EP0462806B1 - Procédé et composition pour le traitement de textiles - Google Patents

Procédé et composition pour le traitement de textiles Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0462806B1
EP0462806B1 EP91305515A EP91305515A EP0462806B1 EP 0462806 B1 EP0462806 B1 EP 0462806B1 EP 91305515 A EP91305515 A EP 91305515A EP 91305515 A EP91305515 A EP 91305515A EP 0462806 B1 EP0462806 B1 EP 0462806B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fabric
composition
dye
weight
cationic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP91305515A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0462806A2 (fr
EP0462806A3 (en
Inventor
Martin Unilever Research Concannon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
Original Assignee
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=10677937&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0462806(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Unilever PLC, Unilever NV filed Critical Unilever PLC
Publication of EP0462806A2 publication Critical patent/EP0462806A2/fr
Publication of EP0462806A3 publication Critical patent/EP0462806A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0462806B1 publication Critical patent/EP0462806B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Revoked legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/0021—Dye-stain or dye-transfer inhibiting compositions

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process and composition for treating fabrics to reduce the amount of dye released from coloured fabrics during wet treatments such as washing and rinsing processes.
  • Dye fixing agents generally act in one of two ways either (i) as soaping aids to assist in the removal of loosely held dye from the fabric so that the remaining strongly held dye is relatively fast to subsequent wet treatments or (ii) as binding agents which assist in binding the loosely held dye to the fabric and thus improving the fastness of the dye to subsequent wet treatments.
  • the present invention is concerned with the second (binding) type of dye fixing agent.
  • the present invention seeks to provide a process and a composition which reduce the amount of dye released from coloured fabrics during wet treatments wherein the drawbacks of the art are mitigated to a substantial degree.
  • Dye fixing agents when applied as an industrial treatment are generally either exhausted from a heated liquor comprising the fixing agent at specified level, salt to give an optimum ionic strength and pH adjusters to maintain the pH at low level or padded through the fabric using the heated liquor previously described. It is generally believed that liquor temperatures above 40°C are necessary to effect treatment. Thus in Sandoz technical literature on INDOSOL E-50 Liquid (27.02.84 Ref 6008.35.84), a cationic dye fixing agent, the treatment liquor is heated for 20-30 minutes at temperatures between 50 and 60°C to effect exhaustion.
  • dye fixing agents may be exhausted onto fabrics as part of a domestic treatment process at temperatures below 40°C at generally lower levels than used industrially and that such a process may reduce the amount of dye released from coloured fabrics during wet treatments such as domestic laundering.
  • the invention provides a process for the domestic treatment of a fabric to reduce the amount of dye released from the fabric during wet treatments comprising the steps of contacting the fabric with a solution of a composition comprising (a) between 0.01 and 25% by weight of a cationic dye fixing agent and (b) a cationic fabric softening compound, wherein the temperature of the solution is between 5°C and 25°C throughout the process.
  • the process may be carried out as part of a domestic laundering process i.e. as part of the wash step or as part of the rinse step, or as a separate treatment.
  • nonionic detergent active materials when added to the composition of the invention may enhance the effect of the dye fixing agent so that a substantial reduction in the amount of dye released from treated fabrics in subsequent wet treatments is seen. This is unexpected since the industrial literature teaches that a certain ionic strength in the treatment solution is needed to prevent excessive dye release. Thus it is particularly advantageous to incorporate the dye fixing agent in a nonionic based detergent powder or liquid which can then be used in the process of the invention.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising:
  • the amount of dye fixing agent to be employed in the composition of the invention is from 0.01% to 25% by weight, preferably from 1% to 25% by weight, more preferably from 5% to 20% by weight.
  • the process of the invention is particularly convenient when carried out as part of the rinse step of the laundering process, the temperature of the rinse water generally being between 5°C and 25°C, the dye fixing agent being part of a composition comprising ingredients normally associated with rinse conditioners.
  • compositions according to the invention also contain one or more detergent active materials, preferably selected from soaps, non-soap anionic, nonionic, zwitterionic and amphoteric synthetic detergent active materials, and cationic, and optionally nonionic, zwitterionic and amphoteric fabric softening materials.
