EP0787440A1 - Sohle für Sportschuh - Google Patents

Sohle für Sportschuh Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0787440A1
EP0787440A1 EP96119503A EP96119503A EP0787440A1 EP 0787440 A1 EP0787440 A1 EP 0787440A1 EP 96119503 A EP96119503 A EP 96119503A EP 96119503 A EP96119503 A EP 96119503A EP 0787440 A1 EP0787440 A1 EP 0787440A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sole
rear part
front part
zone
buttress
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96119503A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0787440B1 (de
Inventor
Thierry Donnadieu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Salomon SAS
Original Assignee
Salomon SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Salomon SAS filed Critical Salomon SAS
Publication of EP0787440A1 publication Critical patent/EP0787440A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0787440B1 publication Critical patent/EP0787440B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/14—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the constructive form
    • A43B13/16—Pieced soles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B13/00—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units
    • A43B13/02—Soles; Sole-and-heel integral units characterised by the material
    • A43B13/12—Soles with several layers of different materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
    • A43B5/04—Ski or like boots
    • A43B5/0486—Ski or like boots characterized by the material
    • A43B5/049—Ski or like boots characterized by the material with an upper made of composite material, e.g. fibers or core embedded in a matrix
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A43—FOOTWEAR
    • A43B—CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF FOOTWEAR; PARTS OF FOOTWEAR
    • A43B5/00—Footwear for sporting purposes
    • A43B5/04—Ski or like boots
    • A43B5/0492—Telemark boots

