EP0717876A1 - Limiter zur strombegrenzung - Google Patents
Limiter zur strombegrenzungInfo
- Publication number
- EP0717876A1 EP0717876A1 EP94924694A EP94924694A EP0717876A1 EP 0717876 A1 EP0717876 A1 EP 0717876A1 EP 94924694 A EP94924694 A EP 94924694A EP 94924694 A EP94924694 A EP 94924694A EP 0717876 A1 EP0717876 A1 EP 0717876A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- resistance
- limiter
- limiter according
- electrodes
- thermoplastic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 3
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/14—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C1/00—Details
- H01C1/14—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors
- H01C1/1406—Terminals or electrodes formed on resistive elements having positive temperature coefficient
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01C—RESISTORS
- H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
- H01C7/13—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material current responsive
Definitions
- the invention relates to a limiter for current limitation, with a thermoplastic resistance body and metallic surface electrodes.
- the limiter function for use as a central limiter, which is upstream of these for the short-circuit protection of several branches, it would be desirable for the limiter function to be effective only at high short-circuit currents which, for example, cannot be protected by circuit breakers in the branches, and at moderate or decaying short-circuit currents no limiter function occurs. This would avoid undesired, longer-lasting voltage dips that lead to uncontrolled switching states, e.g. of contactors or relays.
- Electromechanically simple switching devices are often used as limiters, the contacts of which open dynamically due to current forces and which usually do not have a * switch lock and no release system. Your bow Voltage plateau lies in the area of the mains voltage amplitude. Together with the arc voltage of the circuit breaker connected in series, the short-circuit current is rapidly decayed and the switch-off time is shortened.
- Arc limiters of this type have problems of contact welding, which can only be solved technically with special contact materials and / or with a special contact mechanism.
- High current resistors which essentially consist of a polyethylene layer filled with soot, which has the PTC effect.
- the polymer resistor body should be connected to its base surfaces with electrodes, a pressure device being present which applies pressure perpendicular to the electrodes and the electrodes
- Base areas of the resistance body of the conductive polymer layer exerts.
- the physical basis of the limiters described above is that the temperature in the event of a short circuit rises above the crystallization temperature of polyethylene as the electrically insulating base material due to ohmic heating, whereby microscopic current paths of the carbon black as an electrically conductive material component break open and the limiter resistance increases by a factor of 100 or more.
- Limiter resistance can mainly be determined here by the volume resistance of the PTC material. According to its switching principle, in the known limiter the surface resistance at the interfaces between the polymer resistance body and the electrodes contributes significantly to the current limiting effect in the event of a short circuit. Since the electrodes and the polymer resistance body are only in contact with one another due to the external compressive force, the heating of the PTC material takes place in a thin layer near the surface, which in the event of a short circuit very quickly changes from a low-resistance to a high-resistance state switches.
- this boundary layer limiter requires a reset time of typically about 20 ms for the high electrical resistance to subside.
- a parallel resistor is connected to relieve the PTC thermistor element, which carries the major part of the short-circuit current in the high-resistance state of the PTC thermistor material.
- the decaying short-circuit current at the parallel resistor generates a considerable voltage drop. This can be 100 V or more and exist for a period of 3 ms and longer.
- such a long-lasting switching voltage is unsuitable for use as a central limiter, since otherwise long-lasting voltage drops would be caused in branches of the network which are not disturbed per se.
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide a limiter which can also be used as a central limiter.
- a limiter which can also be used as a central limiter.
- voltage caused by its switching voltage dips remain limited to a fraction of a half-wave duration, for example to a time period t ⁇ 1 ms.
- the object is achieved by the entirety of the features specified in the claim. If the circuit breakers connected in series in the current branches to the central limiter have a sufficiently high switching speed at high short-circuit currents, it can be achieved according to the invention that after the limit voltage has subsided the switch-off process is continued without delay with a sufficiently high arc voltage.
- the function of a limiter voltage activated only at high instantaneous currents is thus achieved by a boundary layer limiter, in which a partial non-positive contact of the electrodes on the resistance body takes place even in the event of a short circuit.