  • detergent active materials preferably selected from soaps, non-soap anionic, nonionic, zwitterionic and amphoteric synthetic detergent active materials, and cationic, and optionally nonionic, zwitterionic and amphoteric fabric softening materials.
  • Nonionic detergent active materials are especially useful in the context of the present invention.
  • Suitable nonionic compounds which may be used include in particular the reaction products of compounds having a hydrophobic group and a reactive hydrogen atom, for example aliphatic alcohols, acids, amides or alkyl phenols with alkylene oxides, especially ethylene oxide either alone or with propylene oxide.
  • Specific nonionic detergent compounds are alkyl (C 6 -C 22 ) phenols-ethylene oxide condensates, generally up to 25 EO, i.e. up to 25 units of ethylene oxide per molecule, the condensation products of aliphatic (C 8 -C 18 ) primary or secondary linear or branched alcohols with ethylene oxide, generally up to 40 EO, and products made by condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction products of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine.
  • Other so-called nonionic detergent compounds include alkyl polyglycosides, long tertiary amine oxides, long chain tertiary phosphine oxides and dialkyl sulphoxides.
  • Amounts of amphoteric or zwitterionic detergent compounds can also be used in the compositions of the invention but this is not normally desired due to their relatively high cost. If any amphoteric or zwitterionic detergent compounds are used it is generally in small amounts.
  • Suitable fabric softening compounds are cationic fabric softening materials and optionally nonionic fabric softening materials.
  • Suitable materials include substantially water-insoluble quaternary ammonium compounds such as for instance disclosed in EP 89200545.5 and EP-A-239 910, amine materials, amphoteric fabric conditioning materials as disclosed in EP 89200545.5, clays, polysiloxanes as disclosed in EP-A-150 867 (Procter and Gamble Co.) and nonionic cellulose ethers as disclosed in EP-A-213 730 (Unilever).
  • the effective amount of the detergent active or fabric softening compound or compounds used in the composition of the present invention is generally in the range of up to 50%, preferably up to 40% by weight, most preferably not more than 30% by weight of the composition.
  • the level is between 1% and 50%, more preferably between 2% and 30%.
  • Detergency compositions of the invention may include detergency builder to improve the efficiency of the detergent active, in particular to remove calcium hardness ions from the water and to provide alkalinity.
  • the builder material may be selected from inorganic precipitating builders materials (such as alkali metal carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, orthophosphates and silicates), sequestering builder materials (such as alkali metal pyrophosphates, polyphosphates, amino polyacetates, phytates, polyphosphonates, aminopolymethylene phosphonates and polycarboxylates), ion-exchange builder materials (such as zeolites and amorphous alumino-silicates), organic precipitating builder materials (such as those having the formula (I): wherein: R 1 is C 10 -C 24 alkyl or alkenyl, or an arylalkyl or alkylaryl group of equivalent chain length; X is CH, CR 2 , N or CON; R 2
  • builder materials include sodium tripolyphosphate, mixtures thereof with sodium orthophosphate, sodium carbonate, mixtures thereof with calcite as a seed crystal, sodium citrate, zeolite and the sodium salt of nitrilo- triacetic acid.
  • the level of such builder material in the compositions of the invention may be up to 80% by weight, preferably from 20% to 70% by weight and most preferably from 30% to 60% by weight.
  • Detergent compositions according to the invention preferably are alkaline, in that they yield a pH of more than 8.0 when added to water at a concentration of 1% by weight at 25°C.
  • a detergent composition of the invention can contain any of the conventional additives in the amount in which such additives are normally employed in fabric washing detergent compositions.
  • these additives include additional fabric softening agents.
  • the fabric softening agent is a mixture of organic precipitating builder and either a cationic fabric softening agent or a fatty amine.
