-22 | Corus Aluminium N.V. | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Aluminiumknetlegierungsprodukts |
DE10231422A1 (de) * | 2001-08-13 | 2003-02-27 | Corus Aluminium Nv | Aluminium-Magnesium-Legierungserzeugnis |
JP2003301230A (ja) * | 2002-02-05 | 2003-10-24 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 多段成形性に優れるアルミニウム合金管 |
US6659331B2 (en) * | 2002-02-26 | 2003-12-09 | Applied Materials, Inc | Plasma-resistant, welded aluminum structures for use in semiconductor apparatus |
FR2837499B1 (fr) * | 2002-03-22 | 2004-05-21 | Pechiney Rhenalu | PRODUITS EN ALLIAGES Al-Mg POUR CONSTRUCTION SOUDEE |
WO2003102257A1 (fr) * | 2002-05-30 | 2003-12-11 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Piece coulee sous pression presentant une resistance elevee |
ES2373054T5 (es) * | 2005-08-16 | 2018-12-05 | Aleris Aluminum Koblenz Gmbh | Aleación de Al-Mg soldable de alta resistencia |
JP2008024964A (ja) * | 2006-07-18 | 2008-02-07 | Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd | 高強度アルミニウム合金板およびその製造方法 |
CN101585387B (zh) * | 2008-05-22 | 2013-05-01 | 唐山亨利车料有限公司 | 折叠盒销及其加工方法 |
US9217622B2 (en) | 2009-07-24 | 2015-12-22 | Alcoa Inc. | 5XXX aluminum alloys and wrought aluminum alloy products made therefrom |
WO2012046352A1 (ja) * | 2010-10-08 | 2012-04-12 | 住友軽金属工業株式会社 | アルミニウム合金接合部材 |
CN103173667A (zh) * | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-26 | 加铝(天津)铝合金产品有限公司 | 一种用于电缆铠装的铝合金材料 |
CN103540814A (zh) * | 2013-10-17 | 2014-01-29 | 常熟市良益金属材料有限公司 | 一种铝镁合金 |
CN103572116A (zh) * | 2013-10-21 | 2014-02-12 | 姚富云 | 一种高强度并具有高韧性的铝合金 |
CN103993207A (zh) * | 2014-04-24 | 2014-08-20 | 广东兴发铝业有限公司 | 高速船舶用5xxx系列铝合金挤压型材配方及制造工艺 |
CN104805322B (zh) * | 2015-04-10 | 2017-03-22 | 凤阳爱尔思轻合金精密成型有限公司 | 非热处理自强化铝镁合金及其制备工艺 |
CN106244872A (zh) * | 2016-08-30 | 2016-12-21 | 吉林化工学院 | 一种高耐蚀性的船用Al‑Mg铝合金中厚板材的制备方法 |
CN106756310A (zh) * | 2017-01-09 | 2017-05-31 | 镇江华中电器有限公司 | 海洋电缆敷设装置板材专用新型高抗腐蚀高强度铝锰合金及其制备方法 |
CN106756311A (zh) * | 2017-01-09 | 2017-05-31 | 镇江华中电器有限公司 | 海洋电缆敷设装置挤压型材专用新型高抗腐蚀高强度铝锰合金及制备方法和成型工艺 |
CN106834829B (zh) * | 2017-02-27 | 2018-10-16 | 东莞市铝美铝型材有限公司 | 一种船舶用高强耐蚀铝合金及其制备方法 |
CN109576616B (zh) * | 2018-12-11 | 2020-07-14 | 广东省材料与加工研究所 | 一种铝合金管材尺寸回弹控制方法 |
CN109593996A (zh) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-04-09 | 宁波合力模具科技股份有限公司 | 一种高强韧挤压铸造铝镁硅合金及其制备方法 |
CN110387492A (zh) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-10-29 | 合肥工业大学 | 一种提高5系铝合金焊接接头抗应力腐蚀性能的方法 |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5181969A (en) * | 1990-06-11 | 1993-01-26 | Sky Aluminum Co., Ltd. | Rolled aluminum alloy adapted for superplastic forming and method for making |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3502448A (en) * | 1967-12-07 | 1970-03-24 | Aluminum Co Of America | Aluminum alloy sheet |
DE2443332C3 (de) * | 1974-09-06 | 1980-04-10 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Kapselung für eine druckgasisolierte Hochspannungsanlage |
US4043840A (en) * | 1976-07-09 | 1977-08-23 | Swiss Aluminium Ltd. | Aluminum alloys possessing improved resistance weldability |
FR2448684A1 (fr) * | 1979-02-12 | 1980-09-05 | Bretagne Atel Chantiers | Dispositif pour revaporiser des gaz liquefies |
JPS6212373A (ja) * | 1985-07-09 | 1987-01-21 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 昇圧回路 |
JPH0699789B2 (ja) * | 1989-02-23 | 1994-12-07 | 住友軽金属工業株式会社 | 耐食性に優れる高強度成形用アルミニウム合金硬質板の製造方法 |
NL9100565A (nl) * | 1991-04-02 | 1992-11-02 | Hoogovens Aluminium Nv | Aluminium plaat en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen daarvan. |
-
1995
- 1995-10-09 FR FR9512065A patent/FR2731019B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-02-21 CN CN96192103A patent/CN1078622C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-21 TR TR97/00843T patent/TR199700843T1/xx unknown
- 1996-02-21 JP JP8525458A patent/JPH11500783A/ja active Pending
- 1996-02-21 EP EP98123582A patent/EP0909828A3/fr not_active Ceased