- the electrodes and the resistance body have a positive or negative, i.e. complementary surface profile with which they adhere mechanically to one another.
- the thermoplastic resistance body for example in the form of a rectangular plate, is pressed together between profiled electrodes and is heated to its softening temperature at least on the contact surfaces.
- the resistance material flows into the profile recesses of the metal electrodes and a complementary surface profile of the resistance body is created.
- the electrodes adhere firmly to the resistance body, from which they can only be separated again with mechanical damage to the profile layers.
- the adhesive force on the profiled surfaces between the electrodes and the resistance body is not sufficient to achieve a low limiter resistance.
- the surface electrodes are typically pressed against the resistance body with a pressure force of between 50 and 100 N / cm 2 .
- FIG. 1 a limiter in a sectional view
- FIG. 2 the top view of a limiter according to FIG. 1
- FIG. 3 the formation of a surface electrode
- FIG. 4 the comparison of the resistance curves of the limiter according to FIGS. 1 to 3 with the prior art
- FIG. 5 in partial figures the example of a short-circuit disconnection of a series connection by the limiter according to FIG. 1 to 3 and the FIG. 6 in partial figures the switching phases of a limiter according to FIG. 1 to 3.
- FIG. 1 to 3 1 means a thermoplastic resistance body with surfaces 2 and 3, which is pressed together between two similar surface electrodes 10. For this purpose, a pressure force K is applied.
- a pressure force K is applied.
- One of the- Like arrangement is known in principle from the older German patent application P 42 28 297.7.
- both surface electrodes 10 have a profile 15 which, for example, has a rectangular structure with a web width b and a web height h.
- the web width b can be between 0.1 and 1 mm and the web height can also be between 0.1 and 1 mm.
- web width b and web height h have the same order of magnitude, preferably between 0.3 and 0.6 mm.
- both dimensions are, for example, about 0.4 mm.
- the resistance body 1 has a complementary profiling 5 on both surfaces 2 and 3.
- the resistance body 1 and the surface electrodes are permanently connected to one another via the profiles 5 and 15.
- the rectangular profile can also have an angle of inclination towards the surface of the surface electrode 10.
- the surface profile 15 can advantageously have a different direction in sections. A conical shape of the surface profile 15 is also possible.
- the limiter described in this way is connected upstream of a circuit breaker in a known manner.
- a resistor element is connected in parallel to the limiter from the resistance body 1 and the surface electrodes 10.
- the resistance element is, for example, an ohmic resistance of 100 m. It can also be a non-linear voltage-dependent resistor, the resistance of which decreases with the applied voltage. In both cases, the current can commutate at the appropriate time.
- FIG. 4a shows the time course of the limiter resistance according to the prior art as a graph 41 for comparison.
- the current-voltage oscillogram according to FIG. 5 shows graph 51 the total current, graph 42 the PTC thermistor current, graph 53 the associated PTC thermistor voltage and graph 54 the voltage on the switching device used.
- the resistance behavior described 4 manifests itself in such a way that the limiter generates a voltage pulse of approx. 450 V and approx. 300 ⁇ s duration approximately 600 ⁇ s after the beginning of the short circuit.
- the limiter After his chip has subsided voltage pulse, the limiter carries the reduced short-circuit current, which is caused by the partial electrical-mechanical contact of the surface electrodes on the resistance body.
- the sufficiently high arc voltage of the circuit breaker at this point prevents the current from rising again and the short circuit is switched off after a total duration of 3 ms.
- FIG. 6 illustrates:
- the pressure force K which is perpendicular to the surface electrodes, ensures a frictional contact of the partial profile surfaces which are perpendicular to the pressure force.
- the force effect between the partial profile surfaces 12 running parallel to the compressive force is considerably less, since after the thermal production process the profile layer of the thermoplastic resistance material experiences a dimensional shrinkage of 1 to 2% due to the much higher coefficient of thermal expansion than metals.
- the short-circuit shutdown shown begins with the beginning of the current increase due to the electrical power loss in the boundary layer, increasing warming and, associated therewith, an expansion of the profile layer 5 of the resistance body 1 with a considerable reduction in the electrical contact area according to FIG. 6b.
