EP0735922B1 - Crushing machine with rotor - Google Patents

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/EP94/04126 Sec. 371 Date Sep. 25, 1996 Sec. 102(e) Date Sep. 25, 1996 PCT Filed Dec. 13, 1994 PCT Pub. No. WO95/17255 PCT Pub. Date Jun. 29, 1995The set-up times can be optimized as well as the costs for the production of the individual parts can be decreased with a comminution machine, where the rotor (2) includes active and inactive wear parts (7, 8), of which at least the inactive wear parts (8) are assembled in a composite construction.

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to crushing machines with a rotor.

State of the art

Such crushing machines are in different Construction methods and known for various feed materials. So there are, for example, designs in which the supporting body for the crushing tools from an arm cross rotor or also consist of a one-piece rotor body. The hammer crusher is a particularly advantageous design according to German patent 26 05 751, whose rotor of several rotatably attached on a shaft Slices and arranged between them Hammering exists, which are rotatably mounted.

The shredding machines mentioned are used for shredding of metallic or non-metallic material or a mixture of these two types of material and consist almost always of a fixed housing, in which the rotor is rotatably mounted. On the inside the housing is usually a so-called Anvil, preferably at the inlet of the housing, the in the case of the hammer breaker according to the patent mentioned the movable striking tools mounted on the rotor or Hammering works together. For this purpose he is usually with with a rapidly rotating drive coupled rotor a variety of parallel to the rotor shaft, against this but equipped with eccentrically offset axes on which the hammers or rotor tools are freely rotatable are. The crushing takes place through the interaction the rotor hammer with both the fixed anvil at the material inlet as well as with the function of a counter tool possessing housing inner wall instead, against the the material was thrown and at least in one area of the rotor circumference also between this and the shredding tools is crushed or torn.

The rotor hammers are in any suitable way on the circumference of the rotor spaced apart. Around To create this distance, the rotor body consists of a variety of discs, all with the rotor shaft are non-rotatably connected.

Especially when the material to be shredded is whole or partially made of metal, the outer surfaces suffer of the discs between which the rotor hammers are pivotally mounted, by abrasion and impact Material pieces considerable wear damage. According to proportionately short operating time will then depend on the scope of the Slices of metal torn off or sanded down, that the disks become unusable and replaced or have to be laboriously welded on.

The proposal for the patent mentioned meets this Disadvantage in that made of particularly wear-resistant material existing protective shields or so-called Protective caps, each consisting essentially of one annular segment-shaped cover part and one each the inside of the cover part provided bearing hub and attached to them on axle rods with their cover parts the peripheral surfaces of the neighboring Cover slices.

Although this type of hammer crusher is in practice so far for almost two decades in has proven itself extremely well but keep in mind that both these well-known protective caps as well as the crushing tools, i.e. at this Hammer breaker rotor the hammers are cast so that these parts not only relatively expensive to manufacture are, but also the relatively large casting tolerances require when assembling the machine and installing the mentioned parts must be taken into account.

Furthermore, the wear on hammers and protective shields or protective caps different because the hammers exposed to greater stress as active tools are as the inactive protective shields or protective caps, so that both are subject to wear Components that have different tool lives apply different intervals for their exchange and / or processing lead accordingly irregular and therefore time-consuming downtimes for the shredder.

These difficulties still apply essentially to a greater extent for the other mentioned at the beginning Types, their protective shield or protective cap systems, if they have one at all, far from it as simple as that designed according to the patent mentioned are. All generic crushing machines is otherwise common that the tools and where appropriate the wear-protecting parts are castings.

There are still solutions, including according to the German patent specification 31 23 857 and the German utility model 92 06 489 known, the high wear resistance strive for, but one-sidedly active Wear parts or tools remain limited and also are expensive.

Finally, improvements in a hammer breaker rotor according to DE 35 24 725 are already known, with those by means of protective agents wear protection and simplification of assembly achieved that the protective agent from a multi-part, extending the length of the rotor with recesses summarized for the hammer-provided, highly wear-resistant sleeve are.

Presentation of the invention

The invention has for its object an optimization the set-up times, especially different ones Avoid intervals for the exchange. This task is accomplished in a surprisingly simple way the features and measures specified in the main claim solved.

If here of "active" wear parts on the one hand and "inactive" wear parts are spoken on the other hand, then these terms take into account that the Crushing tools, such as the hammers their active crushing work a different wear (active wear) are subject to wear protection other machine parts serving covers, such as for example the protective shields, which are not active on Participate in the crushing process, however, by the whirling around Feed, as mentioned at the beginning, by abrasion and wear impacting pieces of material (secondary Wear of the inactive components).

