EP0692626A1 - Doppelstrahl-Kraftstoffeinspritzventil mit Druckluftzerstäubung für Einspritzbrennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

Doppelstrahl-Kraftstoffeinspritzventil mit Druckluftzerstäubung für Einspritzbrennkraftmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0692626A1
EP0692626A1 EP95401648A EP95401648A EP0692626A1 EP 0692626 A1 EP0692626 A1 EP 0692626A1 EP 95401648 A EP95401648 A EP 95401648A EP 95401648 A EP95401648 A EP 95401648A EP 0692626 A1 EP0692626 A1 EP 0692626A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
injector
fuel
holes
air
jets
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP95401648A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0692626B1 (de
Inventor
Michael Pontoppidan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Marelli France SAS
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Magneti Marelli France SAS
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Application filed by Magneti Marelli France SAS filed Critical Magneti Marelli France SAS
Publication of EP0692626A1 publication Critical patent/EP0692626A1/de
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M69/00—Low-pressure fuel-injection apparatus ; Apparatus with both continuous and intermittent injection; Apparatus injecting different types of fuel
    • F02M69/04—Injectors peculiar thereto
    • F02M69/047—Injectors peculiar thereto injectors with air chambers, e.g. communicating with atmosphere for aerating the nozzles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
    • F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
    • F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
    • F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
    • F02M51/0664—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding
    • F02M51/0667—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature acting as a valve or having a short valve body attached thereto

