EP0754908A2 - Procédé et dispositif pour supprimer des vibrations par flamme et par pression dans un four - Google Patents
Procédé et dispositif pour supprimer des vibrations par flamme et par pression dans un four Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0754908A2 EP0754908A2 EP96109647A EP96109647A EP0754908A2 EP 0754908 A2 EP0754908 A2 EP 0754908A2 EP 96109647 A EP96109647 A EP 96109647A EP 96109647 A EP96109647 A EP 96109647A EP 0754908 A2 EP0754908 A2 EP 0754908A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- flame
- burner
- fuel
- flow
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D17/00—Burners for combustion conjointly or alternatively of gaseous or liquid or pulverulent fuel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C7/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D2210/00—Noise abatement
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for suppressing flame / pressure vibrations in a furnace, which has a burner with which a flame is generated and a combustion chamber into which the flame is directed, and a corresponding device for implementing the method.
- unstable operating states occur under certain conditions, which are determined by the firing operating parameters such as thermal output and air ratio, which are characterized by changes in the flame over time , which go hand in hand with changes in particular the static pressure in the combustion chamber and in this upstream or downstream system parts. These unstable states also occur in furnaces whose flames have been sufficiently stabilized by known measures such as swirl currents, bluff bodies, etc.
- combustion instabilities causes often a change in behavior compared to the stationary operation of the system and, in addition to increased noise pollution, also causes increased mechanical and / or thermal stress on the combustion chamber or the combustion chamber lining.
- flame / pressure vibrations can lead to the destruction of the system in which they occur, so that a lot of effort is made to avoid such flame / pressure vibrations.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object of specifying a method with which such flame / pressure vibrations with intolerable pressure amplitudes can be prevented.
- the invention is based on the finding that the vibrations are essentially caused or amplified by ring vortices which form in the edge region of the flame.
- ring vortices which are created by rolling up the edge areas of the fuel-containing burner flow, include hot flue gases when they are formed, which cause the fuel / air mixture which is also contained in the ring vortex to heat up quickly and cause an impulsive reaction of the fuel that stimulates pressure vibrations.
- the flame is surrounded with a gas jacket flow emerging as close as possible to the flame or to the main burner flow, which has a higher flow velocity in the flame propagation direction than the outer or edge areas of the flame.
- This results in an axial impulse exchange between the jacket flow and the flame or fuel gas / air flow, which causes the free flame or flow boundary layer of the fuel / air mixture to accelerate and thus effectively counteracts the formation of reactive vortices in this area.
- the non-fuel-containing gas is preferably air, which is available in sufficient quantities everywhere.
- air which is available in sufficient quantities everywhere.
- inert gas it is also conceivable to use an inert gas here, but this would have a certain cost disadvantage.
- the gas jacket flow consist of a non-ignitable mixture of gas and fuel
- the gas jacket flow essentially behaves as if it contains no fuel with regard to its effect in suppressing the formation of reactive ring vortices. This means that any vortices that may arise in the boundary layer between the gas jacket flow and the surrounding medium cannot react and therefore cannot excite or amplify flame / pressure vibrations.
- the gas can be both inert gas (for example nitrogen, water vapor or burned-out exhaust gases) and air, the former being the case If the fuel concentration is irrelevant, since inert gas cannot react with fuel in any mixing ratio, that is, it can burn, while in the second case the fuel concentration is outside the ignition limits of the respective fuel, so that here too, ring vortices arising from the gas jacket flow cannot react.
- inert gas for example nitrogen, water vapor or burned-out exhaust gases
- air the former being the case
- the fuel concentration is irrelevant, since inert gas cannot react with fuel in any mixing ratio, that is, it can burn, while in the second case the fuel concentration is outside the ignition limits of the respective fuel, so that here too, ring vortices arising from the gas jacket flow cannot react.
- a fuel / air mixture with fuel concentrations within the ignition limits dependent on the respective fuel can also be used as the medium of the gas jacket flow, if the essentially axial outflow speed of this gas jacket flow, which is in principle combustible, is chosen to be so high compared to the main burner flow that forms the flame that on the one hand A sufficient transmission of axial impulse and thus a sufficient acceleration of the outer areas of the flame or the main burner flow is guaranteed, but on the other hand the formation of an independent, stable flame (or several flames in the case of several individual outlet openings of the gas jacket flow) from the gas jacket flow is prevented. This means that the exit velocity of the mantle flow is significantly higher than the blow-off limit speed for a flame.