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a sole, in particular an outer sole for a shoe intended for sports requiring a movement of the foot and / or for sliding sports. It also relates to a method of manufacturing soles and a shoe provided with such a sole, respectively a shoe provided with a sole obtained by said manufacturing process.
  • the present invention relates to sports requiring an unrolling of the foot, such as for example hiking, cross-country skiing, skating or classic skiing, alpine skiing, telemark skiing or snowshoeing. It also applies to board sports, such as ice skating, roller skating with wheels in line or not, snowboarding or skateboarding.
  • the aforementioned sports have in common requirements relating to the shoe and particularly to the sole, which requirements, at first sight, are incompatible.
  • the sole of sports shoes is formed in one piece.
  • the thickness of the sole is generally varied.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose an improved sole making it possible to reconcile the contradictory requirements set out above and in particular an improved transmission of forces and a satisfactory flexibility of the sole while keeping production costs modest.
  • the central idea of the present invention is to provide a sole, in particular for a sports shoe, in two parts, a front part and a rear part adjacent to the front part.
  • the rear part is rigid and substantially non-flexible. This characteristic allows an efficient transmission of the forces coming from the user's leg and intended for the direction and / or propulsion of the user's body, in particular by allowing an efficient edge grip or for cooperating with a type guidance system. guide edge in cross-country skiing.
  • the rigid rear part preferably extends in the zone between the heel and the metatarsophalangeal zone.
  • the two parts constituting the sole overlap in and / or behind the metatarsophalangeal area in a junction area of adjustable length depending on the size.
  • the variation in the overlap length allows the manufacture of soles of different sizes on the basis of rear and front parts respectively identical, which considerably reduces production and storage costs by reducing the number of different parts to be manufactured.
  • Figure 1 is shown, schematically, an outer sole 1 for a shoe for the practice of cross-country skiing.
  • the present invention also applies to all sports requiring transmission of forces from the user's leg and intended for the direction and / or propulsion of the user's body, in particular by an operation generally called grip. of edges. Examples of such sports disciplines are snowshoeing, cross-country skiing, telemark skiing, hiking, snowboarding, ice skating or roller skating. For reasons of simplicity, the following description will be made with reference to an outer sole intended for a shoe for cross-country skiing.
  • the sole 1 shown consists only of two parts 2, 3, which are adjacent to each other.
  • the construction of the sole 1 in two parts 2, 3 has the advantage that each part 2, 3 can be optimally designed according to the requirements respectively to be satisfied and so as to be able to standardize the production as will be seen further.
  • the design freedom adapted to the particular requirements of each part 2, 3, independently of the other, manifests itself for example by the possibility of a choice of different materials for the part 2 front and the part 3 rear.
  • the rear part 3 extends in an area between the heel 4 and the area 5 of natural flexion called metatarsophalangeal.
  • the front part 2 of the sole 1 may be provided with a coupling element 6, such as a transverse axis, intended for coupling to a sliding support such as a cross-country skiing not shown in the figure.
  • This sliding support can be for example any ski, an ice or roller skate, a snowboard or a snowshoe.
  • the rear part 3 is preferably rigid and substantially non-flexible, which avoids losses by damping and parasitic deformations and allows better transmission of forces.
  • the rear part 3 is made of any material guaranteeing almost flexibility of this part, and in particular of plastic material of appropriate rigidity possibly reinforced by fibers such as glass or carbon, or metallic materials.
  • This rear part will preferably have a modulus of elasticity between 260 MPa (Mega Pascal) and 200 GPa (Giga Pascal).
  • the front part 2 is preferably flexible, so as to allow the foot to be as natural as possible. This characteristic brings advantages with respect to the use for sports like cross-country skiing and hiking which require an unrolling of the metatarsophalangeal zone of the foot.
  • This front part 2 will therefore preferably be made of plastic material having an appropriate flexibility for such an unwinding of the foot.
  • Figures 2a, 2b and 4 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention, and in particular the method of manufacturing a sole according to the present invention.
  • the front part 2 and the rear part 3 of the sole 1 overlap on a junction zone 5 of predetermined length "L", this length being adjustable as a function of the size as well as this will be explained later.
  • the junction or overlap area preferably extends into and / or behind the metatarsophalangeal flexion area.
  • the extreme front limit of the overlap zone 5 is constituted by the axis " ⁇ " of metatarsophalangeal joint.
  • the overlap zone 5 will preferably have a rigidity comprised between those of the rear part 3 and of the front part 2, or even a rigidity gradually decreasing from its junction zone with the rear part, to its junction zone with the front part for a perfect transition between these two extreme rigidities.
  • front parts 2 and several rear parts 3 are provided, which are respectively identical and have shapes corresponding substantially to the front part, respectively rear of a human foot.
  • the front 2 and / or rear 3 parts could also have a shape which requires cutting for the finishing of the sole, namely an essentially rectangular shape.
  • the front parts 2 and the rear parts 3 can be formed from different materials. A choice of different materials also makes it easier to predict different stiffnesses, if desired, of the front pieces 2 compared to the rear pieces 3.
  • the front part 2 is aligned with respect to the rear part 3 in an overlapping manner.
  • the two parts 2, 3 can be aligned so that their median longitudinal axes respectively MM 'form an angle corresponding to a angle of the natural anatomy of the foot instead of being confused.
  • the length respectively "L1, L2" is determined (cf. FIGS. 2a, 2b) of overlap of the two parts 2, 3, so that the length respectively "P1, P2" (cf. FIGS. 2a, 2b ) effective of the finished sole corresponds to the desired size of the sole, and consequently of the shoe which will be provided with such a sole.
  • the difference between two consecutive sizes is generally around 7mm.
  • a combination of certain identical front parts 2 and identical rear parts 3 is used for the manufacture of soles 1 whose length "P" corresponds to a range of two to three sizes. This results in a reduction by half respectively of a third of the stock of parts 2, 3, different.
  • the variation in the length "L" of overlap is therefore equal to 14 and 21mm respectively.
  • the front part 2 which overlaps the rear part 3.
  • This arrangement has particularly advantages concerning the durability of the fixing of the front part 2 to the part rear 3, in particular when the front part 2 has a rigidity lower than that of the rear part 3.
  • the front end 31 of the rear part 3 has in longitudinal direction a decreasing bevel section, as well as the rear part 21 of the front part 2. This allows on the one hand, an overlap of the two parts without excess thickness in the transmission zone, and on the other hand, to modulate the rigidity of the transmission zone in the longitudinal direction.
  • the front part 2 is fixed relative to the rear part 3 in an integral manner.
  • the preferred means of attachment are bonding and riveting.
  • all the fixing means are suitable which allow a solid fixing, even under bending or torsional stresses and under variable temperatures.
  • the rear part 3 of the sole 1 forms a one-piece assembly with a rear buttress 8 of the shoe.
  • Said buttress 8 surrounds the heel of the foot in the manner of a shell.
  • the buttress 8 extends from the heel area 4 to the area 5 of natural metatarsophalangeal flexion.
  • the holding effect, in the manner of a shell, of the heel of the foot by the one-piece assembly formed by the rear part 3 of the sole 1 and the buttress 8 is significantly improved when the buttress 8 is substantially rigid, and d '' a rigidity similar to that of the sole.
  • the rigidity of the buttress 8 is still less than the rigidity of the rear part 3 of the sole 1, which, as mentioned above, is substantially non-flexible.
  • the choice of stiffnesses of the buttress 8 and of the rear part 3 of the sole 1, respectively, can be made in an optimal manner by forming the buttress 8 and the rear part 3 of the sole 1 in the same material or, on the contrary, in different materials, while keeping the whole unit.
  • the preferred materials for the buttress 8 are leather or plastic materials possibly reinforced with inserts made of metallic materials or glass or carbon fibers.
  • Figure 4 is a bottom view showing a sole according to the present invention. As shown in the figure and so as to better correspond to the natural shape of a human foot, the two parts 2, 3, are aligned so that their median longitudinal axes M-M 'form an angle instead of being merged.
  • the front part 2 of the sole 1 has two zones 11, 12, which are preferably formed from different materials.
  • Zone 11 constitutes the zone "L" of overlap of the front part 2 of the sole 1, as indicated previously this zone of overlap 11 can extend forwards up to the axis " ⁇ " of metatarsal articulation -phalangeal.
  • this overlap zone 11 has a rigidity greater than that of the front zone 12 and which is between the rigidity of the front part 2 and the rigidity of the rear part 3 of the sole 1. This construction allows attachment improved front part 2 to the rear part 3 by reducing the differences in rigidity between two adjacent parts in the overlapping area "L".
  • the heel zone 4 of the rear part 3 of the sole 1 is, in particular in the case of a cross-country ski boot, provided with a guide groove 10 which is able to cooperate with a device in the form of an edge provided on a sliding support, for example a cross-country ski.
  • a guide groove also extends into the front part 2 of the sole.
  • the rear part 3 of the sole 1 can, depending on its desired use, be provided with any system cooperating with a sliding support and / or a profile for improved grip and grip of the sole. 1 on the floor.
  • the front part 2 of the sole 1 is, as already described, provided with a hooking element 6 for an articulated fixing of the front of the boot provided with the sole 1 on a cross-country ski. It should be noted that the front part 2 can also be provided with any other fixing system cooperating with a sliding or walking support, such as for example a snowboard or a snowshoe.
  • a sole according to the present invention may as well have more than two constituent parts, for example by dividing the rear part and / or the front part into several sub-parts.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
EP96119503A 1996-01-30 1996-12-05 Sohle für Sportschuh Expired - Lifetime EP0787440B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9601251 1996-01-30
FR9601251A FR2743989B1 (fr) 1996-01-30 1996-01-30 Semelle pour chaussure de sport