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fuel injector, of the so-called “twin-jet” type, for supplying an internal combustion engine, to at least two intake valves per engine combustion chamber, by injection of fuel through two calibrated fuel jet outlet holes, with axes diverging from one another and towards the two valves.
  • the invention therefore relates to the field of fuel injectors used in automobile engines equipped with an injection fuel supply installation of the so-called "multipoint" type, that is to say comprising, for each combustion, at least one electrically controlled injector which opens into the intake manifold in the vicinity of at least two intake valves per cylinder.
  • the adaptation of the engine's fuel supply to the load requested from the engine requires varying the characteristics of the fuel injection according to the needs defined, on modern engines, by an electronic engine control computer as a function of the load.
  • each combustion chamber is supplied by at least two air intake manifold ducts
  • a fuel injector in each of the supply conduits of each chamber, for example in each of the two conduits supplying respectively one of the two intake valves of this chamber, and to order a first injector, injecting fuel into a first supply duct, for example supplying a first valve, when the load requested on the engine is reduced, then, when the requested load is high, also controlling the second injector, injecting fuel into the second duct, which optionally derives from the first conduit, to supply, for example to the second intake valve, an amount of fuel added to that supplied to the chamber e of corresponding combustion by supplying the first intake valve.
  • another known embodiment consists in using, for each combustion chamber with two intake valves, a twin-jet injector which, at reduced engine load, operates as a single-jet injector, injecting a jet into a first air intake manifold conduit and directed towards the first intake valve, then, at high engine load, which operates as a twin-jet injector, that is to say delivering in addition to the first jet, a second jet of fuel injected into the second air intake manifold conduit and directed towards the second intake valve.
  • the conditions for forming the combustible mixture in the corresponding combustion chamber are better controlled, by more or less closing one of the manifold conduits of each combustion chamber with a secondary butterfly, downstream of the main throttle regulating the air supply to the intake manifold, while ensuring the preparation of a good air-fuel mixture.
  • a twin-jet type injector has already been proposed, the injector nose of which has two calibrated holes for the fuel jet outlet, with axes diverging from one another and oriented towards the two corresponding manifold conduits, and the injector body of which contains a first electromagnet, comprising a first control winding, supplied with all-or-nothing current, to move a core integral in translation with a shutter relative to a first calibrated hole, in order to deliver a first jet when the shutter is moved away from the first calibrated hole by displacement of the core against a stop, against a first return spring, the injector also comprising a second electromagnet, co-linear to the first, and of which a second control winding is also electrically supplied with all or nothing, to move, against a second return spring, the stop and the slide core integral n translation of the shutter, thus spaced from the second calibrated hole, so as to deliver a second jet through the second calibrated hole.
  • a first electromagnet comprising a first control winding, supplied with
  • the supply of the winding of the second electromagnet thus makes it possible to release the stop limiting the stroke of the core and simultaneously to release the second calibrated hole to deliver the second jet in addition to the first.
  • the shutter is recalled, with the core, in the closed position of the corresponding calibrated holes by return springs.
  • This known injector certainly has the aforementioned advantages, but also the drawback of having a moving assembly with a large stroke, since the core delimits with the rectilinear displacement abutment device one, respectively two variable air gaps which add up, which is the cause of low electromagnetic efficiency.
  • Another disadvantage of this injector is that it does not provide a preparation of the air-fuel mixture as good as that provided by injectors of another known type, with pneumatic assistance for spraying with a capped air flow.
  • an adapter mounted on the injector nose delimits a spray assistance air supply channel, which is placed directly in parallel on the intake circuit of air for operation at idle or at reduced or medium load of the engine, from upstream of the butterfly regulating the admission of air into the manifold, so that the channel is supplied with air substantially at atmospheric pressure.
  • the adapter has a plurality of defined air passage holes distributed symmetrically around the axis of the injector nose, so that the air jets passing through these holes provide spraying, outside the the injector, fuel jets spouting calibrated fuel outlet holes made in the injector nose.
  • the fuel jets are thus sprayed by the symmetrical diffusion of the air jets for pneumatic spraying assistance in these fuel jets.
  • a pneumatic assisted twin-jet injector injecting fuel through two calibrated fuel jet outlet holes of diverging axes and formed in a nose of a body of the injector comprising a shutter integral in translation with an electromagnet core and returned to a closed position of the holes calibrated by elastic return means against which the shutter is moved away from the holes calibrated by the electrical supply of a control winding of the electromagnet, to deliver at least two jets of fuel, the two calibrated holes opening into a spraying area with pneumatic assistance, partially delimited by a pneumatic spraying adapter forming, substantially around the nozzle nose, a channel supplied with spraying assistance air, substantially at the atmospheric pressure, the adapter having a plurality of defined air passage holes from the channel towards the spraying zone and whose axes are substantially transverse to the fuel jets, to pneumatically assist the spraying of said jets.
  • the problem underlying the invention is to remedy to these drawbacks of the air-assisted injectors of the known type and presented above, and the object of the invention is to propose an injector of the bi-jet type with more efficient magnetic circuit, of more compact structure, in which the spraying is provided by a mechanical device with pneumatic assistance for the preparation of the air-fuel mixture, and with a capped assistance air flow.
