Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
  • C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
  • C01B7/03—Preparation from chlorides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
  • C01B3/08—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents with metals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
  • C01D1/00—Oxides or hydroxides of sodium, potassium or alkali metals in general
  • C01D1/04—Hydroxides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
  • C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
  • C02F1/4691—Capacitive deionisation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
  • C02F1/001—Processes for the treatment of water whereby the filtration technique is of importance
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
  • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
  • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
  • Y02W10/30—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies
  • Y02W10/37—Wastewater or sewage treatment systems using renewable energies using solar energy

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method and a device for sea water desalination and for the production of energy and the raw materials contained in sea water.
• distillation plants have the disadvantage that they are exposed to a considerable risk of corrosion, which makes it necessary to replace the parts which come into contact with the sea water after 1 1/2 to 2 years. The productivity of these stills is limited to a maximum of 1000 3 per day.
• the freezing process is based on the formation and growth of individual crystals to which only chemically similar substances crystallize, while foreign particles cannot find a place in the lattice.
• the formation of intermediate crystalline zones, in which foreign particles can also be incorporated, takes place in aqueous solutions when approximately 50% of the salt solution has changed to the solid state.
• the one for freezing described in the Cooling units that are required in this way also work with low efficiency, but are very complex in terms of process technology. As a result, the variants described are in any case relatively expensive.
• the ions are extracted directly from the salt solution, the ions releasing their charge on the electrodes and the metal atoms formed in the process being deposited on the cathode.
• this method can only be used for weak salt solutions, but not for the desalination of sea water, since the concentration of the fluctuating ions is 10 coulombs per liter of solution. Attempts to reduce the number of ions to be extracted by using ion filters are therefore unsuitable, since these filters become unusable after a short time due to the ions deposited there. The problem of corrosion also comes to the fore in electrolytic processes.
• this object is achieved by the method described in claim 1.
• the basic idea of this method is that the ions dissociated in the seawater are extracted from the water without any significant energy expenditure and that their energy and their raw material contents can be used. The energy required for this can be reduced to the amount required to pump up the water; To pump up a meter of water a meter, only 0.003 kWh are required, the remaining amount of energy for maintaining the electrostatic field is 1000ths lower and can be neglected.
• the method according to the invention releases the energy of 55 kWh, which is bound in the salt water at an assumed 35 kg salt / m. Assuming 3 x 10 26 pairs of ions, ie 6 x 10 ions /, the charge is approximately 10 8 coulombs, which means an energy content by Coulo forces of 2.6 x 10
• Mobility of the ions an ion separation can be carried out without neutralization.
• the 55 kwH mentioned result from a molecular energy of 7 x 10 ⁇ 19
• the process according to the invention enables, in addition to sea water desalination and energy generation, the extraction of the raw materials bound in sea water, essentially alkali and alkaline earth metals, hydrogen and chlorine gas.
• the ions of the same name are separated in an electrostatic field by using their higher kinetic energy than the Coulomb *, but are removed by the strong suction effect of the flowing water from the electrostatic field without being neutralized to become.
• the respective water streams, which only contain ions of the same name, are then led past conductors, where they are discharged.
• the charge that can be removed in this case can be dissipated directly as direct current, the direct current having the advantage that the voltage loss is considerably lower even when transported over extremely long lines than in the case of alternating current transport.
• an alternative can also be used with a square-wave voltage which is applied to the electrodes (capacitor plates).
• the applied voltages amount to 200 kV to 500 kV in the case of direct voltage or in the case of square wave voltage between 5 and 20 kV, preferably between 7 kV and 10 kV, at a frequency between 10 Hz and 2 kHz. In a laboratory experiment, frequencies between 10 and 30 Hz were used, but 1 kHz to 2 kHz are proposed to achieve higher power generation or output power.
• the constant DC voltage be brief, that is to say with Interrupt pulses of 20 ⁇ sec by approximately equal opposite voltages. During these short-term pulses, the pent-up ions are repelled and carried away by the corresponding partial current flow, without the separation effect exerted by the constant electrostatic field being noticeably disturbed or hindered.
• Such repulsion pulses are also conceivable when using a square-wave voltage, the short-term voltage pulses being a maximum of 20 ⁇ sec or up to a maximum of 1/20 of the square-wave voltage roof length (duration of the positive voltage pulse).
• the ions are separated by means of electrodes
• only a partial separation of the ions present in the sea water is of course possible, which is at least about 20% of the amount of sea water used.
• the degree of ion separation essentially depends on which voltages are applied and at which flow rates the seawater is led through the electrodes. If necessary, the sea water can also be recycled several times through one and the same or the one separation stage in a recycling manner.
• the water / ion flows in question are conducted in earthed lines.
• the amount of water already deionized in the first stage can be deducted separately and is about 20% based on the amount of water used.
• the ion currents are guided parallel to one another on an ungrounded line section at such a distance that Coulomb's attractive forces become effective, with the result that the ions of the same name continue to concentrate in the opposite edge zones of the lines, where at the same time the further distant flow layers are deionized, so that the deionized water on the one hand and the smaller amounts of water mixed with strong ion concentrates on the other are each transported separately because of a corresponding pipe fork.
