EP0725166B1 - Verfahren zur Beschichtung der Oberfläche eines Werkstücks aus Aluminium oder einer Aluminiumlegierung - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Beschichtung der Oberfläche eines Werkstücks aus Aluminium oder einer Aluminiumlegierung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0725166B1
EP0725166B1 EP96420033A EP96420033A EP0725166B1 EP 0725166 B1 EP0725166 B1 EP 0725166B1 EP 96420033 A EP96420033 A EP 96420033A EP 96420033 A EP96420033 A EP 96420033A EP 0725166 B1 EP0725166 B1 EP 0725166B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
process according
grammes
bath
nickel
stage
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP96420033A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0725166A1 (de
Inventor
Mohamed Benmalek
Marc Santarini
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Rio Tinto France SAS
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Aluminium Pechiney SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
    • C25D5/42—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated of light metals
    • C25D5/44—Aluminium

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of aluminum or aluminum alloy parts having at least at least one face or surface subjected to high friction stresses, in particular molded or forged parts of motor vehicles. These are, for example, shirts that equip internal combustion engines of motor vehicles or cylinders machined directly into the engine block.
  • the invention relates more precisely to the surface internal, or bore, of a jacket or engine block which is subjected, cold as hot, with strong frictions and is sensitive to wear.
  • Patent application FR-A-1,579,266 proposes a process for the galvanic deposition of a metallic coating containing solid particles.
  • the deposit takes place in two stages: preparatory step where a first layer of zinc is deposited chemically on the surface to be treated, and a second step which is the actual electrolytic deposition, the part to be treated being the cathode, this deposition taking place itself in two stages: first deposition of a fine almost pure nickel layer then deposit of the nickel loaded with solid particles.
  • This process is currently used widely on a large scale as for aluminum alloy engine blocks than for cast iron engine blocks or liners, because the coating thus obtained not only increases the resistance to wear but also improves lubrication because it facilitates the retention of the lubricant thanks to the carbide particles silicon emerging from the nickel surface.
  • Patent application FR-A-2 159 179 brings an improvement to the initial process which consists in a mechanical preparation of the surface (shot blasting) followed by a sodium attack and finally double zincing with intermediate nitric attack. Improving the adhesion of the layer filed, it is used for mass production but has the disadvantage of make a layer of irregular thickness.
  • Patent application EP-A-0 288 364 discloses a process for coating drums of engine blocks in cast iron where the initial deposit of zinc is replaced by a sulfuric attack electrolytic. This process allows better control of the thickness of the deposit but is not suitable for aluminum alloys.
  • the bore of a cylinder block is the seat of the piston stroke, it must therefore be carried out in very tight dimensional tolerances.
  • the irregularity of the thickness of the deposited layer requires in practice a final machining, generally by abrasion-grinding, long, delicate and expensive. Good geometrical precision of the deposit would make it possible to no longer plan for recovery immediately target the thickness corresponding to the maximum wear that can be expect from this coating.
  • we would still like improve the wear resistance of the coating and reduce the friction of the piston rings which move in contact with it, which would have another beneficial effect of reducing noise mechanical and engine vibrations.
  • these operations can be separated by rinsing with pure water and are succeed in a very short time, so that the surface to be coated does not dry between each step and without said surface being exposed to air or any other environment causing his reactivity to drop.
  • an electrode with a shape close to that of the surface to be treated is placed near said surface.
  • said electrode it is possible to keep the same electrode for all operations, said electrode to be simply brought to a cathode polarity at the first stage, zero at the second and anodic to the third.
  • the first step according to the invention is an electrochemical activation phase where the surface to treat and the electrode are in a bath containing a halogenated acid salt of nickel.
  • this bath is an aqueous solution containing nickel chloride, a compound fluorinated and boric or fluoboric acid.
  • an aqueous solution will be used containing, per liter of electrolyte, from 100 to 250 grams of nickel chloride, from 2 to 10 grams of ammonium bifluoride, and 10 to 20 grams of fluoboric acid.
  • a direct current is applied between the part which acts as an anode and the electrode which acts as cathode.