- the gas jacket flow preferably runs parallel to the central axis of the flame, but it can also have a certain radial and / or tangential component with respect to this flame or main flow direction of the fuel / air flow, which results in a certain expansion of the gas jacket along the direction of the flame , taking into account that not all burners have flames in them critical areas do not have changing cross sections, but that flames can also assume the conical shape described. It is always important that the gas jacket flow has a sufficiently high momentum in the axial direction compared to the uncovered flame or fuel / air flow.
- a furnace according to the invention with a burner for generating a flame and a combustion chamber into which the flame is directed has at least one gas outlet opening from which the gas flows out in a jacket-shaped manner in a surrounding manner .
- the distance between the gas outlet opening and the edge of the combustion outlet from which the fuel / air mixture flows should be kept as small as possible.
- the burners for carrying out this process are accordingly adapted in a known manner to these types of combustion process.
- the gas outlet opening for generating the gas jacket flow is preferably designed as a gap or as a gap nozzle and closely surrounds the burner outlet, the burner outlet being both rotationally symmetrical can be formed as well as an elongated cross-sectional shape.
- the gap is then designed as an annular gap nozzle, which is arranged in particular concentrically and closely spaced around the burner outlet.
- a plurality of smaller gas outlet openings which are closely spaced apart, can also surround the burner outlet. It also applies here that the burner outlet and the overall arrangement of the gas outlet openings, which are preferably in the form of nozzles, are arranged concentrically, and that the large number of gas outlet openings or nozzles also generates a gas jacket flow which completely surrounds the flame of the burner and suppresses the formation of ring vortices.
- the burner outlet and nozzle (s) do not have to be arranged in one plane, as long as it is ensured that the gas jacket flowing around the flame in the critical areas in which ring vortices can occur, sufficient acceleration of the edge areas of the flame can cause to prevent vortex formation.
- FIG. 1 A burner for carrying out the method according to the invention is shown in FIG. 1: It is a swirl burner to which a premixed fuel gas / air mixture 1 is fed via a burner tube 2.
- This burner tube ends at a swirl cupboard 3 which is rotationally symmetrical and has guide vanes 4 inclined on its outer circumference. These guide vanes have an inclination of approximately 30 °, as a result of which the outflowing fuel gas / air mixture is deflected and thus swirled.
- a plurality of perforated holes 5 are provided, distributed through the swirl cupboard 3, through which a partial flow of the fuel gas / air mixture can flow and thus contributes to flame stabilization through pilot flame formation.
- the fuel gas / air mixture emerging from the burner is ignited and forms a flame 12 which enters a burner chamber (not shown in FIG. 1).
- the flame 12 of the burner is made from a jacket Gas flows around.
- This jacket is brought about by a gas flow 8, which is passed through the burner through an annular channel 7 parallel to the burner tube 2 and exits the burner at an annular gap 9, which surrounds the swirl cabinet 3 in a closely spaced manner.
- quarter-circle nozzles 10 are installed in the end region of the annular duct, which cause a strong acceleration in particular of the outer regions of the gas jacket flow in the axial direction (that is to say parallel to the axis 11 of the burner).