The teaching according to the invention not only leads to a reduction the cost of part manufacturing as well an increase in tool life by making less different Alternating phases of the active and inactive wear parts be achieved, but also opens up diverse Design options for an optimal wear part system. This is particularly advantageous with such Use crushing machines, their rotor from disks, preferably essentially circular Washers.

That in the context of the invention by in their structure, their Shape, their material composition and / or their mutually coordinated Wear parts achieved optimal wear behavior can be implemented in many different ways. If at least the inactive Wear parts are joined in composite construction results the opportunity for the individual parts of the composite Choose form and material so that the composite in its wear behavior that of the other components can be adjusted, it goes without saying it is also within the scope of the invention that one type of wear part, for example the hammers, still made of cast iron are manufactured while the other type of wear part, for example the protective shields or caps from one Composite of different steel sheets exist, or vice versa.

With the composite construction is the surprising advantage connected that much smaller tolerances than at Castings are required so that the fit problems minimized with a more compact design. With the technology of laser burning, they can bond forming parts, moreover, rationally and precisely, for example be made from sheet steel.

As an alternative to the composite structure, at least one of the two types of wear parts from zones of different material properties, like goodness, hardness, toughness and / or Thickness exist. This can be done, for example, through targeted Heat treatment can be achieved. It can thus Cover surfaces or the cover parts of the inactive wear parts (Protective caps) a larger, the wear stronger get resistant hardness as their webs and hubs.

In an embodiment of the invention it is proposed that the active and / or inactive wear parts releasable and / or are insoluble, so that for the composite for example screws or rivets on the one hand and on the other hand Soldering, welding, gluing, etc. come into question or combinations of these.

The sandwich construction is a particularly favorable combination represents, in a further embodiment of the invention at least parts of the wearing parts are executed, for example the hammer overall and from the protective cap only their cover part or top surface.

If the hammer structure looks like two relative at least hard, wear-resistant layers or layers include a softer one between them, i.e. on both sides attached to the side surfaces of the softer core layer are, then advantageously results in self-sharpening sandwich construction for the hammers, because then the softer core layer on the free end faces wears out faster than the harder outer layers on the side, so that the hammer end in the area of the core receives an indented shape, making the opposite protruding cover layers for a better Shredding efficiency and greater stability to lead.

These on the striking or crushing edges of the hammer recessed or retracted in its core area Cross-sectional shape can be due to the invention Sandwich construction even with unused hammers be provided by opposing the softer core layer the harder top layers at these points in their Dimensions selected smaller than the cover layers becomes.

The softer, preferably tough material layers areas are particularly advantageous in Range of those equipped with harder bushings, for example Bearing eyes, made of hammers and protective caps, but also have core layers for the hammers and in the case of the multi-layer composite construction of the cover parts the protective caps have significant advantages, for example as significantly reducing the risk of breakage of the wearing parts Under or intermediate layer.

The construction of the wearing parts from layers according to the invention, Zones, areas and / or layers of different In addition to the mutual material properties Adjustment of wear behavior and the optimal setting on the composition of the feed new ways of spatially assigning the two types of wear parts to each other.

In the case of hammers, the softer intermediate or Core layer not over their entire two side layers Main surfaces are covered with harder outer layers, rather, the latter can extend to the core layer Have openings, especially only in the side Edge area are provided, preferably also in a shape adapted to the outer hammer contour the recess in the top layer. So that material be saved; the manufacture of this contoured, with Breakthroughs on top layers is by means of laser cutting and / or contour burning easily possible. If in this case the cover layers are preferably on the core layer can be welded on, then additional nor the course of hardness in the edge area Core layer in for the wear behavior of the hammer be influenced in an optimal way.

With regard to the design of the surface and / or body shapes for wear parts, especially hammers, it is in the spirit of the invention that these different Wear zones and behavior adaptable are.

Simplify the advantages of the composite construction according to the invention not only the production of the wear parts, but also open up especially for the cover parts the protective caps are easy to manufacture, different Forms, which is particularly good for the use of the Shredding machine and mutual influencing of the parts moving relative to each other Design options for the rotor protective jacket result. So the cover parts or cover surfaces for example offset or notched, i.e. e.g. L-shaped, so that through the meandering course of the lines of contact of the cover parts on the one hand avoided a circumferential line of contact will cause special wear in the long run could give in this area, and on the other hand thus also an even greater possibility of variation of the Hammer picture is given while reducing of contact slots or joints between neighboring protective caps. This variable form of Protective caps also enable optimal design of the free space required for swinging through the hammers.