• the Lei tilves slaughtering is selected in this second stage so that 95 to 97 deionized water can be removed, so that after the second stage only about 2.4 to 4% of the original amount of water with strong ion concentration is led to the conductors.
• the largest possible electrostatic field is built up in the first stage, which is accomplished by applying a voltage between 200 and 500 kV to the electrodes.
• the preferred flow rate of the separated ion currents is between 3 and 7 / sec.
• the sea water flow or the flow of the aqueous ion solution can be maintained by pumping the sea water into a storage container, for example a height of 8 to 10 meters, before the first stage and the water or ion flow alone by consumption the potential energy previously obtained is maintained. In other words, after pumping up the water, only the gravitational forces are used to maintain the river.
• the sea water of the first stage is introduced from below into a space equipped with essentially vertical surface-like electrodes, the ions being deflected in the direction of the electrode by the electrostatic field between the electrodes .
• the ions Before the ions reach the electrodes, however, they are drawn off by the flow flow directed into the discharging lines, as a result of which the ion separation described is achieved in two streams with ions of the same name (positive or negative).
• the already deionized water is preferably drained off above the electrodes.
• the electrodes of the first stage are coated with a dielectric.
• the ion flow velocity is slowed down, for example to 40 to 60%, in order to avoid long line routing there due to line cross section v of the previous speed.
• the Coulomb forces between the ions of the same name which are conducted in separate lines, can have a particularly effective effect, the repulsive force of the charges of the same name being overcome by the total Clomb force of the sum of all charge carriers.
• the me water is mechanically filtered before being introduced into the first stage
• the neutral metals which are in highly concentrated form in aqueous solution, are passed into a reaction vessel, where (volatile) hydrogen, metals (essentially alkali and alkaline earth metals and chlorine gas are obtained.
• the hydrogen is produced according to the following chemical equations:
• Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions (NaOH and KOH) are directly industrially usable.
• Magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide can be processed independently of one another to separate magnesium or calcium, which can be achieved by heating the alkali in question to metal oxides (MgO or CaO) and then hydrogen excess according to the equations
• the separation of magnesium and calcium can preferably be carried out using the various melting points.
• the melting point of magnesium is 651 ° while that of calcium is 881 ° C.
• the Ma ⁇ nesi contained in the mixture melts and can be discharged in liquid form, accordingly the calcium is melted by heating to 900 ° C and also brought into a flowable state.
• Another useful element is the chlorine contained in large quantities in the me water. After the neutralization of the conductor stage, this can first be transferred in dissolved form into a rection tank, in which it gradually reacts to form water and chlorine gas. The escaping chlorine gas can be collected and sent to a cooler for the cleaning of steamed water. The purified chlorine gas is preferably cooled and compressed to - 50 ° C in a condenser.
• the method according to the invention is thus applicable in a large-scale plant, such as on motor-driven ships, d can use both the electrical energy and the water produced as an energy store and supplier.
• the use of hydrogen the energy of which is almost three times as high as that of the hydrocarbons, has the advantage that the combustion takes place free of toxins.
• the two drainage channels are grounded, with a further embodiment of the invention interrupting the grounding of the flow channels on one section and the drainage channels in this area at a distance between 2.5 and 3 run parallel to each other.
• a further discharge line for deionized water also branches off, while the drainage channels have a considerably smaller radius for further guidance of the ions, which are concentrated to a greater extent, in aqueous solution.
• the drainage channels in front of the section have a diameter of 8 to 12 cm, in the section a widened diameter, preferably to 1.3 to 2 times the cross-section, and behind the branched discharge pipe a cross-section that is only 3 to 5% large.
• the spacing of the drainage channels in front of and behind said section, in which the further ion concentration takes place (second separation stage), b is at least 3 m.
• the Vo tank, the second container, the electrodes, the drainage channel and / or the other drainage or inlet tube are lined with plastic, preferably PVC.
• the electrodes in the lower region of the second container are bent outwards.
• the storage tank has several filters and / or sludge deposit pools, so that the water pumped into the storage container passes through several serpentine-shaped chambers or filter screens before it is passed on to the second container (electrostatic field).
• the separating device for obtaining the chemical substances contained in the sea water consists of several reaction vessels, separating vessels and collecting vessels, each of which is known in principle in the prior art.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the system according to the invention.
• Fig. 2 is a perspective view of this system
• the sea water 10 is conveyed into a storage tank 14 by means of one or more pumps 1 via a feed line 1 ending below the sea level 12.
• a filter 15 is provided at the end of the feed line.
• the storage tank 1 is about 8 to 10 m high and has a capacity, since it is sufficient to allow a water supply to the subsequent system parts even in the case when a pump 11 fails or a filter 15 needs to be cleaned briefly.