- the flow velocity of the gas jacket flow emerging from the annular gap 9 is accelerated to such an extent due to the quarter-circle nozzles 10 that the velocity in the direction of the axis 11 is considerably higher than that in the direction of the flame of the burning fuel gas / air mixture behind the swirl cabinet 3, which means in the area between the in a flame-burning fuel gas / air mixture and the gas jacket flow closely surrounding it, a boundary layer acceleration of the burning fuel gas / air mixture takes place.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)
- Gas Burners (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19526369A DE19526369A1 (de) | 1995-07-20 | 1995-07-20 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Unterdrückung von Flammen-/Druckschwingungen bei einer Feuerung |
DE19526369 | 1995-07-20 | ||
DE19542681A DE19542681A1 (de) | 1995-07-20 | 1995-11-16 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Unterdrückung von Flammen-/Druckschwingungen bei einer Feuerung |
DE19542681 | 1995-11-16 |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0754908A2 true EP0754908A2 (fr) | 1997-01-22 |
EP0754908A3 EP0754908A3 (fr) | 1998-01-21 |
EP0754908B1 EP0754908B1 (fr) | 1998-09-09 |
EP0754908B2 EP0754908B2 (fr) | 2001-04-18 |
Family
ID=26016953
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96109647A Expired - Lifetime EP0754908B2 (fr) | 1995-07-20 | 1996-06-15 | Procédé et dispositif pour supprimer des vibrations par flamme et par pression dans un four |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5758587A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0754908B2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3755934B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1146543A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE170968T1 (fr) |
CZ (1) | CZ202696A3 (fr) |
IN (1) | IN189365B (fr) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0931979A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-23 | 1999-07-28 | DVGW Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches -Technisch-wissenschaftliche Vereinigung- | Procédé et dispositif pour supprimer les fluctuations par flamme et par pression dans un four |
EP0985877A1 (fr) * | 1998-09-10 | 2000-03-15 | Abb Research Ltd. | Dispositif et procédé pour réduire au minimum les vibrations thermoacoustques dans les chambres de combustion de turbines à gaz |
EP1114967A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-07 | 2001-07-11 | ALSTOM Power (Schweiz) AG | Procédé et dispositif pour supprimer les tourbillons dans une turbomachine |
EP1122493A2 (fr) * | 2000-02-02 | 2001-08-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Brûleur avec générateur de vortex localisé dans la chambre de combustion |
DE102008006607A1 (de) | 2008-01-30 | 2009-08-06 | Ibu-Tec Advanced Materials Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung feinteiliger Partikel |
DE102011011207A1 (de) * | 2011-02-14 | 2012-08-16 | Air Liquide Deutschland Gmbh | Brenner zum gleichmäßigen Erwärmen eines langen Ofens |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999063276A1 (fr) * | 1998-06-04 | 1999-12-09 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Injecteur de combustible et procede pour injecter un jet de combustible |
DE59812944D1 (de) | 1998-09-16 | 2005-08-25 | Alstom Technology Ltd Baden | Verfahren zur Verhinderung von Strömungsinstabilitäten in einem Brenner |
DE59811961D1 (de) * | 1998-11-09 | 2004-10-21 | Alstom Technology Ltd Baden | Brenner |
US6652265B2 (en) | 2000-12-06 | 2003-11-25 | North American Manufacturing Company | Burner apparatus and method |
ATE306050T1 (de) * | 2001-01-04 | 2005-10-15 | Haldor Topsoe As | Drallbrenner |
GB2375601A (en) * | 2001-05-18 | 2002-11-20 | Siemens Ag | Burner apparatus for reducing combustion vibrations |
US6929469B2 (en) * | 2002-02-28 | 2005-08-16 | North American Manufacturing Company | Burner apparatus |
DE60228085D1 (de) | 2002-09-20 | 2008-09-18 | Siemens Ag | Vormischbrenner mit profilierter Luftmassenströmung |
US7513115B2 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2009-04-07 | Power Systems Mfg., Llc | Flashback suppression system for a gas turbine combustor |