Further details of the invention are given below of the embodiments shown in the drawings is explained in more detail arise from the rest Claims and the following description. In the Drawings show:

Brief description of the drawings

Fig. 1

a longitudinal section through a rotor of a shredding machine along line I-I in Fig. 3 the positions "c" and "e" with the arrangement of Wear parts according to FIG. 4;

Fig. 2

a longitudinal section through a rotor along the line I-I in Fig. 3 at positions "c" and "e" with Arrangement of the wearing parts according to FIG. 5;

Fig. 3

a cross section through a rotor according to line II-II in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 with the mounting positions "a" to "f" for the wearing parts, where inactive at positions "a" and "b" Wear part according to FIG. 15 or FIG. 17 and accordingly Fig. 6 is shown;

Fig. 4

a schematically illustrated execution of a Rotor shell to illustrate the arrangement 1 in the positions "a" to "f" according to FIG. 3, the active Wear parts for better differentiation by 90 ° are shown folded into the drawing plane;

Fig. 5

a schematically illustrated execution of a Rotor shell to illustrate the arrangement 2 in the positions "a" to "f" according to FIG. 3 and representation of the inactive Wear parts according to FIG. 16;

Fig. 6

a schematically illustrated execution of a Rotor jacket analogous to Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 with inactive Wear parts according to FIGS. 13 to 15 for illustration a special assignment of the Wear parts with regard to one another Wear behavior;

Fig. 7

a perspective, simplified representation a rotor of a shredding machine with schematic arrangement of the active wear parts in centrifugal force function and the inactive wear parts corresponding to the cover areas according to FIG. 15 or Fig. 17;

Fig. 8

an active wear part in a composite construction, in particular sandwich construction;

Fig. 9

an active wear part in a composite construction, especially sandwich construction, with detachable and insoluble types of joining as well as layers of different Hardness;

Fig. 10

an active wear part with different zones Hardness and representation of the state of wear;

Fig. 11

an active wear part in a composite construction and in particular self-sharpening sandwich construction;

Fig. 12

Representations of the state of wear of a conventional one (Fig. 12a) and one according to the invention active wear part (Fig. 12b);

Fig. 13

an inactive wear part made of a composite of Cover surface and bracket with different hardness Zones, layers or layers of the top surface.

Ways of Carrying Out the Invention

The following exemplary embodiments are based on the example of a shredder designed as a hammer crusher explained. 1 and 2 is in one with dash-dotted lines indicated, not shown Housing 1 a rotor 2 with a shaft 3 rotatable stored. On the shaft 3 there are several disks 4 e.g. held in rotation by a feather key 5 (Fig. 3, Fig. 7).

However, the invention is not limited to one Discs existing rotor 2, but is also in others Carrying bodies of crushing machines, for example an arm cross rotor or a one-piece rotor body, applicable.

The shaft 3 can by a drive, not shown be rotated.

The disks 4 consist of flanges 4.1 and hubs 4.2 and have holes 4.3 on the same pitch circle lie. The discs 4 lie with their hubs 4.2 on the Shaft 3 close to each other and are at the end of the rotor designed as end plates 4.4 with covers 4.5.

The discs form with the hubs 4.2 and the flanges 4.1 4 on the shaft 3 a multi-part rotor or Support body of the rotor 2 for the hammer crusher (Fig. 1 and 2).

Parallel to the shaft 3 and radially against it and each other Axially displaced 6 are provided, the the holes 4.3 in the disks 4 according to the positions Penetrate "a" to "f" (Fig. 3). The axle bars serve as attachment for active wear parts 7, so-called Hammers, and for inactive wear parts 8, so-called Protective caps.

The active wear parts 7 are on the axle rods 6 rotatable, i.e. freely rotatable, eccentrically mounted and crush in centrifugal position (Fig. 3) in cooperation with one or more counter tools, not shown the housing 1 a not specified here Feed.

The inactive wear parts 8 form with their top surfaces 8.1 a substantially cylindrical shell, which the Protects discs 4 from wear.