• the pump 1 is also the only part of the system that requires energy. After pumping up the water, the further flow flow is maintained by gravitational forces. From the storage tank 1 leads at least one equipped with a control valve 18 from the flow line 16 to a second container 17.
• the Abflußleitun 16 opens into this container 17 in its substantially rectangular or square bottom area.
• the container 17 is i essentially prismatic, two de four walls are designed as electrodes 19, 20, which are connected to ent speaking control and supply devices.
• a drain line 2 for discharging deionized water.
• These drainage channels 22, 23 are grounded and lead to a second direct ion separation stage 24 in which the earthing of the drainage channels is removed and the drainage channels are led from a distance of 3 m to a distance of 0.5 m from one another.
• This second ion separation stage extends the discharge channel diameter in order to generate a lower flow rate.
• the flow rate is adjusted so that the available path s ⁇ is sufficient for the ions to collect in the opposite edge zones of the drainage channels due to their attractive force over smaller diameter drain channels 25, 26 to conductors 27, 28 which are also grounded. Shortly before the end of the second separation stage there are lines 29, 30 for the water freed from ions.
• the charge delivered to the conductors 27, 28 are discharged via lines 31, 32 in a manner known according to the prior art.
• the lying behind the conductors 27, 28 lying part of the drainage channels 25, 26 opens directly into a separating device 33, 34, in which, in addition to the hydrogen, alkaline or alkaline earths, calcium, magnesium and chlorine are obtained.
• the device according to the invention works as follows:
• the aqueous salt solution is fed into the storage tank 14 and from do into the second container 17, where it gets into the electrostatic field formed by the electrodes 19, 20.
• the electrodes 19, 20 are insulated by plastic coatings so that there is no electrical contact with the aqueous solution.
• the voltage to be applied to the electrodes should be as high as possible, eg 500 kV. Once the electric field builds up, the energy loss can be regarded as relatively small, the current flow from the electrodes may not exceed 5 mA. While the sea water in the second container 17 is moving upwards, the ions are separated in such a way that the negative ion migrate towards the anode 19 and the positive ions towards the cathode 20.
• the height of the electrodes 19, 20 i matched the amount of water introduced into the container 17 and its flow rate, in such a way that the usual the drain line 21 outflowing water is deionized.
• the applied electric field prevents the ions from flowing off via the drain line 21, rather the ions are discharged downwards in the direction of the arrows 35, 36 in connection with the water flow there and via the drain channels 22, 23 at a flow rate between 5 and approximately 7 m / sec transported away.
• the ions are therefore only deflected, but not neutralized. With this deflection, they lose part of their kinetic energy, which at the same time prevents them from moving further in the direction of the discharge line 21.
• the drainage channels 25, 26 are grounded to the second separation stage 2.
• this hydrogen is stored in hydrogen containers after prior removal and purification of water by condensation.
• the hydrogen can be used in the system, for example, as fuel.
• the remaining alkali and alkaline earth lyes can be separate different specific weights, whereby the alkali eyes are immediately technically usable.
• the alkaline earth eyes are first heated to represent the one metal, whereby water forms the respective metal oxides.
• the metal oxides are passed on to another reaction chamber, where they are exposed to a reducing hydrogen flame , whereby the reaction is maintained by constant drainage g of the individual alkaline earth metals, in particular the magnium and the calcium, is carried out in a further stage by gradually heating the mixture to a temperature above the melting point of the magnesium (651 ° C.), but below half the melting point of the calcium (881 ° C.) , whereby the Magn sium becomes liquid and can be removed. After heating a eg 900 ° C, the calcium also becomes liquid and can be removed. The remaining residues are otherwise disposed of.
• FIG. 2 shows a metal rectification 40. Halogen extraction is illustrated using the example of chlorine.
• FIG. 2 further scaffolds 42 and 43 voltage supplies for the electrodes 19, 20 and control units 44 for the electricity obtained are shown.

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• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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• Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)

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• 1989
  • 1989-04-19 DE DE3912793A patent/DE3912793A1/de not_active Ceased
• 1990
  • 1990-04-14 JP JP2505596A patent/JPH04504674A/ja active Pending
  • 1990-04-14 EP EP90905440A patent/EP0468981A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1990-04-14 AU AU54074/90A patent/AU5407490A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1990-04-14 WO PCT/DE1990/000288 patent/WO1990012758A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1990-04-14 CA CA002053263A patent/CA2053263A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1990-04-18 DD DD90339850A patent/DD293800A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1990-04-18 IL IL94116A patent/IL94116A0/xx unknown
  • 1990-04-19 PT PT93805A patent/PT93805A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1990-04-19 NZ NZ233383A patent/NZ233383A/en unknown
  • 1990-04-19 YU YU00780/90A patent/YU78090A/xx unknown
  • 1990-05-24 CN CN90103074A patent/CN1056669A/zh active Pending
  • 1990-06-01 US US07/532,259 patent/US5124012A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1990-12-28 OA OA59934A patent/OA10037A/en unknown
• 1991
  • 1991-10-16 FI FI914891A patent/FI914891A0/fi not_active Application Discontinuation

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