FR2925657B1 (fr) * | 2007-12-19 | 2010-01-29 | Mer Joseph Le | Dispositif et procede pour stabiliser la pression et le debit d'un melange gazeux alimentant un bruleur cylindrique a combustion de surface |
US9121609B2 (en) * | 2008-10-14 | 2015-09-01 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for introducing diluent flow into a combustor |
US8474265B2 (en) * | 2009-07-29 | 2013-07-02 | General Electric Company | Fuel nozzle for a turbine combustor, and methods of forming same |
US8708696B2 (en) * | 2010-01-05 | 2014-04-29 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Swirl-counter-swirl microjets for thermoacoustic instability suppression |
RU2622353C1 (ru) * | 2013-06-17 | 2017-06-14 | Шлюмбергер Текнолоджи Б.В. | Блок горелки для сжигания низкокалорийных газов |
GB2524167A (en) * | 2014-02-12 | 2015-09-16 | Breen Energy Solutions | Method of co-firing coal or oil with a gaseous fuel in a furnace |
US10767900B2 (en) | 2015-05-14 | 2020-09-08 | Lochinvar, Llc | Burner with flow distribution member |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3632313A (en) * | 1969-04-17 | 1972-01-04 | Du Pont | Method of heating oxygen-containing gases for the production of titanium dioxide pigment |
US4162890A (en) * | 1977-05-02 | 1979-07-31 | Bloom Engineering Company, Inc. | Combustion apparatus |
DE3609622A1 (de) * | 1985-04-01 | 1986-12-11 | Qing Hua University, Peking | Verfahren zur flammenstabilisierung und verbrennungsintensivierung sowie brenner und dessen verwendung |
JPH05157239A (ja) * | 1991-12-04 | 1993-06-22 | Hitachi Ltd | ガスタービン用燃焼器 |
DE4231788A1 (de) † | 1992-09-23 | 1994-03-24 | Koerting Ag | Brenner für flüssige oder gasförmige Brennstoffe |
JPH06265118A (ja) * | 1993-03-10 | 1994-09-20 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | ガス燃料用バーナ |
EP0643267A1 (fr) * | 1993-03-08 | 1995-03-15 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Procede de combustion d'un premelange gazeux et bruleur con u a cet effet |
Family Cites Families (16)
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US2360548A (en) * | 1944-10-17 | Combustion method | ||
US1258654A (en) * | 1915-07-19 | 1918-03-12 | Railway Materials Company | Apparatus for burning pulverized fuel. |
US1950044A (en) * | 1931-05-18 | 1934-03-06 | Surface Combustion Corp | Method of and apparatus for producing stable luminous flame combustion |
US2138998A (en) * | 1936-06-24 | 1938-12-06 | John P Brosius | Burner unit |
US3681003A (en) * | 1970-04-13 | 1972-08-01 | Kuibyshevsky Vni Skogo I Nefte | Gas burner |
JPS5819929B2 (ja) * | 1978-07-11 | 1983-04-20 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 低NO↓xバ−ナ− |
SU1058391A1 (ru) * | 1980-08-18 | 1984-11-15 | Научно-производственное объединение по технологии машиностроения | Способ сжигани газообразного топлива и горелка дл его осуществлени |
DE3331989A1 (de) * | 1983-09-05 | 1985-04-04 | L. & C. Steinmüller GmbH, 5270 Gummersbach | Verfahren zur verminderung der no(pfeil abwaerts)x(pfeil abwaerts)-emission bei der verbrennung von stickstoffhaltigen brennstoffen |
FR2581444B1 (fr) * | 1985-05-03 | 1988-11-10 | Charbonnages De France | Procede pour la combustion de combustibles fluides et bruleur a turbulence adapte a sa mise en oeuvre |
DE3636787A1 (de) * | 1986-10-29 | 1988-05-19 | Man Technologie Gmbh | Brenner mit einer oelzerstaeubervorrichtung |
CH682009A5 (fr) * | 1990-11-02 | 1993-06-30 | Asea Brown Boveri | |
US5199355A (en) * | 1991-08-23 | 1993-04-06 | The Babcock & Wilcox Company | Low nox short flame burner |
US5209656A (en) * | 1991-08-29 | 1993-05-11 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Combustion system for high velocity gas injection |
US5263849A (en) * | 1991-12-20 | 1993-11-23 | Hauck Manufacturing Company | High velocity burner, system and method |
DE4339094A1 (de) * | 1993-11-16 | 1995-05-18 | Abb Management Ag | Verfahren zur Dämpfung von thermoakustischen Schwingungen sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
US5567141A (en) * | 1994-12-30 | 1996-10-22 | Combustion Tec, Inc. | Oxy-liquid fuel combustion process and apparatus |
-
1996
