Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G9/00—Developers
  • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
  • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
  • G03G9/08702—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • G03G9/08706—Polymers of alkenyl-aromatic compounds
  • G03G9/08708—Copolymers of styrene
  • G03G9/08711—Copolymers of styrene with esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
  • G03G9/00—Developers
  • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
  • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
  • G03G9/08784—Macromolecular material not specially provided for in a single one of groups G03G9/08702 - G03G9/08775
  • G03G9/08793—Crosslinked polymers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a toner resin for use in electrophotography, the resin having an excellent non-offsetting property and fixing property.
• Copying machines or printers utilizing electrophotography must cope with recent increases in the printing speed, and further a toner and a resin used as the main component of the toner, must also cope with a high copying or printing speed.
• the flowability of the toner resin is increased by lowering the softening temperature and reducing the molecular weight. Nevertheless, the reduction of the softening temperature or molecular weight of the resin is limited, and therefore, recently a process was adopted in which the temperature of the fixing zone of the copying machine is elevated and the fixing to a paper sheet is carried out in an area where the flowability of the toner (resin) is known to be good, whereby the copying speed is increased. Therefore, a toner resin used for a temperature-elevating high-speed copying machine must have a good fixing property capable of copying with an increased copying speed, and it is necessary to elevate the temperature to maintain the non-offsetting property in the toner.
• styrene/(meth)acrylic acid ester copolymer resin and a polyester resin are mainly used as the toner resin, and an increase of the molecular weight or increase of the crosslinking degree is adopted to obtain a polyester resin having an excellent fixing property and able to be applied to the above-mentioned temperature-elevating high-speed copying machine. Nevertheless, such an increase of the molecular weight or increase of the crosslinking degree is limited, and thus a satisfactory non-offsetting property cannot be always obtained.
• the non-offsetting property is influenced by the elastic component of the resin, and the fixing property is influenced by the viscous component of the resin. Therefore, since the toner resin to be used for the above-mentioned high-temperature high-speed copying machine is a viscoelastomer, the rheological characteristics of the resin are greatly influenced by the temperature (the fixing pressure and speed are constant), and thus the non-offsetting property and fixing property also are influenced by the temperature.
• the present invention carried out investigations into the balance between the elastic component and viscous component in the toner resin, and succeeded in obtaining a toner resin having an excellent non-offsetting property and fixing property able to be used for a temperature-elevating high-speed copying machine.
• a toner resin composed of a methacrylic acid ester component, and a divinyl monomer component, wherein the glass transition temperature is 50 to 68°C and the tan ⁇ which is the ratio of the dynamic loss to the dynamic elastic modulus is 0.3 to 0.7 as measured at 200°C.
• styrene component of the toner resin of the present invention there can be mentioned, for example, styrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, p-tert-butylstyrene, p-n-hexylstyrene, p-n-octylstyrene, p-n-nonylstyrene, p-n-dodecylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene, p-phenylstyrene and 3,4-dichlorostyrene.
• styrene compounds styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene are preferably used, and styrene is especially preferably used
• acrylic acid ester component and/or methacrylic acid ester component of the toner resin of the present invention there can be mentioned, for example, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate.
• At least one member selected from the group consisting of methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl methacrylate is preferably used, and at least one member selected from the group consisting of n-butyl acrylate and n-butyl methacrylate is especially preferably used.
• the glass transition temperature (abbreviated to "Tg") may become lower, and if the amount of the styrene component is increased over 50 parts by weight, the Tg may be elevated. If the acrylic acid ester component and/or methacrylic acid ester component is not used, and the resin is composed solely of the styrene component, the Tg becomes too high and the fixing property becomes poor.
• divinyl monomer component of the toner resin of the present invention there can be mentioned, for example, divinylbenzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate, a bisphenol A derivative diacrylate and a bisphenol A derivative dimethacrylate.
• divinylbenzene and 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate are preferably used.
• the amount of the divinyl monomer component in the toner resin of the present invention is 0.1 to 2 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the styrene component and the acrylic acid ester component and/or methacrylic acid ester component. If the amount of the divinyl monomer component is within this range, the tan ⁇ of the resin (the ratio of the dynamic loss to the dynamic elastic modulus, defined hereinafter) can be easily controlled.
