EP0465427A1 - Superstructure de caisse pour véhicules ferroviaires - Google Patents

Superstructure de caisse pour véhicules ferroviaires Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0465427A1
EP0465427A1 EP91810509A EP91810509A EP0465427A1 EP 0465427 A1 EP0465427 A1 EP 0465427A1 EP 91810509 A EP91810509 A EP 91810509A EP 91810509 A EP91810509 A EP 91810509A EP 0465427 A1 EP0465427 A1 EP 0465427A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
body structure
structure according
longitudinal grooves
substructure
superstructure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91810509A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0465427B1 (fr
Inventor
Roland Hänni
Alex Stutz
Giorgio Destefani
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3A Composites International AG
Original Assignee
Alusuisse Lonza Services Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alusuisse Lonza Services Ltd filed Critical Alusuisse Lonza Services Ltd
Publication of EP0465427A1 publication Critical patent/EP0465427A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0465427B1 publication Critical patent/EP0465427B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
    • B61D17/04—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures
    • B61D17/041—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures with bodies characterised by use of light metal, e.g. aluminium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61—RAILWAYS
    • B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
    • B61D17/00—Construction details of vehicle bodies
    • B61D17/04—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures
    • B61D17/043—Construction details of vehicle bodies with bodies of metal; with composite, e.g. metal and wood body structures connections between superstructure sub-units