4, 5 and 6 are arrangements, for example the wearing parts 7, 8 are shown schematically as a settlement. The Roman numerals mark the center lines the spaces between the flanges 4.1 of the disks 4 and the letters "a" to "f" the center lines of the Axle rods 6. The fastenings or bearings are located the rotatable, active wear parts 7 in Range of intersections f-III, f-VII, f-x, e-I etc. as well the attachment points or brackets of the inactive Wear parts 8 at the intersections f-I, f-IT, f-IV etc. (Fig. 4), or f-I / II, f-IV / V / VI, f-VIII / IX etc. (Fig. 5), or f-I, f-II, f / e-IV etc. (Fig. 6). Out of it can be seen in connection with FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 that the active wear parts 7 in free spaces 9 (Fig. 1, 2 and 7), which are limited by the inactive wear parts 8, in working position, i.e. swing through while the rotor is rotating (Centrifugal force function). 7 is this state of the rotor 2 is shown in simplified form. Recognizable are those by the arrangement and design of the inactive Wear parts 8 formed free spaces 9 and the Operating state indicating active, by the effect of centrifugal force outwardly projecting wear parts 7.

The different arrangements of active and inactive Wear parts 7, 8 according to FIGS. 4 to 6 in connection 7 are intended to illustrate that the functional unit Rotor 2 with the active wear parts 7 and the inactive Wear parts 8 during the crushing process in Active and inactive wear according to the invention subject to. As a rule, the wear is the active wear parts 7 inevitably a multiple wear of inactive wear parts 8. Im The purpose of the invention is different Wear to match, if possible interpret matching intervals.

With the further explanations it is shown that the invention in their structure, their shape, their Material composition and / or their mutual association the wear and tear during the shredding process adapted active and inactive wear parts 7, 8 to a coordinated, advantageous wear behavior to lead.

8 is a hammer as an active wear part 7 in Composite, especially sandwich construction in side view and shown in section. Joining in composite construction for the purposes of the invention comprises detachable and / or non-detachable Joining agents or types, e.g. Screws, bolts, Dowel pins, rivets, welding, soldering, shrinking, gluing or the like, alone or in combination. This hammer 7 consists of a core layer 7.1 and cover layers 7.2 on both sides and a bore 7.3 for the rotatable, eccentric bearing on the Axle rods 6 (Fig. 1, 2, 3 and 7). The cover layers 7.2 are broken through in the form of the outer contour of the hammer 7, so that the core layer 7.1 in the area of the bore 7.3 and the inner edges of the cover layers 7.2 is exposed. The cover layers 7.2 face the tough or softer core layer 7.1 a larger one Hardness. This is advantageous for the storage area of the Hammer 7 tough and the actual active wear area hard and wear-resistant.

Another version of a hammer 7 with hard cover layers 7.2 and softer core layer 7.1 is shown in FIG. 9 remove that in the associated longitudinal sections for fixing the hard cover layers 7.2 on the softer Core layer 7.1 Detachable and non-detachable connections 7.4 by means of bolts, dowel pins, rivet and hole welding shows. It is possible - as mentioned above - that the individual layers 7.1, 7.2 for example also by Screwing, soldering or gluing or with the appropriate design can also be joined by shrinking.

Another embodiment of a hammer 7 according to FIG. 10 exists from a part that is treated like this (Heat treatment, tempering) that hard zones 7.5 opposite the untreated structure and a soft zone 7.6 arise. The section 10a show the hammer in new and the cut 10b with it in used condition resulting self-sharpening profile.

In Fig. 11 is now a hammer 7 in composite, in particular Sandwich construction shown in the area of main, active wear the harder surface layers 7.2 protrude from the softer core layer 7.1. This shape should be before the actual wear to the desired form of wear (Fig. 10b and 12b) Work as a "self-sharpening" hammer 7.

Aim of all these measures on the hammers 7 accordingly 8 to 11 is to use them as active wear parts 7 through layers, layers or zones of different grades, Form hardness, toughness, thickness and / or shape so that they are not a form of wear as before 12a (longitudinal section of the hammer 7) ingest, which has a "blunt" effect in the shredding process, but until they replace their "self-sharpening" State - as shown in Fig. 10b and 12b - receive. It was surprisingly found that this self-sharpening condition itself advantageous and essential on increasing the service life of active wear parts 7 as well as the shredding efficiency and at one coordinated wear behavior within the entire Wear part system leads. In terms of interaction with the inactive wear parts 8, this becomes detailed below.