  • lather boosters such as alkanolamides, particularly the monoethanolamides derivatives from palm kernel fatty acids and coconut fatty acids, lather depressants, oxygen-releasing bleaching agents such as sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, peracid bleach precursors, chlorine-releasing bleaching agents such as tricloroisocyanuric acid, inorganic salts such as sodium sulphate, and, usually present in very minor amounts, fluorescent agents, perfumes including deodorant perfumes, enzymes such as cellulases, proteases and amylases, germicides and colourants.
  • lather boosters such as alkanolamides, particularly the monoethanolamides derivatives from palm kernel fatty acids and coconut fatty acids
  • lather depressants oxygen-releasing bleaching agents such as sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, peracid bleach precursors, chlorine-releasing bleaching agents such as tricloroisocyanuric acid, inorganic salts such as sodium sulphate, and, usually present in very minor amounts, fluorescent
  • compositions may be in any convenient form such as bars, powders, pastes or liquids which may be aqueous or non-aqueous and structured or unstructured.
  • the detergent compositions may be prepared in any way appropriate to their physical form such as by dry-mixing the components, co-agglomerating them or dispersing them in a liquid carrier.
  • the fabric softening agent may be incorporated as such or it may be incorporated in the form of particles.
  • the dye fixing agent may be incorporated in liquid or solid form.
  • compositions of the present invention which are specifically suitable for use in the rinse preferably comprise from 1 to 70% of the fabric softening compound.
  • compositions of the present invention are preferably liquid and comprise an aqueous base, which may constitute from 5 to 97% by weight of the composition.
  • the pH of fabric softening compositions for use in the rinse is preferably less than 8.0 when added to water at a concentration of 1% by weight of the composition.
  • Dye fixing agents Indosol E-50 (trademark) ex Sandox and Croscolor NOFF ex Crosfields Textile Chemicals were separately applied to cloths dyed (and unfixed) with a range of dyes. The application took place from a range of solutions at 20°C and 40°C and in each case both coloured and white cloths were present to assess the dye transfer taking place during the treatment process. Colour changes were measured as CIELAB E values for DG5 illumination and 10° observer.
  • the treated coloured cloths and treated white monitors were washed together in a detergent composition at 40°C for 15 minutes with clean white monitors.
  • a control experiment was also carried out using untreated coloured cloths and clean monitors.
  • the detergent composition in parts by weight was as follows: Linear alkyl sulphate 6 Ethoxylated nonionic 7EO 4.5 Ethoxylated nonionic 3EO 3.5 Soap (anhydrous) 0.27 Fatty ACid C 16 - C 18 0.3 Sodium silicate (alkaline) 6 Sodium tripolyphate 25 Sodium carbonate 5 Sodium carboxymethyl Cellulose 0.32 Acrylic/Maleic Copolymer 0.5 Sodium ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid 0.13 Sodium sulphate 26 Water and minors 7.96
  • Liquid fabric treatment compositions according to the invention suitable for use in the rinse cycle of a domestic washing machine are as follows: A B HTTMAPC 1 5.8 35.0 Hardened tallow 0.95 5.7 fatty acid Genapol T-150 2 0.05 0.3 Indosol E50 5 30.0 Perfume 0.15 0.9 Water and minors Balance Balance 100 100 1. 1,2-dihardened tallow oxy trimethyl ammonium propane chloride (ex Hoechst). 2. Tallow alcohol ethoxylated with 15 moles of ethylene oxide trademark ex Shell.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Coloring (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Procédé pour le traitement domestique d'un textile pour réduire la quantité de teinture libérée du textile pendant les traitements au mouillé, qui comprend l'étape de mise en contact du textile avec une solution d'une composition comprenant (a) entre 0,01 et 25 % en poids d'un agent de fixation des teintures cationique et (b) un composé assouplisseur des textiles cationique, la température de la solution étant entre 5 et 25°C tout au long du procédé.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la composition comprend de 1 à 25 % en poids d'agent de fixation des teintures cationique.
  3. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le procédé est effectué comme partie de l'étape de rinçage d'un processus de blanchisserie.
  4. Composition pour le traitement domestique d'un textile pour réduire la quantité de teinture libérée du textile pendant les traitements au mouillé comprenant:
    i. entre 0,01 et 25 % en poids d'un agent de fixation des teintures cationique,
    ii. un détergent actif, et
    iii. un composé assouplisseur des textiles cationique.