- the metal electrodes 10 Due to the thermal expansion of the thermoplastic profile webs, the metal electrodes 10 are removed from the recessed profile partial surfaces of the Resistor body 1 lifted off.
- a current limiter resistance is established, which is determined by the 4b shown first plateau value.
- the current density on the profile end faces of the resistance body 1 almost doubles and the electrical power loss leads to rapid heating to the decomposition temperature of the resistance material.
- FIG. 6c the mechanical-electrical contact is also largely interrupted on these partial profile surfaces, and a distributed electrical discharge with a high operating voltage is formed between the profile surfaces.
- the profile layer 5 is further heated and material is partially decomposed, as a result of which a considerable gas pressure is built up.
- the effective contact force of which increases with the temperature of the resistance material and its thermal expansion and therefore at the end of the limiter voltage pulse to the observed low limit resistance of about 15 mil leads.
- thermoplastic resistance body 1 During the cooling time of the thermoplastic resistance body 1 of up to a few 100 ms, its surface profile is formed under the force of the Pressed K profiled metal electrodes 10 and the limiter resistance returns to its initial value. -
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4330607A DE4330607A1 (de) | 1993-09-09 | 1993-09-09 | Limiter zur Strombegrenzung |
DE4330607 | 1993-09-09 | ||
PCT/DE1994/000986 WO1995007540A1 (de) | 1993-09-09 | 1994-08-26 | Limiter zur strombegrenzung |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0717876A1 true EP0717876A1 (de) | 1996-06-26 |
EP0717876B1 EP0717876B1 (de) | 1998-03-25 |
Family
ID=6497296
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94924694A Expired - Lifetime EP0717876B1 (de) | 1993-09-09 | 1994-08-26 | Limiter zur strombegrenzung |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5793278A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0717876B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE4330607A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1995007540A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5614881A (en) * | 1995-08-11 | 1997-03-25 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device |
EP0852385A1 (de) * | 1997-01-02 | 1998-07-08 | General Electric Company | Strombegrenzungsvorrichtung |
DE19803919A1 (de) * | 1997-02-10 | 1998-08-13 | Gen Electric | Stromunterdrückungs- Schaltereinheit für Induktionsmotorschutz |
US5929744A (en) * | 1997-02-18 | 1999-07-27 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with at least one flexible electrode |
US6535103B1 (en) | 1997-03-04 | 2003-03-18 | General Electric Company | Current limiting arrangement and method |
US5977861A (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 1999-11-02 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with grooved electrode structure |
US6191681B1 (en) | 1997-07-21 | 2001-02-20 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with electrically conductive composite and method of manufacturing the electrically conductive composite |
US5867356A (en) * | 1997-11-05 | 1999-02-02 | General Electric Company | Current limiting system and method |
US6373372B1 (en) | 1997-11-24 | 2002-04-16 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device with conductive composite material and method of manufacturing the conductive composite material and the current limiting device |
US6128168A (en) | 1998-01-14 | 2000-10-03 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker with improved arc interruption function |
US6133820A (en) * | 1998-08-12 | 2000-10-17 | General Electric Company | Current limiting device having a web structure |
US6144540A (en) | 1999-03-09 | 2000-11-07 | General Electric Company | Current suppressing circuit breaker unit for inductive motor protection |
US6157286A (en) | 1999-04-05 | 2000-12-05 | General Electric Company | High voltage current limiting device |
US6323751B1 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2001-11-27 | General Electric Company | Current limiter device with an electrically conductive composite material and method of manufacturing |