- 1996-06-15 AT AT96109647T patent/ATE170968T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-06-15 EP EP96109647A patent/EP0754908B2/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-08 CZ CZ962026A patent/CZ202696A3/cs unknown
- 1996-07-10 IN IN1255CA1996 patent/IN189365B/en unknown
- 1996-07-17 US US08/682,230 patent/US5758587A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-07-19 CN CN96110270.5A patent/CN1146543A/zh active Pending
- 1996-07-19 JP JP18982196A patent/JP3755934B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3632313A (en) * | 1969-04-17 | 1972-01-04 | Du Pont | Method of heating oxygen-containing gases for the production of titanium dioxide pigment |
US4162890A (en) * | 1977-05-02 | 1979-07-31 | Bloom Engineering Company, Inc. | Combustion apparatus |
DE3609622A1 (de) * | 1985-04-01 | 1986-12-11 | Qing Hua University, Peking | Verfahren zur flammenstabilisierung und verbrennungsintensivierung sowie brenner und dessen verwendung |
JPH05157239A (ja) * | 1991-12-04 | 1993-06-22 | Hitachi Ltd | ガスタービン用燃焼器 |
DE4231788A1 (de) † | 1992-09-23 | 1994-03-24 | Koerting Ag | Brenner für flüssige oder gasförmige Brennstoffe |
EP0643267A1 (fr) * | 1993-03-08 | 1995-03-15 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Procede de combustion d'un premelange gazeux et bruleur con u a cet effet |
JPH06265118A (ja) * | 1993-03-10 | 1994-09-20 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | ガス燃料用バーナ |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 017, no. 562 (M-1494), 12.Oktober 1993 & JP 05 157239 A (HITACHI LTD), 22.Juni 1993, * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 018, no. 677 (M-1727), 20.Dezember 1994 & JP 06 265118 A (MITSUBISHI HEAVY IND LTD;OTHERS: 01), 20.September 1994, * |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0931979A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-23 | 1999-07-28 | DVGW Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches -Technisch-wissenschaftliche Vereinigung- | Procédé et dispositif pour supprimer les fluctuations par flamme et par pression dans un four |
WO1999037951A1 (fr) * | 1998-01-23 | 1999-07-29 | Dvgw Deutscher Verein Des Gas- Und Wasserfaches - Technisch-Wissenschaftliche Vereinigung | Dispositif permettant de supprimer les oscillations de la flamme/pression dans un foyer, notamment une turbine a gaz |
US6056538A (en) * | 1998-01-23 | 2000-05-02 | DVGW Deutscher Verein des Gas-und Wasserfaches-Technisch-Wissenschaftlich e Vereinigung | Apparatus for suppressing flame/pressure pulsations in a furnace, particularly a gas turbine combustion chamber |
EP0985877A1 (fr) * | 1998-09-10 | 2000-03-15 | Abb Research Ltd. | Dispositif et procédé pour réduire au minimum les vibrations thermoacoustques dans les chambres de combustion de turbines à gaz |
EP1114967A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-07 | 2001-07-11 | ALSTOM Power (Schweiz) AG | Procédé et dispositif pour supprimer les tourbillons dans une turbomachine |
US6698209B1 (en) | 2000-01-07 | 2004-03-02 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Method of and appliance for suppressing flow eddies within a turbomachine |
EP1122493A2 (fr) * | 2000-02-02 | 2001-08-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Brûleur avec générateur de vortex localisé dans la chambre de combustion |
EP1122493A3 (fr) * | 2000-02-02 | 2002-01-02 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Brûleur avec générateur de vortex localisé dans la chambre de combustion |
DE102008006607A1 (de) | 2008-01-30 | 2009-08-06 | Ibu-Tec Advanced Materials Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung feinteiliger Partikel |
EP2092976A1 (fr) | 2008-01-30 | 2009-08-26 | IBU-tec advanced materials AG | Procédé de fabrication de particules fines |
DE102011011207A1 (de) * | 2011-02-14 | 2012-08-16 | Air Liquide Deutschland Gmbh | Brenner zum gleichmäßigen Erwärmen eines langen Ofens |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH09178113A (ja) | 1997-07-11 |
US5758587A (en) | 1998-06-02 |
EP0754908A3 (fr) | 1998-01-21 |
ATE170968T1 (de) | 1998-09-15 |
EP0754908B2 (fr) | 2001-04-18 |
JP3755934B2 (ja) | 2006-03-15 |
IN189365B (fr) | 2003-02-15 |
CZ202696A3 (en) | 1997-02-12 |
CN1146543A (zh) | 1997-04-02 |
EP0754908B1 (fr) | 1998-09-09 |
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