  5. Composition selon la revendication 4, dans laquelle le détergent actif est un détergent actif non ionique.
  6. Composition liquide de traitement des textiles pour le traitement domestique d'un textile pour réduire la quantité de teinture libérée du textile pendant les -traitements au mouillé, selon la revendication 5, comprenant :
    (i) de 0,01 à 25 % en poids d'un agent de fixation des teintures cationique,
    (ii) de 1 à 50 % en poids d'un détergent actif non ionique, et
    (iii) de 1 à 50 % en poids d'un composé assouplisseur des textiles cationique.
  7. Composition liquide de traitement des textiles selon la revendication 6. dans laquelle la composition liquide comprend une base aqueuse.
  8. Utilisation d'un agent de fixation des teintures cationique avec un composé assouplisseur des textiles cationique, dans le traitement domestique d'un textile pour réduire la quantité de teinture libérée pendant les traitements au mouillé consécutifs, l'agent de fixation des teintures étant utilisé en une concentration entre 0,01 et 25 % en poids de la composition de traitement.
EP91305515A 1990-06-20 1991-06-18 Procédé et composition pour le traitement de textiles Revoked EP0462806B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB909013784A GB9013784D0 (en) 1990-06-20 1990-06-20 Process and composition for treating fabrics
GB9013784 1990-06-20

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0462806A2 EP0462806A2 (fr) 1991-12-27
EP0462806A3 EP0462806A3 (en) 1992-05-27
EP0462806B1 true EP0462806B1 (fr) 1997-01-29

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ID=10677937

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91305515A Revoked EP0462806B1 (fr) 1990-06-20 1991-06-18 Procédé et composition pour le traitement de textiles

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0462806B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2516490B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE148496T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU637504B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9102567A (fr)
DE (1) DE69124425T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2097186T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB9013784D0 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA914744B (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6025322A (en) * 1996-10-21 2000-02-15 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Use of polycationic condensation products as an additive for detergents or detergent after treatment agents in order to inhibit running of colors and to reduce color loss
US6180593B1 (en) 1998-09-30 2001-01-30 Goldschmidt Rewo Gmbh & Co. Kg Fabric softeners with improved color-retaining action
US6884766B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2005-04-26 The Procter & Gamble Company Multi-phase fabric care composition for delivering multiple fabric care benefits
US7375071B2 (en) 2004-10-05 2008-05-20 Cognis Ip Management Gmbh Liquid detergent comprising anionic and nonionic surfactant mixtures

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US5259994A (en) * 1992-08-03 1993-11-09 The Procter & Gamble Company Particulate laundry detergent compositions with polyvinyl pyrollidone
ES2099573T5 (es) † 1992-11-16 2001-09-01 Procter & Gamble Composiciones suavizantes de tejidos con inhibidores de transferencia de tintes para mejorar el aspecto de los tejidos.