  • the object of the invention is to propose an injector of the twin-jet type and with pneumatic spraying assistance, with a capped assistance air flow, which is better suited than the known injectors to the various requirements of the practice.
  • the invention provides an injector of the twin-jet type as known from DE-A-41 29 834, and which is characterized in that the defined air passage holes are distributed over the adapter so that, when the coil of the electromagnet is energized, for low pressure gradients between the supply air channel for assistive air with a capped flow rate and the spraying zone forming part of two intake manifold conduits air in the corresponding combustion chamber, at high engine loads, two fuel jets passing through the calibrated holes pass through the spraying zone towards the ducts, while for high pressure gradients, at idle and at low loads and medium of the engine, one of the sprayed fuel jets is deflected by the air jets penetrating through the holes defined in the spraying area, towards the other fuel jet to which it mixes in a single sprayed fuel jet, confined in the space of only one of the manifold conduits, so that the fuel is selectively injected into one or each of the two manifold conduits.
  • the injector according to the invention modulates the flow of fuel injected into each of the two corresponding air intake manifold conduits in varying the orientation of one of the sprayed fuel jets as a function of the engine load, and therefore of the pressure gradient of the intake air.
  • the intake air control butterfly valve is open, so that the pressure gradient between the assist air supply channel , substantially at atmospheric pressure, and the manifold conduits, in depression as connected to the engine intake, is high and the two sprayed fuel jets are united in one, in the spraying zone, thanks to the shape, the section, the distribution and the number of air passage holes, and this single jet is confined in one of the two corresponding manifold conduits.
  • the axes of the two calibrated outlet holes of the injector nose are contained substantially in the same median plane also containing the axis of the injector, of generally cylindrical shape, as is the case for most injectors "bi- jet ", it is then advantageous for the defined air passage holes of the injector adapter according to the invention to be distributed substantially symmetrically with respect to the median plane containing the axes of the calibrated holes, but asymmetrically with respect to the plane which is perpendicular to it and passing through the axis of the injector.
  • the distribution of the holes defined air passage of the adapter is advantageously such that it comprises a first hole, the axis of which extends substantially in the median plane containing the axes of the calibrated holes for the passage of fuel, and at least two defined holes on each side of said median plane, the axes of which are inclined on said median plane and converge towards the interior of the spraying zone.
  • the two calibrated holes for exit from the nose is advantageous for the two calibrated holes for exit from the nose to be formed in the same flat calibration pad, forming both seat for the shutter and diaphragm for hydraulic fuel spraying, the pellet being substantially perpendicular to the axis of the injector, and cooperating with a plane shutter having, on its face facing the pellet, two sealing ribs applied against the patch and around the calibrated holes in the closed position of the latter.
  • the pellet is held against a rim of the body, with the interposition of a seal, by a spacer internal to the body and matched to the core for adjusting the axial air gap between the core and an armature of the electromagnet.
  • the shutter is advantageously in one piece with one end of the core, which is tubular and at least partially accommodates a helical compression spring constituting the elastic return means of the shutter in the closed position of the holes calibrated.
  • a helical compression spring constituting the elastic return means of the shutter in the closed position of the holes calibrated.
  • the helical spring it is advantageous for the helical spring to bear against the plane shutter directly constituting the bottom of the tubular core, in order to recall it towards the pellet.
  • the bi-jet injector partially shown in the figures comprises a body 1, essentially cylindrical and of circular section, of axis XX, the end of which is intended to be turned towards the two ducts of the air intake manifold to be supplied in fuel is arranged in the injector nose 2 having the shape of a cylindrical end-piece coaxial with the body 1 around its longitudinal axis XX.
  • the body 1 envelops an electromagnet with a single control winding 3, which is cylindrical, tubular and of axis XX, as well as a fixed internal armature, partially represented at 4.
  • the electromagnet also comprises a coaxial core and tubular 5 closed, at its end on the side opposite the winding 3 and the frame 4, by a flat bottom 6, perpendicular to the axis XX and constituting a shutter in one piece with the core 5 to close two calibrated holes 7 and 8 formed in a seat 9.
  • a helical compression spring 10 bearing, by one end (not shown) against the frame 4 and, by its other end, against the internal face of the plane shutter 6 to recall the latter and the core 5 in the closed position of the calibrated holes 7 and 8, by means of two annular sealing ribs 11, which are coaxial and projecting from the face of the shutter plane 6 which is turned v ers the seat 9, and which are applied by the return of the spring 10 against the internal face of the latter, around the calibrated holes 7 and 8, in the sealed closing position of the latter, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the seat 9 consists of a calibration pad flat in its central part and mounted perpendicular to the axis XX of the injector by pinching its thickened peripheral part between the rim 12 of the body 1, formed by radial deformation towards the inside of the corresponding end of the body 1, and a spacer 13 in abutment, at its other axial end, against the armature 4, and matched to the core 5 to adjust the variable axial air gap, of small value, delimited between the end of the core 5, on the side opposite the seat 9 , and the armature 4.
  • An O-ring seal 14 is mounted between the periphery of the patch 9, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the body 1 and its radial edge 12.