The inactive wear part 8, a so-called protective cap, consists of a in the embodiment of FIG Composite of a surface 8.1 in this context mentioned cover part with a bracket which from a Bearing hub 8.2 for mounting on the axle rods 6 (Fig. 1, 2, 3 and 7) and a web 8.3 assembled can be. Appropriate additions of the group result derive from the representations according to FIGS. 13a and b. For Ensuring a corresponding with the active wear parts 7 Wear behavior is the top surface 8.1 preferably constructed in multiple layers or multiple layers or equipped with different zones, so that the Cover area 8.1 e.g. a relatively hard outer surface 8.4 compared to those not directly exposed to wear Has composite parts, layers, layers or zones.

To achieve one for the coordinated wear behavior between the active wear parts 7 and the inactive Wear parts 8 particularly favorable arrangement, the for example in Fig. 6 (processed schematically) and Fig. 7 (simplified) is the top surface 8.1 set in or released educated. This forms in assembled state a coherent similar to the meandering shape Grid for a coordinated wear part system.

With the equipment such as the 4, 5 and 6, the service life of the arrangements for a wear part system according to the invention can be increased still further. The same capital letters are used in these representations identical shapes of the top surfaces 8.1 per inactive wear part 8th.

With the staggered or notched top surfaces 8.1 can be according to the schemes 4, 5 and 6 configurations of active and inactive Wear parts 7, 8 realize the one hand the Advantages of the hammers 7 according to the invention (FIGS. 8 to 12) with which the protective caps 8 (Fig. 13) are effective regarding both the crushing process and also combine favorable wear behavior, as well as the efficiency of the shredding machine increase in terms of power consumption. Finally, according to the invention, wear parts provided that can be manufactured flexibly in production and variable to the requirements of the wear material are customizable as well as changing active and inactive ones Wear parts 7, 8 in a coordinated Allow interval. In addition, be calm running rotor arrangements realizable, which by means of a tunable wear part system to the respective feed material can be adapted, especially for the cases in to e.g. Inclusions of foreign substances are present, densifications avoided for the subsequent process or should also be achieved and a favorable energy requirement is to be guaranteed.

Industrial applicability

By the exchange interval adjustment achieved with the invention is an economical application on the relevant technical subject area guaranteed.

Claims (11)

1. A comminution machine having a rotor (2) comprising discs (4), which has active and inactive abrasion components (7, 8) and an essentially cylindrical casing protecting the rotor (2) and having openings or clearances (9) for the active abrasion components (7) to swing through, whereby the casing is formed from a plurality of inactive abrasion components (8), each of which consists of a top surface (8.1) and a mount (8.2, 8.3) and is connected detachably to the discs (4), and the openings or clearances are located between the top surfaces of adjacent inactive abrasion components (8), characterised in that

   a) the inactive abrasion components (8) comprise, at least partially, tiers, layers and/or zones (8.3, 8.4) having various material properties such as quality, hardness, toughness and/or thickness in a joined compound,

   b) the casing is divided radially and axially by means of the top surfaces (8.1), such that

   c) this configuration forms an abrasion component system resulting in a coordinated abrasion performance.
2. A comminution machine as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the active and/or inactive abrasion components (7, 8) are connected detachably and/or nondetachably.
3. A comminution machine as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised in that at least sections of the abrasion components (7, 8) are designed as a sandwich structure.
4. A comminution machine as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the active abrasion components (7) are designed as a self-sharpening sandwich structure.
5. A comminution machine as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised by a constructive compound of several active and inactive abrasion components (7, 8), whereby at least one active abrasion component (7) is supported between at least two inactive abrasion components (8) and/or is mounted thereon, and each of the inactive abrasion component (8) comprises an abrasion area of a disc (4) defined essentially by the external swing circumference of the active abrasion component (7).
6. A comminution machine as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, characterised by an active abrasion component (7) formed from several material layers (7.1, 7.2), of which at least one (7.2) is harder than the other(s) (7.1).
7. A comminution machine as claimed in claim 6, characterised by two top layers (7.2) having an intermediate core layer (7.1).
8. A comminution machine as claimed in claim 7, characterised in that the top layers (7.2) are harder than the tough core layer (7.1), especially in the vicinity of the bearing centre (7.3).
9. A comminution machine as claimed in claim 7 or 8, characterised in that the top layers (7.2) have openings reaching through to the core layer (7.1).
10. A comminution machine as claimed in any one or more of claims 6 to 9, characterised by a bell shape.
11. A comminution machine as claimed in any one or more of claims 6 to 10, characterised in that at least one top layer (7.2) projects over the core layer (7.1) on the hammer edge.

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