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a body structure for rail vehicles, which comprise a superstructure with extruded profiles made of an aluminum alloy that are detachably connected by mechanical means, and a substructure.
  • EP-PS 0186625 describes a chassis for road vehicles, in particular made of an aluminum alloy, with longitudinal and cross-members penetrating them and an outer frame for receiving floor planks running in the longitudinal direction. The profiles are screwed together with elbows.
  • the chassis must be self-supporting as such, otherwise it could not be used as a loading bridge for road vehicles.
  • this solution which was designed for a chassis for road vehicles, cannot be transferred to the construction of rail vehicles because there are different conditions and different requirements.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a body structure for rail vehicles of the type mentioned, which achieves the stability required for rail vehicles with little effort has a low weight and is easy to repair.
  • the substructure consists of longitudinal and cross members detachably connected to one another and to the superstructure by mechanical means, made of an extruded aluminum alloy, which substructure is inherently stable in cooperation with the superstructure. Special embodiments and further training are the subject of dependent claims.
  • the mechanical means for the profile connection are preferably screwable corner connectors with screw holes in both legs.
  • corner connectors with clamping plates known per se, reference is made to DE-PS 2751753 and the Swiss patent applications No. 01246/90 and 02014/90.
  • the longitudinal members and at least partially the cross members of the substructure as well as the posts and upper chords of the superstructure on at least one side have two undercut longitudinal grooves for receiving screw nuts , preferably rotatable clamping plates, or clamping clips with crossbars.
  • the above-mentioned, preferably spaced-apart longitudinal grooves are essentially formed by C-shaped profile approaches.
  • the corner pieces with clamping plates positioned in the longitudinal direction of the two legs can be inserted into the undercut grooves of the profiles to be connected and the screws screwed into the clamping plates can be tightened with a screwdriver, wrench or the like.
  • the clamping plates rotate by 45 ° and ensure a secure, stable connection after tightening the screws (EP-PS 2751753).
  • corner connectors consist of two mutually movable angle pieces, each of which has a groove on the side facing away from the complementary angle piece and a wedge surface on the opposite side along its legs. Both profiles have a second web parallel to the first web on both profile legs. These engage positively in the grooves of the elbows.
  • the angle pieces are spread apart from each other by at least one wedge rail, which lies against the wedge surfaces and is tightened against the associated profile by screws (Swiss patent application No. 01246/90).
  • the corner connectors are fixed with clamping clips in the longitudinal grooves formed by C-profile approaches.
  • the clamping brackets are inserted into the longitudinal groove with the screws inserted.
  • the strips of the C-profile lugs that delimit the opening of the longitudinal grooves each have a thickening on the inside.
  • the clamping bracket has on both sides a longitudinal bulge which engages behind the thickening and on both sides of the screw at least one cross bar which presses into the thickening of the relevant strip when the screw is tightened. This enables a large application of force in the longitudinal direction of the profile (Swiss patent application No. 02014/90).
  • the posts of the side walls and possibly also the bow of the roof are preferably formed in two parts and consist of extruded profiles made of an aluminum alloy which are connected to one another via at least two webs.
  • the width of the connecting webs is matched to the lateral offset of the two relevant longitudinal grooves in the side longitudinal member and in the top flange.
  • the connecting webs consist of a material with high mechanical strength, in particular a plastic, such as Polyethylene or polypropylene. If no insulation properties are to be fulfilled, the connecting webs can also consist of an aluminum alloy.
  • the cavities of the extruded profiles, in particular the side posts, can be foamed, e.g. with a polystyrene foam. This can significantly reduce the annoying roar in railroad cars.
  • the car body structure shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 is designed for the transport of people in local rail traffic. It essentially consists of a substructure 1 and a superstructure 2 made of extruded aluminum profiles which are screwed to corner connectors 13, 24, 25. This results in an at least partially modular structure, so that a construction can be transferred to vehicles of different length, width or height with little effort using the same basic elements.
  • the substructure 1 comprises two inner longitudinal members 3 and two outer longitudinal members 4, which are continuous extruded profiles, and cross members 5.
  • the superstructure comprises posts 6, an upper chord 7 on both sides and a roof 8.
  • the inner side members 3 also serve to transfer the buffer forces and are relatively solid. They essentially consist of a rectangular hollow profile with two undercut grooves 12 formed on both sides with respect to the cross-section of C-shaped profile approaches. On both sides, two grooves 12 each have a common central web 11.
  • a corner connector 13 rests on each undercut longitudinal groove.
  • the contact surface of two adjacent longitudinal grooves 12 lie on a common plane E.
  • the screws 14 with clamping plates 34 shown in FIG. 5 are only indicated.
  • the narrow long sides of the longitudinal beam 3, which have no grooves, are reinforced, which increases the bending rigidity.
  • the crossbeams 5 which are designed as rectangular tubes, are arranged at a distance from one another and run parallel. They are fastened with corner connectors 13 to two adjacent longitudinal profiles 3, 4 or 3, 3.
  • the corner connectors 13 known per se which are not shown in further detail, are, for example, solid sheet metal pieces which are bent at right angles or corresponding drop-forged shaped pieces.
  • the stability and operational safety can be increased by arranging two undercut longitudinal grooves 12 lying next to one another.