  • the calibrated holes 7 and 8 of the calibration pad 9 are formed by cylindrical machining of circular section and of axes A and B respectively, the calibrated holes 7 and 8 being symmetrical with respect to the axis XX of the injector and such that their axes A and B are contained in the same median or diametral plane passing through the axis XX.
  • the axes A and B are inclined with respect to each other and with respect to the axis XX so that they diverge or deviate from each other from their point of competition on the axis XX, inside the core 5, towards the outside of the injector, as shown in FIG. 1.
  • the injector 1 being supplied, in a conventional manner, with pressurized fuel from a distribution manifold, the fuel reaches via the annular passage 15, between the spacer 13 and the core 5, up to calibrated holes 7 and 8, from which spring two fuel jets J1 and J2, each directed towards one of the two supply manifold conduits of an engine combustion chamber, and which, in the absence of any air spray regime, would be thin fuel jets, each with slight divergence, and substantially centered in the median plane containing the axes XX, A and B.
  • the calibration pad 9, which constitutes a seat cooperating with the shutter 6 and its sealing ribs 11, also constitutes a spray diaphragm fuel hydraulics according to the two jets J1 and J2.
  • the injector is equipped with an air spraying adapter 16, of generally annular shape, which is mounted around the nozzle of injector 2, and delimits with the latter a zone 17 for mixing and pneumatic spraying assistance, which forms part of the two manifold conduits to be supplied.
  • the two calibrated holes 7 and 8 for the outlet of the fuel jets J1 and J2 thus open into the zone 17, which the jets J1 and J2 pass through to reach the manifold conduits proper.
  • the pneumatic spraying adapter 16 with capped flow delimits a peripheral channel 18, which is supplied with air substantially at atmospheric pressure by a pipe connecting it to an air intake situated between the outlet of the engine air filter and the body throttle regulating the main air supply to the engine.
  • the air for pneumatic spraying assistance arriving in the channel 18 of the adapter 16 is introduced in air jets into the mixing and spraying zone 17, to ensure good preparation of the air-fuel mixture in the jets.
  • J1 and J2 passing through defined air passage holes 19 made with appropriate dimensions in the adapter 16 with a particular distribution and orientation, which are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • FIG. 2 shows that the defined holes 19 for the air passage of the adapter 16 are distributed symmetrically with respect to the diametral and median plane P containing the axes A and B of the calibrated holes 7 and 8 as well as the axis XX of the injector, and, simultaneously, these holes 9 are asymmetrical with respect to the plane Q, which is perpendicular to the plane P and passes through the axis XX of the injector.
  • one of the seven defined holes 19 also has its axis contained in the plane P and the axes of the other holes 19, symmetrical in pairs with respect to the plane P, are inclined on this plane and converge the towards each other and towards this plane, towards the interior of the spraying zone 17.
  • FIG. 1 shows that the axis of each hole 19 is also slightly inclined from upstream to downstream on the longitudinal axis XX of the injector, and the air jets are substantially transverse to the fuel jets J1 and D2.
  • the particular orientation and distribution of the defined air passage holes 19 have the effect that at high engine loads, therefore when the air intake throttle is at full opening, the pressure gradient applied to the defined holes 19, between the channel 18 substantially at atmospheric pressure and the zone 17 forming part of the intake manifold, is a low gradient, so that the air jets passing through the defined holes 19 do not disturb or modify the orientation J1 and J2 jets.
  • the two corresponding intake manifold conduits are then simultaneously supplied, each by one of the jets respectively.
  • the air intake butterfly valve when the engine is operating at low or medium load, or at idle, the air intake butterfly valve is ajar, the vacuum at the engine intake is high, and the gradient applied to the defined holes for passage of air 19 is important.
  • the air jets passing through the defined holes 19 are then powerful enough to, given the shape, the section, the number, the arrangement and the orientation of the holes 19, deflect the jet of fuel J1, the spraying of which is improved by the air jets, towards the jet J2, so as to mix the jets and to merge them into a single jet of fuel, well sprayed by the pneumatic assistance and which is directed to the only one of the two manifold conduits which is to be supplied in this operating mode.
  • the twin-jet injector functions as a single-jet.
  • the air arriving in zone 17 is effective in improving the spraying of fuel at low or medium loads, at all speeds and at idle as at heavy engine loads, at all speeds.
  • excellent spraying is ensured in the operating modes at reduced load such as during actuation or decelerations at high speed.
  • the representation of the injector in FIGS. 1 and 2 has been limited to the elements necessary for understanding the invention, such an injector includes other conventional means; for example, its body 1 is provided with fastening means with sealing in a collector housing, opening opposite the corresponding collector conduits. Similarly, the inlet or the rear body of the injector, connected to the fuel supply rail, has not been shown.
  • the air flow for assisting the spraying of the injector of the invention can be of the order of 0.5 to 0.9 kg / h.
  • twin-jet injector which naturally adapts to single-jet operation when passing a threshold of pneumatic gradient, corresponding to a threshold of load of the motor, which is of a simple and compact structure, with a single control winding, an axial air gap which can be small, to guarantee a high efficiency of the electromagnetic circuit, and which ensures an excellent spraying of the delivered jet (s) .
EP95401648A 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Doppelstrahl-Kraftstoffeinspritzventil mit Druckluftzerstäubung für Einspritzbrennkraftmaschine Expired - Lifetime EP0692626B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9408646 1994-07-12
FR9408646A FR2722541B1 (fr) 1994-07-12 1994-07-12 Injecteur de carburant "bi-jet" a aassistance pneumatique de pulverisation, pour moteur a combustioninterne alimente par injection