• a known initiator can be used as the polymerization catalyst for the production of the toner resin of the present invention.
• benzoyl peroxide lauryl peroxide, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitile, 2,2-azobis-(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) and o-chlorobenzoyl peroxide.
• the preparation of the toner resin of the present invention there can be adopted an emulsion polymerization process, a suspension polymerization process, a solution polymerization process, an emulsion-polymerization process, and the like.
• known emulsifiers and dispersants can be used, but for the preparation of the toner resin, sodium polyacrylate, a dispersant A formed by the following preparation process, and sodium sulfate as the polymerization stabilizer are preferably used.
• a 2-liter reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, a thermometer, and a gas-introducing tube is charged with 900 g of deionized water, 25 g of methyl methacrylate, and 75 g of 3-sodiumsulfopropyl methacrylate, nitrogen gas is blown into the reaction vessel to expel air from the vessel, and the inner temperature is elevated to 60°C, while stirring, by external heating, and 0.5 g of ammonium persulfate is added to the reaction mixture.
• the stirring is conducted at the above temperature for 3 hours, to obtain a polymer solution having a bluish-white appearance and a viscosity of 340 cP (at 25°C) as a suspending dispersant A (having a solid content of about 10%).
• the glass transition temperature (abbreviated to "Tg” hereinafter) of the toner resin of the present invention is 50 to 68°C. If the Tg is lower than 50°C, the blocking resistance of the toner becomes poor, and if the Tg is higher than 68°C, the fixing property of the toner becomes unsatisfactory.
• tan ⁇ is a value determined at 200°C.
• the tan ⁇ value of the toner resin of the present invention must be 0.3 to 0.7 at 200°C, as if the tan ⁇ is smaller than 0.3, the fixing property is poor, and if the tan ⁇ is larger than 0.7, the non-offsetting property is unsatisfactory. Namely, the tan ⁇ at 200°C is within the above-mentioned range, the resin has a good non-offsetting property.
• the Tg of the toner resin of the present invention is determined, for example, according to the following process.
• a sample is melt-quenched at 100°C and the Tg is determined according to the DSC method (temperature-elevating speed, 10°C/min).
• the tan ⁇ of the toner resin of the present invention is determined, for example, according to the following process. Namely, the temperature is elevated from 100°C to 200°C at a rate of 2°C per minute under the conditions of a sample diameter of 8 mm, a gap of 1 to 2 mm, a frequency of 288 rad/sec, and a strain of 3% by using a rheometer (Model RDA-700 supplied by Rheometrics), and the tan ⁇ of the toner resin of the present invention is measured at 200°C.
• a rheometer Model RDA-700 supplied by Rheometrics
• the blocking resistance, fixing level and non-offsetting property of each of the toners obtained in the examples were evaluated according to the following methods.
• a fixing tester wherein the pressure, temperature and speed of the roller could be freely selected was used for testing the fixing property and the non-offsetting property.
• the roller pressure was set at a nip width of 3 mm and the roller speed was set at 300 m/sec, and the test was carried at various temperatures.
• the fixing temperature range was defined as the range of from the roll temperature at which the fixing ratio was higher than 90% to the roll temperature at which offsetting occurred.
• the fixing property and non-offsetting property were evaluated based on this fixing temperature range.
• a Macbeth reflection densitometer was used for measuring the fixing property, and the ratio of the density of the toner fixed to a paper sheet to the density after a peeling of a tape was determined as the fixing ratio.
• a mixture of 2000 parts by weight of deionized water, 3.3 parts by weight of sodium polyacrylate (the solid content was 3.3%), 4.4 parts by weight of dispersant A prepared according to the above-mentioned process, and 5 parts by weight of sodium sulfate was charged in a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling tube, a stirrer and a thermometer, and then styrene, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, divinylbenzene, and benzoyl peroxide were mixed according to a recipe shown in Table 1, and the mixture charged to the reaction vessel.
• the temperature in the reaction vessel was elevated to 88°C, by heating with hot water from the outside the vessel, while maintaining the stirring rotation rate at 350 rpm, whereby a suspension polymerization was initiated. After about 2 hours had passed from the point of elevation of the inner temperature to 88°C, the inner temperature and outer temperature were reversed, and the inner temperature was maintained at 88°C for about 1 hour to complete the polymerization.