  • the outer longitudinal member 4, which forms the transition from the substructure 1 to the superstructure 2, has, in addition to the two longitudinal grooves 12 for fixing the cross member 5, two further, upwardly opening longitudinal grooves 15. These correspond to the longitudinal grooves 12, but the wall thickness can be made smaller . Furthermore, the laterally and vertically offset longitudinal grooves 15 have a connecting web 20. The outer longitudinal groove 15 is deeper than the inner one. This is not only conducive to increased rigidity, but also makes it easier to attach a protective outer shell.
  • the posts 6 screwed to the outer side member 4 via corner connections 24 comprise two essentially rectangular, extruded hollow profiles 16, 17 which are connected by poorly heat-conducting webs 18 made of polyethylene (FIG. 4).
  • the connecting webs 18 are inserted and caulked in appropriately shaped longitudinal grooves 19 of both profiles.
  • the arrangement of the connecting webs 18 in the outer region also allows the space between the profiles 16, 17 to be closed.
  • Both the inner and the outer profile 16, 17 of the post 6 have undercut longitudinal grooves 15 arranged on both narrow sides at the same distance as the longitudinal beams 4 on their upper side.
  • the inner profile 16 extends above the outer profile 17 of the post 6.
  • the levels are marked with E ′ designated for the inner profile and E ⁇ for the outer profile.
  • the corner connectors 24 rest on the corresponding undercut longitudinal groove 15 on these two height-shifted levels.
  • the planes E 'and E ⁇ shown in the upper chord 7 are shown in dashed lines in the outer longitudinal member 4.
  • the post 6 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 is a door-window post 22.
  • the two longitudinal grooves 15 are arranged so that the corner connectors 25 can be created on the same plane E.
  • the outer profile 17 projects beyond the inner 16 in the longitudinal direction of the carriage.
  • the corner connectors 24 that are created are thus screwed on different levels E 'and E ⁇ .
  • the height offset of the corner connector 24 on the upper flange 7 promotes stability
  • the lateral offset of the corner connector 24 on the window side F of the door-window post 22 facilitates the interior work without significantly contributing to better stability.
  • the upper flange 7 which is designed as an angled hollow profile, has to take over a substantial part of the bending moments of the body structure.
  • the two upper belts 7 are connected to one another via the bow 27, which also function as a ceiling beam.
  • the upper chord 7 has only an undercut groove 15, which is used for screwing to a bow 27.
  • the clamping plates, not shown, of a corner connector 24 engage in the groove 15 of the upper chord 7 and a longitudinal groove in the bow 27.
  • connection between the upper chord 7 and the roof brackets 15 can be designed to be substantially more rigid in that, analogous to the outer longitudinal profile 4, two adjacent longitudinal grooves 15 are formed and the roof 8 comprises two bows 27, one above the other, possibly connected with webs.
  • the corner connectors 24 in the window area F are drop-forged angles, e.g. according to DE-PS 2751753.
  • the corner connectors 25 are L-shaped molded parts, which take up as little space as possible.
  • middle straps 32 are inserted between the posts. These each have an undercut longitudinal groove 15 at the top and bottom and are screwed to the outer profile 17 by means of corner connectors 24. A further undercut groove 15 protrudes from the center belt 32 against the interior of the car and can be used, for example, to fasten seat backrests.
  • the parallelogram-like clamping plate 34 shown in FIG. 5 has angles of 45 and 135 °. After insertion into a longitudinal groove, the plates are pivoted by 90 ° when the screws 14 (FIG. 2) screwed into the bore 35 with an internal thread are tightened, they strike the side walls of the longitudinal groove 12, 15 and can be clamped in place.
  • the anchoring is improved by the convex design of the side of the clamping plate 34 drawn against the profile, which causes a toothing.
  • the design of the body structure according to the invention is structurally extremely adaptable and versatile. It allows a wide range of variations with just a few standard profiles of the bodywork. Thanks to the double design of the undercut longitudinal grooves, the frame is very torsion-resistant. The offset of the corner connectors 24 on the posts 6 and possibly the bow 27 in two directions also makes a significant contribution to this, because as a result the pair of forces formed under bending stress has a much greater distance and therefore significantly lower forces occur at the same moment.
  • the body structure is self-supporting due to the interaction of substructure 1 and superstructure 2 and, if at all, only requires special stiffeners in the area of a height offset 33 for the installation of a bogie.
  • the car bodies Due to the high flexural strength of the connection points, the car bodies can be designed as tubes that are open on both sides, without stiffening at the front ends being necessary. Due to the absorption of the bending moment by the top chords 7, the longitudinal, 3, 4 and cross members 5 of the substructure 1 require only a small overall height, so that the floor above can be arranged very low. This makes it much easier to get started.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Automotive Seat Belt Assembly (AREA)
  • Treatment And Processing Of Natural Fur Or Leather (AREA)
  • Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)
  • Road Paving Machines (AREA)
  • Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
  • Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)
  • Automatic Cycles, And Cycles In General (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Machines For Laying And Maintaining Railways (AREA)
  • Platform Screen Doors And Railroad Systems (AREA)
  • Supports Or Holders For Household Use (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Ladders (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Cultivation Receptacles Or Flower-Pots, Or Pots For Seedlings (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
EP91810509A 1990-07-06 1991-07-01 Superstructure de caisse pour véhicules ferroviaires Expired - Lifetime EP0465427B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH2256/90 1990-07-06
CH2256/90A CH682993A5 (de) 1990-07-06 1990-07-06 Wagenkastenaufbau für Schienenfahrzeuge.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0465427A1 true EP0465427A1 (fr) 1992-01-08
EP0465427B1 EP0465427B1 (fr) 1995-11-22