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0692626A1 true EP0692626A1 (de) 1996-01-17
EP0692626B1 EP0692626B1 (de) 1999-03-17

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EP95401648A Expired - Lifetime EP0692626B1 (de) 1994-07-12 1995-07-07 Doppelstrahl-Kraftstoffeinspritzventil mit Druckluftzerstäubung für Einspritzbrennkraftmaschine

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US5520157A (de)
EP (1) EP0692626B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69508315T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2129778T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2722541B1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997011271A1 (de) * 1995-09-22 1997-03-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kraftstoff-einspritzvorrichtung

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH0821341A (ja) * 1994-07-01 1996-01-23 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 内燃機関の燃料供給装置
JPH0821342A (ja) * 1994-07-07 1996-01-23 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 燃料噴射式エンジン
FR2727721A1 (fr) * 1994-12-01 1996-06-07 Magneti Marelli France Injecteur a jupe de dispersion de carburant
US5623904A (en) * 1995-05-16 1997-04-29 Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha Air-assisted fuel injection system
DE19535047A1 (de) * 1995-09-21 1997-03-27 Bosch Gmbh Robert Brennstoffeinspritzventil
US5678517A (en) * 1996-08-09 1997-10-21 Thermo Power Corporation Internal combustion reciprocating engine and method for burning a mixture of fuel and air therein
US6095437A (en) * 1998-01-26 2000-08-01 Denso Corporation Air-assisted type fuel injector for engines
US6098595A (en) * 1998-08-17 2000-08-08 Cummins Engine Company, Inc. Intake port injection system with shared injectors
DE19916485C2 (de) * 1999-04-13 2001-10-31 Daimler Chrysler Ag Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Hubkolbenbrennkraftmaschine
JP2002276423A (ja) * 2001-03-22 2002-09-25 Komatsu Ltd エンジンの燃料噴射制御装置
US20050092288A1 (en) * 2003-10-30 2005-05-05 Barron Parks Spider Jet for Intake Manifolds
JP6902280B2 (ja) 2015-10-16 2021-07-14 ノストラム エナジー ピーティーイー．リミテッドＮｏｓｔｒｕｍ Ｅｎｅｒｇｙ Ｐｔｅ．Ｌｔｄ． 従来の直接噴射装置の変更方法

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US4519370A (en) 1983-02-23 1985-05-28 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel injector electronically controlled engine
DE4103918A1 (de) * 1990-02-15 1991-08-22 Aisan Ind Mehrloch-einspritzdueseneinrichtung
DE4129834A1 (de) 1991-09-07 1993-03-11 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zur einspritzung eines brennstoff-gas-gemisches
US5224458A (en) * 1991-10-31 1993-07-06 Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Multi-hole injector with improved atomization and distribution

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US4982716A (en) * 1988-02-19 1991-01-08 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel injection valve with an air assist adapter for an internal combustion engine
JP2537263B2 (ja) * 1988-04-12 1996-09-25 本田技研工業株式会社 燃料噴射式エンジンの吸気装置
JP2848491B2 (ja) * 1988-11-16 1999-01-20 株式会社日立製作所 燃料噴射制御装置
DE3931490A1 (de) * 1989-09-21 1991-04-04 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zur einspritzung eines kraftstoff-luft-gemisches fuer mehrzylindrige brennkraftmaschinen
JPH03121262A (ja) * 1989-10-02 1991-05-23 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 空気燃料噴射式２サイクルエンジン
DE4009320A1 (de) * 1990-03-23 1991-09-26 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zur einspritzung eines brennstoff-gas-gemisches
JPH04252867A (ja) * 1991-01-25 1992-09-08 Nissan Motor Co Ltd 内燃機関の燃料供給装置
US5220900A (en) * 1991-02-07 1993-06-22 Siemens Automotive L.P. Air assist atomizer for fuel injector

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4519370A (en) 1983-02-23 1985-05-28 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fuel injector electronically controlled engine
DE4103918A1 (de) * 1990-02-15 1991-08-22 Aisan Ind Mehrloch-einspritzdueseneinrichtung
DE4129834A1 (de) 1991-09-07 1993-03-11 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zur einspritzung eines brennstoff-gas-gemisches
US5224458A (en) * 1991-10-31 1993-07-06 Aisan Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Multi-hole injector with improved atomization and distribution

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1997011271A1 (de) * 1995-09-22 1997-03-27 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kraftstoff-einspritzvorrichtung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2129778T3 (es) 1999-06-16
FR2722541B1 (fr) 1996-09-20
US5520157A (en) 1996-05-28
DE69508315D1 (de) 1999-04-22
DE69508315T2 (de) 1999-11-04
FR2722541A1 (fr) 1996-01-19
EP0692626B1 (de) 1999-03-17

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