  • the current density is between 10 and 50 A / dm 2 for 30 to 120 seconds, the bath being maintained at a temperature between 40 ° C and 60 ° C.
  • one will first seek to prepare the surface to be treated by a succession of alkaline degreasing and alkaline then fluoboric-nitric pickling baths.
  • the second step according to the invention is an over-activation treatment having as its object complete the depassivation of the surface to be coated and dissolve the few residues from the electrochemical treatment of the first stage and likely to disturb the regularity and the homogeneity of the future deposit.
  • this over-activation treatment is carried out with a nitric fluoboric bath and more particularly an aqueous solution comprising between 20% and 50% by volume of nitric acid concentrated to 68% and between 20% and 75% by volume of acid fluoboric concentrated at 50%.
  • the surface in contact with this bath is maintained for a period of 30 to 120 seconds at a temperature between 20 ° C and 40 ° C
  • the third step according to the invention is the phase of electrolytic deposition of the composite nickel.
  • the bath is a nickel-plating bath containing a filler composed of solid particles which can be either carbides, in particular silicon carbide, or any other hardening component the coating and improving the wear resistance of the deposit (diamond for example), i.e. component reducing the coefficient of friction (graphite for example), i.e. a mixture of components of these two categories intended to provide the best compromise between resistance to wear and coefficient of friction corresponding to the intended use.
  • said nickel-plating bath may comprise nickel sulfamate, nickel chloride, boric acid, saccharin and said charge of solid particles.
  • a nickel-plating bath comprising approximately, per liter electrolyte, 250 to 400 grams of nickel sulfamate, 20 to 40 grams of chloride nickel, 10 to 100 grams of boric acid and 50 to 150 grams of filler.
  • the bath is maintained at a temperature between 40 ° C and 60 ° C, while its pH is maintained between 2 and 5, preferably between 2.5 and 3.5.
  • the bath also has saccharin, which has the advantageous effect of reducing the residual stresses prevailing in the depot. Its concentration is however limited because saccharin has the other effect of decrease the deposition rate.
  • one liter of nickel-plating bath contains between 0.5 and 4 grams of saccharin.
  • a direct or pulsed current is applied between the part which acts as a cathode and the electrode which acts as an anode.
  • the current density is between 20 and 50 A / dm 2 for the time necessary to reach the desired thickness.
  • the treatment lasts 15 minutes to obtain a layer of 45 ⁇ m at a temperature close to 50 ° C.
  • all of the particles of said filler according to the invention can reach a size predominant between 0.5 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m.
  • particles of silicon carbide with a particle size of between 3 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m are introduced, that is to say large enough to reduce the risk of seizure but not too large to avoid too much wear of the other element in contact.
  • This same charge is enriched with particles of finer particle size graphite: 1 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m.
  • the combination of the electrochemical activation of the first step according to the invention and the over-activation of the second step according to the invention improves the yield of the deposition of the third step so there is no need to reach the art bath concentrations to obtain the same charge concentration in the deposited layer.
  • This allows identical bath viscosity, enrich the filler with the same element to improve given property, either with other elements to give it other properties; so by example, we can add to the silicon carbide powder, which improves the wear resistance, graphite powder which reduces friction at start-up and thus reduces the risk of seizure.
  • FIG. 1 represents the diagram of a preferred embodiment given solely by way of non-limiting example. According to this embodiment, operations are limited, waiting between steps is minimal, activation of the surface is not hampered by any oxidation or passivation.
  • the system is dynamic, that is to say that the processing cell the part 1 is not dismantled during the process and which is introduced inside said cell 1 successively all the necessary baths. This is possible thanks to circuit 2 which includes polypropylene pipes and a pump 3 allowing the circulation of fluids between their retention tank and the treatment cell.
  • the pump first drives the activation bath of the tank 5, the rinsing bath of the tank 6, the over-activation bath of the tank 7, a new rinsing bath, finally the nickel plating bath of the tank 8.
  • FIG. 2 presents a block diagram of the cell for treating the part to be coated.