Family

ID=4229528

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91810509A Expired - Lifetime EP0465427B1 (fr) 1990-07-06 1991-07-01 Superstructure de caisse pour véhicules ferroviaires

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (1) US5287813A (fr)
EP (1) EP0465427B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH04232174A (fr)
AT (1) ATE130554T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU647489B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2045848C (fr)
CH (1) CH682993A5 (fr)
CZ (1) CZ281615B6 (fr)
DE (1) DE59106931D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0465427T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2080283T3 (fr)
FI (1) FI913274A (fr)
HU (1) HU211423B (fr)
NO (1) NO175047C (fr)
PT (1) PT98237B (fr)
SK (1) SK279886B6 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996015018A1 (fr) * 1994-11-14 1996-05-23 Dunder Trading I Haparanda Aktiebolag Structure de longeron et de carrosserie de vehicule
EP0755838A1 (fr) * 1995-07-27 1997-01-29 Alusuisse Technology & Management AG Ossature avec cadres de porte et éléments de paroi
WO1999038748A1 (fr) * 1998-01-29 1999-08-05 Siemens Duewag Schienenfahrzeuge Gmbh Caisse d'un vehicule a grande capacite, en particulier d'un vehicule ferroviaire
WO2009092462A1 (fr) * 2008-01-24 2009-07-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Caisse pour un véhicule ferroviaire
EP2669133A1 (fr) * 2012-05-30 2013-12-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Structure de caisses pour véhicules
EP2977287B1 (fr) * 2014-07-22 2020-03-11 ALSTOM Transport Technologies Parois structurelles pour une caisse de véhicule ferroviaire, procédé d'assemblage et véhicule ferroviaire associés

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH688487A5 (de) * 1993-12-14 1997-10-15 Alusuisse Lonza Services Ag Steckverbindung.
US5653494A (en) * 1994-06-29 1997-08-05 Transmaster Technologies Inc. Modular sport, work, and travel trailer system
DE19545591C1 (de) * 1995-12-07 1997-04-10 Alusuisse Lonza Services Ag Fahrzeug, insbesondere Straßen- oder Schienenfahrzeug, mit einem Skelett
IT1294759B1 (it) * 1996-09-06 1999-04-12 Kobe Seiko Sho Anche Conosciut Membro di giunzione per una struttura saldata
US6139081A (en) * 1998-04-21 2000-10-31 General Safety Equipment Vehicle structural member
SE514417C2 (sv) * 1999-06-10 2001-02-19 Daimler Chrysler Ag Vagnkorg och förfarande för framställning av en regel
GB0008076D0 (en) * 2000-04-04 2000-05-24 Robert Wright & Son Coachworks Vehicle frame part
FR2813262B1 (fr) * 2000-08-30 2004-10-15 Alstom Caisse de vehicule ferroviaire
DE10110840A1 (de) * 2001-01-30 2002-08-01 Putzmeister Ag Mobile Arbeitsmaschine mit begehbaren Pritschen
PT1285837E (pt) 2001-08-17 2005-08-31 Alcan Tech & Man Ag Esqueleto de estrutura da construcao de uma carrocaria
WO2004026663A2 (fr) * 2002-09-17 2004-04-01 Alcoa Inc. Ensemble structure arriere pour chassis de remorque
US7461889B1 (en) * 2006-01-25 2008-12-09 Elham Sahraei Esfahani Collision safety structure
JP4266024B2 (ja) * 2006-03-28 2009-05-20 株式会社日立製作所 軌条車両、その製作方法、及びそれに用いる中空形材
DE102007022198A1 (de) * 2007-05-11 2008-11-13 Siemens Ag Bausatz für eine Wagenkasten-Rohbaustruktur
DE102011000809A1 (de) * 2011-02-18 2012-08-23 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Trägeranordnung für ein Fahrzeug
EP4052987B1 (fr) * 2021-03-05 2023-05-10 Bombardier Transportation GmbH Structure de plancher d'un véhicule ferroviaire et procédé de fabrication d'une telle structure de plancher
US11787449B2 (en) 2021-03-05 2023-10-17 Bombardier Transportation Gmbh Floor structure of a rail vehicle and method of manufacturing such floor structure

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU37123A1 (fr) * 1957-06-14
FR1603258A (fr) * 1967-08-16 1971-03-29
EP0136264A2 (fr) * 1983-09-15 1985-04-03 Alusuisse-Lonza Services Ag Charpente de wagon ou de voiture
EP0302017A1 (fr) * 1987-07-31 1989-02-01 Alusuisse-Lonza Services Ag Ossature d'une paroi latérale de véhicule