- 1996-02-21 AU AU49305/96A patent/AU690433C/en not_active Expired
- 1996-02-21 DE DE69613812T patent/DE69613812T2/de not_active Revoked
- 1996-02-21 DE DE0804626T patent/DE804626T1/de active Pending
- 1996-02-21 PL PL96321887A patent/PL321887A1/xx unknown
- 1996-02-21 US US08/875,113 patent/US6444059B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-21 NZ NZ302706A patent/NZ302706A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-02-21 DK DK96904891T patent/DK0804626T3/da active
- 1996-02-21 RU RU97115807/02A patent/RU2156319C2/ru active
- 1996-02-21 ES ES96904891T patent/ES2161347T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-21 AR ARP960101464A patent/AR001000A1/es unknown
- 1996-02-21 EP EP96904891A patent/EP0804626B1/fr not_active Revoked
- 1996-02-21 UA UA97094747A patent/UA49823C2/uk unknown
- 1996-02-21 WO PCT/FR1996/000279 patent/WO1996026299A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-02-21 CA CA002211433A patent/CA2211433C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-02-22 UY UY24172A patent/UY24172A1/es not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-23 FI FI963290A patent/FI121471B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-08-11 NO NO973681A patent/NO973681D0/no not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1998
- 1998-02-11 HK HK98101159A patent/HK1002201A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5181969A (en) * | 1990-06-11 | 1993-01-26 | Sky Aluminum Co., Ltd. | Rolled aluminum alloy adapted for superplastic forming and method for making |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
Aluminum standards and data, 1986 Metric SI, The Aluminum Association, pp 15-16 * |
B.A. Cassie et al, "Composition affects tensile strength of welded aluminium-magnesium alloy", Metal Construction and British Welding Journal, January 1973, pp 11-19 * |
J.S. Vetrano et al "Effect of Precipitate Structure on Hot Deformation of Al-Mg-Mn Alloys", "Advances in Hot Deformation Textures and Microstructures", TMS, 1994, pp 223-235 * |
NRIM Fatigue Data Sheet No. 64, "Data Sheets on Fatigue Properties for Butt Welded Joints of A5083P-O (Al-4.5Mg-0.6Mn) Aluminium Alloy Plates", National Research Institute for Metals, Tokyo, Japan, date of issue: 25 decembre 1990 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020053507A1 (fr) * | 2018-09-13 | 2020-03-19 | Constellium Issoire | Produit en alliage almgmn a tenue à la corrosion améliorée |
FR3085968A1 (fr) * | 2018-09-13 | 2020-03-20 | Constellium Issoire | Produit en alliage almgmn a tenue a la corrosion amelioree |
US12024765B2 (en) | 2018-09-13 | 2024-07-02 | Constellium Issoire | AlMgMn alloy product with improved corrosion resistance |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0909828A2 (fr) | 1999-04-21 |
NO973681L (no) | 1997-08-11 |
AU4930596A (en) | 1996-09-11 |
DE69613812D1 (de) | 2001-08-16 |
NO973681D0 (no) | 1997-08-11 |
PL321887A1 (en) | 1997-12-22 |
RU2156319C2 (ru) | 2000-09-20 |
AR001000A1 (es) | 1997-08-27 |
DE804626T1 (de) | 1998-01-29 |
JPH11500783A (ja) | 1999-01-19 |
UY24172A1 (es) | 1996-04-15 |
EP0909828A3 (fr) | 1999-06-16 |
FI963290A0 (fi) | 1996-08-23 |
WO1996026299A1 (fr) | 1996-08-29 |
AU690433B2 (en) | 1998-04-23 |
TR199700843T1 (xx) | 1998-02-21 |
DE69613812T2 (de) | 2002-04-04 |
US20010050118A1 (en) | 2001-12-13 |
CA2211433A1 (fr) | 1996-08-29 |
DK0804626T3 (da) | 2001-11-12 |
EP0804626A1 (fr) | 1997-11-05 |
FI963290A (fi) | 1996-08-25 |
FI121471B (fi) | 2010-11-30 |
UA49823C2 (uk) | 2002-10-15 |
CN1078622C (zh) | 2002-01-30 |
CN1175983A (zh) | 1998-03-11 |
FR2731019B1 (fr) | 1997-08-22 |
CA2211433C (fr) | 2009-04-28 |
HK1002201A1 (en) | 1998-08-07 |
NZ302706A (en) | 1999-04-29 |
AU690433C (en) | 2002-06-06 |
ES2161347T3 (es) | 2001-12-01 |
FR2731019A1 (fr) | 1996-08-30 |
US6444059B2 (en) | 2002-09-03 |
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