  • a engine block being particularly bulky and heavy to handle, we have simplified the part by replacing it with a cylindrical jacket 12 made of the alloy AS5U3G commonly used for engine blocks. This aluminum alloy has approximately 5% silicon, 3% copper and 0.3% magnesium.
  • the electrode 10 is held by a support 11 covering the shirt 12.
  • the support of the shirt 13 has a centering means which makes the electrode and the jacket concentric.
  • the electrode support 11 and the jacket support 13 hermetically surround the jacket and pass through the cavities 14 of the shirt support 13 and 15 of the support electrode 11 the different fluids coming from the circuit of figure 1.
  • the electrochemical activation bath stored in the polypropylene tank 5 and maintained at the temperature of 50 ° C. has the following composition: NiCl 2 125 g / l NH 4 HF 2 5 g / l H 3 BO 3 12.5 g / l
  • the nickel-plating bath used has the following composition: Ni (NH 2 SO 3 ) 2 300 g / l H 3 BO 3 30 g / l NiCl 2 30 g / l saccharin 2 g / l filler: silicon carbide 75 g / l, average particle size 2 micrometers
  • the deposit obtained is characterized by its adhesion, the regularity of the thickness deposited, homogeneity of the particle distribution and by friction and wear tests
  • the adhesion tests used follow the ASTM recommendations: B571-84 ⁇ 9 (thermal shock), the intended use temperature being fixed at 200 ° C and B571-84 84 ⁇ 7 (file test).
  • the lubricant used is decane
  • the frequency of the reciprocating movement is 12 Hz
  • the test lasts 30 minutes.
  • the lubricant used is a neutral engine oil, i.e. uncharged
  • the frequency of the alternative displacement is 16 Hz
  • the test lasts 120 minutes.
  • Example 2 The same tribology tests as those presented in Example 1 were carried out on the sole temperature of 30 ° C, on two segment materials: cast iron and chromium and on three types coating corresponding to the three concentrations of graphite.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Verfahren zur Beschichtung der Oberfläche eines Werkstücks aus Aluminium oder einer Aluminiumlegierung, die starken Reibungsbeanspruchungen ausgesetzt ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es mindestens drei aufeinderfolgende Phasen aufweist, wobei die erste eine elektrochemische Aktivierungsphase ist, bei der das Werkstück in einem Bad, das ein saures halogenhaltiges Nickelsalz enthält, anodisch gepolt wird, wobei die zweite eine Nachaktivierungsphase der Oberfläche ist und wobei die dritte eine galvanische Abscheidungsphase einer Feststoffpartikel enthaltenden Nickelschicht ist, bei der das Werkstück in einem Vernickelungsbad, das einen Füllstoff aus Festpartikeln enthält, kathodisch gepolt wird.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das elektrochemische Aktivierungsbad eine wässerige Lösung ist, die Nickelchlorid, eine Fluorverbindung und Bor- oder Borfluorwasserstoffsäure enthält.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das elektrochemische Aktivierungsbad pro Liter 100 bis 250 g Nickelchlorid, 2 bis 10 g Ammoniumbifluorid, 10 bis 20 g Borfluorwasserstoffsäure enthält.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Verlauf der elektrochemischen Aktivierungsphase eine Stromdichte von 10 bis 50 A/dm2 während 30 bis 120 Sekunden angelegt wird, wobei das Bad auf einer Temperatur von 40 bis 60°C gehalten wird.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der elektrochemischen Aktivierungsphase eine Vorbereitung der Oberfläche vorangeht, die aus einer Folge von Entfettungs-, alkalischen Beiz- und dann Stickstofflluoroboratbeizbädern besteht.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das für die Nachaktivierungsphase der Oberfläche verwendete Bad eine wässerige Lösung ist, die 20 bis 50 Vol.-% Salpetersäure mit einer Konzentration von 68 % und 20 bis 75 % Borfluorwasserstoffsäure mit einer Konzentration von 50 % enthält.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das für die Nachaktivierungsphase der Oberfläche verwendete Bad mit der zu beschichtenden Oberfläche während einer Zeit von 30 bis 120 Sekunden bei einer Temperatur von 20 bis 40°C in Kontakt gehalten wird.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das bei der galvanischen Abscheidungsphase verwendete Bad Nickelsulfamat, Nickelchlorid, Borsäure, Saccharin und einen Füllstoff aus Festpartikeln enthält, insbesondere aus Siliciumcarbid oder jedem anderen Bestandteil, welcher die Beschichtung härtet.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das in der galvanischen Abscheidungsphase verwendete Bad pro Liter 250 bis 400 g Nickelsulfamat, 20 bis 40 g Nickelchlorid, 10 bis 100 g Borsäure, 0,5 bis 4 g Saccharin und 50 bis 150 g des Füllstoffs enthält.