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0787440A1 true EP0787440A1 (de) 1997-08-06
EP0787440B1 EP0787440B1 (de) 2002-08-28

Family

ID=9488752

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96119503A Expired - Lifetime EP0787440B1 (de) 1996-01-30 1996-12-05 Sohle für Sportschuh

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (2) US5899006A (de)
EP (1) EP0787440B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE222717T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2195501A1 (de)
CZ (1) CZ28397A3 (de)
DE (1) DE69623250T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2743989B1 (de)
NO (1) NO308881B1 (de)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2817126A1 (fr) * 2000-11-29 2002-05-31 Salomon Sa Semelle de chaussure, en particulier de sport, l'un de ses procedes de fabrication et chaussure comprenant ladite semelle
FR2895649A1 (fr) * 2006-01-02 2007-07-06 Claude Jourdanne Procede visant a limiter le nombre de pointures de moules pour semelles de chaussures par recoupe de l'une des deux parties et assemblage suivant une graduation
EP1842442A1 (de) 2006-04-07 2007-10-10 Salomon S.A. Sohle von Langlaufskischuhen, die perfektionierte Mittel zur Verankerung eines Verbindungsmittels umfasst, und mit einer solchen Sohle ausgestatteter Schuh
US7887080B2 (en) 2004-05-19 2011-02-15 Rottefella As Cross-country or telemark binding
US20110185596A1 (en) * 2010-02-04 2011-08-04 Salomon S.A.S. Footwear with improved sole assembly
FR2965458A1 (fr) * 2010-09-30 2012-04-06 Salomon Sas Chaussure renforcee
US8167331B2 (en) 2008-04-25 2012-05-01 Rottefella As Spring cartridge for ski binding
US9776065B2 (en) 2005-01-10 2017-10-03 Rottefella As Ski, or similar device for sliding on snow, having a mounting aid for a binding