• the cooling tube was replaced by a distilling column, and the inner temperature was elevated to 100°C by a mantle heater to effect a distillation at 20% based on the deionized water. Then, the inner temperature was maintained at 90°C, 5 parts by weight of caustic soda were added to the reaction mixture, and the reaction mixture was water-cooled to below 40°C. Accordingly, resins A through E were obtained, and these resins were dried for 24 hours. The obtained resins were white and transparent, and the characteristics of these resins A through E are shown in Table 1.
• the fixing property, non-offsetting property, and blocking resistance of the toners AT through ET were evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 1. From Table 1, it is seen that each of the toners AT through ET had an excellent fixing property, non-offsetting property, and blocking resistance.
• Resins were prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1, except that styrene, n-butyl methacrylate, 1,3-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, and benzoyl peroxide were reacted according to recipes shown in Table 2.
• the physical properties of the obtained resins F and G are shown in Table 2.
• Toners FT and GT were formed from the resins F and G, under the same conditions as described in Example 1, and the toner characteristics were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2. From the results shown in Table 2, it is seen that the toners FT and GT had an excellent fixing property, non-offsetting property, and blocking resistance.
• Resins were prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1, except that styrene, n-butyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, divinylbenzene, and benzoyl peroxide were reacted according to recipes shown in Table 3.
• the physical properties of the obtained resins H through J are shown in Table 3.
• Toners HT through JT were formed from the resins H through J, under the same conditions as described in Example 1, and the toner characteristics were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 3. From the results shown in Table 3, it is seen that the toners HT through JT had an excellent fixing property, non-offsetting property, and blocking resistance.
• Resins were prepared in the same manner as described in Example 1, except that styrene, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, divinylbenzene, and benzoyl peroxide were reacted according to recipes shown in Table 4.
• the physical properties of the obtained resins K through N are shown in Table 4.
• Toners KT through NT were formed from the resins K through N under the same conditions as described in Example 1, and the toner characteristics were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 4. From the results shown in Table 4, it is seen that the toner KT had a poor non-offsetting property, the toner LT had a poor non-offsetting property and blocking resistance, and the toners MT and NT had a poor fixing property.
• a mixture of 6000 parts of deionized water and 4 parts by weight of dispersant A was charged in a reaction vessel equipped with a cooling tube, a stirrer, and a thermometer, and styrene, n-butyl acrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, divinylbenzene and potassium persulfate were mixed according to a recipe shown in Table 5, and charged in the reaction vessel.
• N2 gas was introduced into the reaction vessel for about 1 hour, and while maintaining the stirring rotation number at 175 rpm, the inner temperature of the reaction vessel was elevated to 70°C under a flow of N2 gas, by heating with hot water from outside of the reaction vessel. After a return current was generated, an emulsion polymerization was initiated, and after about 6 hours, from the point at which the inner temperature reached 70°C, the return current was ended and the emulsion temperature procedure was terminated.
• the temperature of the reaction mixture was elevated to 90°C, and an aqueous mixture comprising 970 parts by weight of deionized water and 30 parts by weight of hydrochloric acid was dropwise added to the reaction mixture over about 4 hours to form a resin solid from the emulsion, and the resin solid was cooled to obtain resins O through S, which were cooled for about 24 hours.
• the characteristic properties of the obtained resins O through S are shown in Table 5.
• Toners OT through ST were formed from the resins O through S under the same conditions as described in Example 1, and the toner characteristics were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 5. From the results shown in Table 5, it is seen that the toners OT through ST had an excellent fixing property, non-offsetting property, and blocking resistance.
• the toner resin of the present invention constructed while taking the rheological characteristics into consideration, provides a toner from a high-temperature high-speed copying machine, the toner having an excellent non-offsetting property, fixing property, and blocking resistance, and therefore, the speed of a copying machine or printer can be increased by using this toner.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
• Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

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Citations (3)

• 1990
  • 1990-11-30 JP JP2329899A patent/JPH04202307A/ja active Pending
• 1991
  • 1991-11-26 CA CA002056178A patent/CA2056178A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1991-11-27 EP EP19910120306 patent/EP0488238B1/de not_active Revoked
  • 1991-11-27 DE DE1991625689 patent/DE69125689T2/de not_active Revoked

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