  10. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 8 oder 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Verlauf der galvanischen Abscheidungsphase eine Stromdichte von 20 bis 50 A/dm2 angelegt wird, wobei das Bad auf einer Temperatur von 40°C bis 60°C und einem pH-Wert von 2 bis 5, vorzugsweise 2,5 bis 3,5 gehalten wird.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, nach welchem das in der galvanischen Abscheidungsphase verwendete Bad einen Füllstoff aus Festpartikeln enthält, insbesondere aus Siliciumcarbid oder jedem anderen Bestandteil, welcher die Beschichtung härtet, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Füllstoff auch Graphit enthält.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das in der galvanischen Abscheidungsphase verwendete Bad pro Liter 250 bis 400 g Nickelsulfamat, 20 bis 40 g Nickelchlorid, 10 bis 100 g Borsäure, 0,5 bis 4 g Saccharin und 50 bis 150 g des Füllstoffs enthält, welcher seinerseits 5 bis 50 g Graphit enthält.
  13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 11 oder 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im Verlauf der galvanischen Abscheidungsphase eine Stromdichte von 20 bis 50 A/dm2 angelegt wird, wobei das Bad auf einer Temperatur von 40 bis 60°C und einem pH-Wert von 2 bis 5, vorzugsweise 2,5 bis 3,5 gehalten wird.
  14. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 8 bis 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Festpartikel des Füllstoffs eine durch einen mittleren Durchmesser festgelegte Größe von 0,5 bis 5 µm aufweisen.
  15. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrochemische Aktivierungsphase, die Nachaktivierungsphase und die galvanische Abscheidungsphase, denen gegebenenfalls eine Entfettungs- und Beizvorbereitungsbehandlung vorangeht, nacheinander erfolgen, eventuell mit dazwischenliegenden Spülungen mit Reinwasser, so dass die zu behandelnde Oberfläche weder Zeit hat zu trocknen noch Luft ausgesetzt zu werden oder jeder anderen Umgebung, die ihre Reaktionsfähigkeit vermindern könnte.
  16. Verwendung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 15 zur galvanischen Abscheidung von Nickelcomposite auf der Bohrung einer Ummantelung oder eines Kraftfahrzeugverbrennungsmotorblocks aus Aluminium oder einer Aluminiumlegierung.