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US2036555A (en) * 1934-04-23 1936-04-07 American Car & Foundry Co Car construction
US2223667A (en) * 1938-02-03 1940-12-03 Pullman Standard Car Mfg Co Railway car body
US2697990A (en) * 1948-10-07 1954-12-28 Acf Ind Inc Lightweight passenger car
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CH627982A5 (de) * 1977-11-03 1982-02-15 Alusuisse Wagenkastenkonstruktion fuer strassen- oder schienenfahrzeuge zur personenbefoerderung.
DE2755697C3 (de) * 1977-12-14 1980-09-25 Wieland-Werke Ag, 7900 Ulm Wärmegedämmtes Verbundprofil
DE2937454C2 (de) * 1979-09-15 1985-08-08 SCHÜCO Heinz Schürmann GmbH & Co, 4800 Bielefeld Verbundprofil, insbesondere für Fenster, Türen und Fassaden sowie Verfahren zum Herstellen des Verbundprofils
CH643498A5 (de) * 1979-12-20 1984-06-15 Alusuisse Wagenkastenaufbau fuer strassen- und schienenfahrzeuge.
CH663067A5 (de) * 1984-01-11 1987-11-13 Hess Carrosserie Wagenkastenaufbau, insbesondere fuer strassen- oder schienenfahrzeuge.
US4599342A (en) * 1984-01-16 1986-07-08 The Procter & Gamble Company Pharmaceutical products providing enhanced analgesia
DE3563831D1 (en) * 1984-12-20 1988-08-25 Alusuisse Vehicle frame
GB2187148B (en) * 1986-02-10 1989-10-25 British Alcan Aluminium Ltd Frame construction
US4852937A (en) * 1987-01-29 1989-08-01 American Eagle Fire Apparatus Co., Inc. Common grooved and slotted structural members for a truck body
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DE4009401A1 (de) * 1990-03-23 1991-09-26 Porsche Ag Traeger, insbesondere laengstraeger einer fahrzeug-aufbaustruktur

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU37123A1 (fr) * 1957-06-14
FR1603258A (fr) * 1967-08-16 1971-03-29
EP0136264A2 (fr) * 1983-09-15 1985-04-03 Alusuisse-Lonza Services Ag Charpente de wagon ou de voiture
EP0302017A1 (fr) * 1987-07-31 1989-02-01 Alusuisse-Lonza Services Ag Ossature d'une paroi latérale de véhicule

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
SCHWEIZER ALUMINIUM RUNDSCHAU, Band 16, Nr. 2, März 1966, Seite 49; A. HODEL: "Aluminium Personenwagen" *

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996015018A1 (fr) * 1994-11-14 1996-05-23 Dunder Trading I Haparanda Aktiebolag Structure de longeron et de carrosserie de vehicule
US5997075A (en) * 1994-11-14 1999-12-07 Dunder Trading I Haparanda Aktiebolag Beam and vehicle body structure
EP0755838A1 (fr) * 1995-07-27 1997-01-29 Alusuisse Technology & Management AG Ossature avec cadres de porte et éléments de paroi
CH689939A5 (de) * 1995-07-27 2000-02-15 Alusuisse Lonza Services Ag Gerippestruktur mit Türrahmen und Wandelementen.
WO1999038748A1 (fr) * 1998-01-29 1999-08-05 Siemens Duewag Schienenfahrzeuge Gmbh Caisse d'un vehicule a grande capacite, en particulier d'un vehicule ferroviaire
WO2009092462A1 (fr) * 2008-01-24 2009-07-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Caisse pour un véhicule ferroviaire
EP2669133A1 (fr) * 2012-05-30 2013-12-04 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Structure de caisses pour véhicules
EP2977287B1 (fr) * 2014-07-22 2020-03-11 ALSTOM Transport Technologies Parois structurelles pour une caisse de véhicule ferroviaire, procédé d'assemblage et véhicule ferroviaire associés

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU647489B2 (en) 1994-03-24
NO175047C (no) 1994-08-31
PT98237B (pt) 1999-02-26
SK279886B6 (sk) 1999-05-07
CH682993A5 (de) 1993-12-31
HU211423B (en) 1995-11-28
NO912605D0 (no) 1991-07-03
FI913274A (fi) 1992-01-07
DE59106931D1 (de) 1996-01-04
JPH04232174A (ja) 1992-08-20
DK0465427T3 (da) 1996-04-09
CZ281615B6 (cs) 1996-11-13
ATE130554T1 (de) 1995-12-15
AU7941291A (en) 1992-01-09
CA2045848C (fr) 1996-07-09
PT98237A (pt) 1993-08-31
EP0465427B1 (fr) 1995-11-22
NO912605L (no) 1992-01-07
US5287813A (en) 1994-02-22
HU912280D0 (en) 1991-12-30
HUT60961A (en) 1992-11-30
NO175047B (no) 1994-05-16
ES2080283T3 (es) 1996-02-01
FI913274A0 (fi) 1991-07-05
CS206691A3 (en) 1992-02-19
CA2045848A1 (fr) 1992-01-07

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