DE10118746B4 (de) * | 2001-04-17 | 2004-06-24 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Schaltgerätes mit einem zuschaltbaren Strombegrenzer und zugehörige Anordnung |
US7362207B2 (en) * | 2005-05-24 | 2008-04-22 | Eaton Corporation | Electrical switching apparatus and limiter including trip indicator member |
US7558040B2 (en) * | 2007-04-26 | 2009-07-07 | Eaton Corporation | Trip indicator member, and limiter and electrical switching apparatus including a plurality of trip indicator members |
CN106062897B (zh) * | 2014-02-26 | 2018-07-20 | 西门子公司 | 电气部件 |
Family Cites Families (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2785316A (en) * | 1943-10-07 | 1957-03-12 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Electro-optical system |
DE845076C (de) * | 1950-10-05 | 1952-07-28 | Karl H Dr-Ing Reiss | Kontaktanordnung, insbesondere fuer elektrische Musikinstrumente |
US3243753A (en) * | 1962-11-13 | 1966-03-29 | Kohler Fred | Resistance element |
US3249810A (en) * | 1962-11-20 | 1966-05-03 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Circuit interrupting apparatus |
DE1665880C3 (de) * | 1967-02-23 | 1975-12-18 | Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen | Keramischer elektrischer Widerstand mit positivem Temperaturkoeffizienten des Widerstandswertes und sperrschichtfreien Kontaktbelegungen sowie Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
US3835434A (en) * | 1973-06-04 | 1974-09-10 | Sprague Electric Co | Ptc resistor package |
US3914727A (en) * | 1974-01-02 | 1975-10-21 | Sprague Electric Co | Positive-temperature-coefficient-resistor package |
CH581377A5 (de) * | 1975-02-11 | 1976-10-29 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
US4426339B1 (en) * | 1976-12-13 | 1993-12-21 | Raychem Corp. | Method of making electrical devices comprising conductive polymer compositions |
US4377541A (en) * | 1978-08-21 | 1983-03-22 | General Electric Company | Process for preparing low voltage varistors |
US4314230A (en) * | 1980-07-31 | 1982-02-02 | Raychem Corporation | Devices comprising conductive polymers |
GB2090710B (en) * | 1980-12-26 | 1984-10-03 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Thermistor heating device |
JPS6048201U (ja) * | 1983-09-09 | 1985-04-04 | ティーディーケイ株式会社 | 正特性サ−ミスタ装置 |
US4689475A (en) * | 1985-10-15 | 1987-08-25 | Raychem Corporation | Electrical devices containing conductive polymers |
KR910003403B1 (ko) * | 1986-08-12 | 1991-05-30 | 미쯔보시 벨트 가부시끼가이샤 | 열적 고무 조성물 |
JPS6387703A (ja) * | 1986-09-30 | 1988-04-19 | 日本メクトロン株式会社 | Ptc素子 |
JPS63312601A (ja) * | 1987-06-15 | 1988-12-21 | Tdk Corp | 導電性重合体ptc抵抗素子及びその製造方法 |
JPH01143203A (ja) * | 1987-11-27 | 1989-06-05 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 有機正特性サーミスタ |
JPH01257304A (ja) * | 1988-04-06 | 1989-10-13 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 有機正特性サーミスタ |
SE465524B (sv) * | 1990-02-08 | 1991-09-23 | Asea Brown Boveri | Anordning foer oeverlast- och kortslutningsskydd i elektriska anlaeggningar |
US5382938A (en) * | 1990-10-30 | 1995-01-17 | Asea Brown Boveri Ab | PTC element |
DE4228297A1 (de) * | 1992-08-26 | 1994-03-03 | Siemens Ag | Veränderbarer Hochstromwiderstand, insbes. zur Anwendung als Schutzelement in der Leistungsschalttechnik, und Schaltung unter Verwendung des Hochstromwiderstandes |
US5379022A (en) * | 1993-05-03 | 1995-01-03 | Fluke Corporation | Thermistor device with extended operating range |
-
1993
- 1993-09-09 DE DE4330607A patent/DE4330607A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1994
- 1994-08-26 EP EP94924694A patent/EP0717876B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-26 US US08/605,224 patent/US5793278A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-08-26 WO PCT/DE1994/000986 patent/WO1995007540A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1994-08-26 DE DE59405539T patent/DE59405539D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
601 (TDK CORP) 21. Dezember 1988 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 13, no. 155 (E-743) 14. April 1989 & JP,A,63 312 * |
See also references of WO9507540A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59405539D1 (de) | 1998-04-30 |
US5793278A (en) | 1998-08-11 |
EP0717876B1 (de) | 1998-03-25 |
DE4330607A1 (de) | 1995-03-16 |
WO1995007540A1 (de) | 1995-03-16 |
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