EP96420033A 1995-02-02 1996-01-31 Verfahren zur Beschichtung der Oberfläche eines Werkstücks aus Aluminium oder einer Aluminiumlegierung Expired - Lifetime EP0725166B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9501405A FR2730245B1 (fr) 1995-02-02 1995-02-02 Procede de revetement de pieces de vehicules automobiles en aluminium ou alliage d'aluminium
FR9501405 1995-02-02

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EP0725166A1 EP0725166A1 (de) 1996-08-07
EP0725166B1 true EP0725166B1 (de) 1998-04-29

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US (1) US5643434A (de)
EP (1) EP0725166B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH08239793A (de)
CN (1) CN1144851A (de)
AT (1) ATE165632T1 (de)
BR (1) BR9600303A (de)
CA (1) CA2167767A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69600258T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2115419T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2730245B1 (de)
HK (1) HK1000650A1 (de)
TW (1) TW384319B (de)

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PT1114208E (pt) 1998-08-28 2004-03-31 Alcoa Inc Metodo para tratar superficies de produtos de aluminio
HUP0300706A2 (en) 2000-05-18 2003-07-28 Corus Aluminium Walzprod Gmbh Method of manufacturing an aluminium product
US6796484B2 (en) 2001-02-02 2004-09-28 Corus Aluminum Walzprodukte Gmbh Nickel-plated brazing product having improved corrosion performance
CN1304643C (zh) 2001-04-20 2007-03-14 克里斯铝轧制品有限公司 镀覆和预处理铝件方法
KR20030029350A (ko) * 2001-10-08 2003-04-14 현대자동차주식회사 디젤엔진용 실린더 라이너의 제조방법
US6815086B2 (en) 2001-11-21 2004-11-09 Dana Canada Corporation Methods for fluxless brazing
US6994919B2 (en) * 2002-01-31 2006-02-07 Corus Aluminium Walzprodukte Gmbh Brazing product and method of manufacturing a brazing product
US7294411B2 (en) * 2002-01-31 2007-11-13 Aleris Aluminum Koblenz Gmbh Brazing product and method of its manufacture
US7078111B2 (en) * 2002-12-13 2006-07-18 Corus Aluminium Walzprodukte Gmbh Brazing sheet product and method of its manufacture
US7056597B2 (en) * 2002-12-13 2006-06-06 Corus Aluminium Walzprodukte Gmbh Brazing sheet product and method of its manufacture
US6828660B2 (en) * 2003-01-17 2004-12-07 Texas Instruments Incorporated Semiconductor device with double nickel-plated leadframe
US20050067286A1 (en) * 2003-09-26 2005-03-31 The University Of Cincinnati Microfabricated structures and processes for manufacturing same
US20060157352A1 (en) * 2005-01-19 2006-07-20 Corus Aluminium Walzprodukte Gmbh Method of electroplating and pre-treating aluminium workpieces
FR2881146B1 (fr) * 2005-01-27 2007-10-19 Snecma Moteurs Sa Procede de reparation d'une surface de frottement d'une aube a calage variable de turbomachine
CN100336940C (zh) * 2005-02-24 2007-09-12 上海交通大学 纳米碳化硅颗粒增强镍基复合材料的复合电铸制备方法
CN101886282A (zh) * 2010-07-12 2010-11-17 江门朝扬精密制造有限公司 一种引擎汽缸的制作方法
DE102012018159A1 (de) * 2012-09-14 2014-03-20 Feindrahtwerk Adolf Edelhoff Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren zum Beschichten von Aluminiumleitern
WO2014130451A1 (en) * 2013-02-19 2014-08-28 Alumiplate, Inc. Aluminum films having hardening particles
US20160369737A1 (en) * 2014-03-04 2016-12-22 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Internal-combustion engine cylinder block and production method therefor
CN105506526B (zh) * 2015-12-08 2018-08-24 西北工业大学 铝合金表面Ni-SiC复合镀层的制备方法及其电镀液
CN109072470A (zh) * 2016-06-03 2018-12-21 古河电气工业株式会社 表面处理材料及其制造方法和使用表面处理材料而形成的元件
CN109623676B (zh) * 2018-12-30 2020-08-25 苏州赛尔科技有限公司 Pcb板用轮毂型金刚石超薄切割片及其应用
CN113895164B (zh) * 2021-09-01 2022-06-14 清远南方制版科技有限公司 一种无缝铝合金管制的辊筒及制备方法和在凹版印刷版辊中的应用

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2730245A1 (fr) 1996-08-09
JPH08239793A (ja) 1996-09-17
CA2167767A1 (fr) 1996-08-03
CN1144851A (zh) 1997-03-12
BR9600303A (pt) 1997-12-23
TW384319B (en) 2000-03-11
US5643434A (en) 1997-07-01
FR2730245B1 (fr) 1997-03-14
DE69600258T2 (de) 1998-08-20
DE69600258D1 (de) 1998-06-04
ES2115419T3 (es) 1998-06-16
EP0725166A1 (de) 1996-08-07
HK1000650A1 (en) 2000-03-17
ATE165632T1 (de) 1998-05-15

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