Families Citing this family (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2743989B1 (fr) * 1996-01-30 1998-03-20 Salomon Sa Semelle pour chaussure de sport
FR2769800B1 (fr) * 1997-10-17 2000-01-14 Rossignol Sa Chaussure de ski ou de patin a roulettes en ligne
FR2769799B1 (fr) * 1997-10-17 2000-01-14 Rossignol Sa Chaussure pour sport de glisse, en particulier chaussure de ski
US6916027B2 (en) * 1998-02-02 2005-07-12 Minson Enterprises, Co. Ltd. Adjustable skate
US6983942B2 (en) * 1998-02-02 2006-01-10 Minson Enterprises Co., Ltd. Adjustable skate
FR2818505B1 (fr) 2000-12-22 2004-06-18 Salomon Sa Chaussure
FR2832037B1 (fr) 2001-11-14 2004-02-27 Salomon Sa Semelle de chaussure de ski de fond comportant des evidements et chaussure de ski de fond comportant une telle semelle
DE10200880A1 (de) * 2002-01-11 2003-07-24 Rottefella As Klokkarstua Sohle für Langlaufski- oder Telemark-Schuh, sowie Schuh mit entsprechender Sohle
DE10254471A1 (de) 2002-11-21 2004-06-03 Madsus A/S Ski mit Bindungs-Montagehilfe, Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Ski sowie entsprechende Montagehilfe
US7152865B2 (en) 2002-12-18 2006-12-26 Minson Enterprises Co., Ltd. Heel adjustable skate
DE102004004317A1 (de) 2004-01-28 2005-08-11 Rottefella As Laufsohle für einen Sportschuh, insbesondere Skilanglauf- oder Telemark-Schuh
EP1845815A1 (de) 2005-02-11 2007-10-24 Rottefella AS Äussere sohle für einen langlauf-skistiefel oder telemark-stiefel und langlauf-skistiefel oder telemark-stiefel mit einer solchen äusseren sohle
US8006412B2 (en) 2006-11-07 2011-08-30 Debra J. Kreutzer Collapsible snowshoe
FR2955466B1 (fr) * 2010-01-25 2012-04-20 Salomon Sas Chaussure a semelage ameliore
US8372234B2 (en) * 2011-02-08 2013-02-12 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Injection molded footwear and related method of manufacture
US8789295B2 (en) 2011-02-08 2014-07-29 Wolverine World Wide, Inc. Footwear and related method of manufacture
US8595956B2 (en) 2011-09-29 2013-12-03 C. & J. Clark International Limited Footwear with elastic footbed cover and soft foam footbed
US8960711B2 (en) * 2011-12-09 2015-02-24 K-2 Corporation Ski boot
US9265300B2 (en) 2012-10-26 2016-02-23 K-2 Corporation Base for a ski boot and ski boot incorporating such a base
US9326563B2 (en) 2012-10-26 2016-05-03 K-2 Corporation Base for a ski boot and ski boot incorporating such a base
NO343909B1 (en) * 2017-02-16 2019-07-01 Snows As Ski boot sole system
US20210204651A1 (en) * 2020-01-03 2021-07-08 Nike, Inc. Sole structure for article of footwear

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1428356A (en) * 1916-11-18 1922-09-05 Brown Max Vulcanized sole
DE1055400B (de) * 1956-06-18 1959-04-16 Johannes Schaller Schuhboden
FR1593943A (de) * 1968-11-22 1970-06-01
US3984925A (en) * 1974-12-19 1976-10-12 Famolare, Inc. Hybrid sole for shoes
US4364189A (en) * 1980-12-05 1982-12-21 Bates Barry T Running shoe with differential cushioning

Family Cites Families (22)

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US1322955A (en) * 1919-11-25 Process op making shoe-soles
US1642878A (en) * 1925-09-14 1927-09-20 Benjamin F Hartwell Composite rubber sole
US1618283A (en) * 1926-01-08 1927-02-22 Hartwell Benjamin Franklin Boot or shoe, and composite sole therefor, and process of manufacturing same
US1926683A (en) * 1931-10-07 1933-09-12 Miller Charles Insole
US2073025A (en) * 1933-07-30 1937-03-09 United Shoe Machinery Corp Shoe bottom unit and method of making the same
GB465968A (en) * 1935-12-05 1937-05-20 Andrew Hutton Improvements in and relating to foot-wear
US2230504A (en) * 1939-07-21 1941-02-04 Melrose Slipper Co Inc Shoe
US2317918A (en) * 1940-02-06 1943-04-27 Knipe Bros Inc Inner sole for welt shoes
US2581524A (en) * 1948-06-25 1952-01-08 Joyce Inc Method of making midsole-outsole assemblies for shoes
US2534462A (en) * 1949-07-22 1950-12-19 Henry G Lumbard Cushion insole
NL273820A (de) * 1962-01-22
FR2265294A1 (en) * 1974-04-02 1975-10-24 Trappeur Boots for cross country skiing - has sole with at least two zones of different flexibilities
DE2901814A1 (de) * 1979-01-18 1980-07-31 Continental Gummi Werke Ag Sohle fuer schuhwerk, insbesondere brandsohle
FR2478441A3 (fr) * 1980-03-24 1981-09-25 Baron Paul Ensemble de perfectionnements apportes a la chaussure utilisee pour la pratique du ski de fond
AT384714B (de) * 1980-07-01 1987-12-28 Distropat Ag Sohle fuer schuhe
US4674202A (en) * 1983-12-16 1987-06-23 Warrington Inc. Cross-country ski boot
FR2631844B1 (fr) * 1988-05-31 1990-09-07 Salomon Sa Chaussure de ski de fond
FR2634131B1 (fr) * 1988-07-13 1990-04-27 Salomon Sa Chaussure et semelle notamment pour ski de fond
US4924606A (en) 1988-11-01 1990-05-15 Toddler U, Inc. Split-sole shoe with a combined toe cap and front outer sole
US4942606A (en) * 1989-02-07 1990-07-17 Compaq Computer Corporation Computer with improved keyboard password functions
US4942679A (en) * 1989-02-21 1990-07-24 Genesco, Inc. Styled comfort shoe construction
FR2743989B1 (fr) * 1996-01-30 1998-03-20 Salomon Sa Semelle pour chaussure de sport

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1428356A (en) * 1916-11-18 1922-09-05 Brown Max Vulcanized sole
DE1055400B (de) * 1956-06-18 1959-04-16 Johannes Schaller Schuhboden
FR1593943A (de) * 1968-11-22 1970-06-01
US3984925A (en) * 1974-12-19 1976-10-12 Famolare, Inc. Hybrid sole for shoes
US4364189A (en) * 1980-12-05 1982-12-21 Bates Barry T Running shoe with differential cushioning

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2817126A1 (fr) * 2000-11-29 2002-05-31 Salomon Sa Semelle de chaussure, en particulier de sport, l'un de ses procedes de fabrication et chaussure comprenant ladite semelle
EP1210883A1 (de) * 2000-11-29 2002-06-05 Salomon S.A. Sohle, insbesondere für Sportschuhe, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Schuh mit dieser Sohle
US7887080B2 (en) 2004-05-19 2011-02-15 Rottefella As Cross-country or telemark binding
US9776065B2 (en) 2005-01-10 2017-10-03 Rottefella As Ski, or similar device for sliding on snow, having a mounting aid for a binding
FR2895649A1 (fr) * 2006-01-02 2007-07-06 Claude Jourdanne Procede visant a limiter le nombre de pointures de moules pour semelles de chaussures par recoupe de l'une des deux parties et assemblage suivant une graduation
EP1842442A1 (de) 2006-04-07 2007-10-10 Salomon S.A. Sohle von Langlaufskischuhen, die perfektionierte Mittel zur Verankerung eines Verbindungsmittels umfasst, und mit einer solchen Sohle ausgestatteter Schuh
US7931292B2 (en) 2006-04-07 2011-04-26 Salomon S.A.S. Sole for a cross-country ski boot including connectors fixed to the sole, and a boot provided with such a sole
US8167331B2 (en) 2008-04-25 2012-05-01 Rottefella As Spring cartridge for ski binding
US20110185596A1 (en) * 2010-02-04 2011-08-04 Salomon S.A.S. Footwear with improved sole assembly
US8739435B2 (en) * 2010-02-04 2014-06-03 Salomon S.A.S. Footwear with improved sole assembly
FR2965458A1 (fr) * 2010-09-30 2012-04-06 Salomon Sas Chaussure renforcee
WO2012042131A3 (fr) * 2010-09-30 2012-07-12 Salomon S.A.S. Chaussure renforcée

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2743989A1 (fr) 1997-08-01
EP0787440B1 (de) 2002-08-28
US5899006A (en) 1999-05-04
CZ28397A3 (en) 1997-09-17
DE69623250T2 (de) 2003-04-17
ATE222717T1 (de) 2002-09-15
US6216366B1 (en) 2001-04-17
DE69623250D1 (de) 2002-10-02
NO970276L (no) 1997-07-31
NO308881B1 (no) 2000-11-13
FR2743989B1 (fr) 1998-03-20
NO970276D0 (no) 1997-01-22
CA2195501A1 (fr) 1997-07-31

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