US5474690A (en) * 1994-11-14 1995-12-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Concentrated biodegradable quaternary ammonium fabric softener compositions containing intermediate iodine value fatty acid chains
IL116638A0 (en) * 1995-01-12 1996-05-14 Procter & Gamble Method and compositions for laundering fabrics
DE69605532T3 (de) * 1995-01-12 2004-04-08 The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati Stabilisierte flüssige wäscheweichspüler
JPH11501689A (ja) * 1995-03-03 1999-02-09 ザ、プロクター、エンド、ギャンブル、カンパニー 染色固着剤とセルラーゼとを含有する洗濯組成物
GB9525773D0 (en) 1995-12-16 1996-02-14 Unilever Plc Detergent composition
US5789373A (en) * 1996-01-31 1998-08-04 Baker; Ellen Schmidt Laundry additive compositions including dispersible polyolefin
CA2250225A1 (fr) * 1996-03-29 1997-10-09 Frederick Anthony Hartman Utilisation d'une composition d'adoucissant pour textiles
WO1997041292A1 (fr) * 1996-05-02 1997-11-06 The Procter & Gamble Company Nettoyage de tissus teints
EP0811680A1 (fr) * 1996-06-03 1997-12-10 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions d'adoucissants textiles
WO1997046654A1 (fr) * 1996-06-03 1997-12-11 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions adoucissant les tissus
EP0811679B1 (fr) * 1996-06-03 2003-05-21 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions d'adoucissants textiles
CA2257221A1 (fr) 1996-07-05 1998-01-15 Unilever Plc Compositions detergentes
AU7162796A (en) * 1996-09-19 1998-04-14 Procter & Gamble Company, The Color care compositions
ATE213765T1 (de) * 1996-10-18 2002-03-15 Procter & Gamble Waschmittelzusammensetzungen
GB2323385A (en) * 1997-03-20 1998-09-23 Procter & Gamble Detergent compositions
AU7527096A (en) * 1996-11-01 1998-05-29 Procter & Gamble Company, The Color care compositions
DE19646437A1 (de) * 1996-11-11 1998-05-14 Basf Ag Verwendung von quaternierten Vinylimidazol-Einheiten enthaltenden Polymerisaten als farbfixierenden und farbübertragungsinhibierenden Zusatz zu Wäschenachbehandlungsmitteln und zu Waschmitteln
CA2276580C (fr) * 1996-12-31 2005-04-26 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions de detergent a lessive contenant des fixatifs de colorant
US6020302A (en) * 1997-09-18 2000-02-01 The Procter & Gamble Company Color care compositions
EP0924293B2 (fr) * 1997-11-24 2009-11-11 The Procter & Gamble Company Utilisation d'un inhibiteur de la croissance de cristaux afin de réduire l'abrasion des tissus
US6500796B1 (en) 1997-11-24 2002-12-31 The Procter & Gamble Company Stabilized fabric softening compositions
US6830593B1 (en) 1998-08-03 2004-12-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Fabric care compositions
DE69828162T2 (de) * 1998-08-03 2005-12-22 The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati Gewebepflegmittel
US6627591B2 (en) 1999-12-17 2003-09-30 Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa Division Of Conopco, Inc. Dye fixing composition
GB0009029D0 (en) 2000-04-12 2000-05-31 Unilever Plc Laundry wash compositions
GB0009877D0 (en) 2000-04-20 2000-06-07 Unilever Plc Granular detergent component and process for its preparation
CZ2003289A3 (cs) * 2000-07-04 2003-05-14 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. Způsob ošetření textilních vláknitých materiálů nebo kůže
EP1239025A3 (fr) 2001-03-03 2003-09-03 Clariant GmbH Composition détergente et composition de traitement du linge comprenant un agent inhibant le transfert des couleurs et fixant les couleurs
DE10150724A1 (de) 2001-03-03 2003-04-17 Clariant Gmbh Waschmittel und Wäschebehandlungsmittel enthaltend ein oder mehrere farbübertragungsinhibierende Farbfixiermittel
KR20050090994A (ko) * 2002-12-23 2005-09-14 시바 스폐셜티 케미칼스 홀딩 인코포레이티드 세탁 첨가제로서 소수성으로 변성된 중합체
KR101625415B1 (ko) * 2011-09-28 2016-05-30 지쿠이 송 착색 직물용 컬러 향상 세제 및 그 제조방법
US9702074B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-07-11 Whirlpool Corporation Methods and compositions for treating laundry items
US9624615B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2017-04-18 Whirlpool Corporation Methods and compositions for treating laundry items
CL2018003823A1 (es) * 2018-12-27 2019-03-29 Univ De Santiago De Chile 50% Material que incorpora vitamina d para su posterior liberación y método para obtener dicho material

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6025322A (en) * 1996-10-21 2000-02-15 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Use of polycationic condensation products as an additive for detergents or detergent after treatment agents in order to inhibit running of colors and to reduce color loss
US6262011B1 (en) 1996-10-21 2001-07-17 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Polycationic condensates as color transfer inhibiting and color release reducing additive to detergents and fabric conditioners
US6180593B1 (en) 1998-09-30 2001-01-30 Goldschmidt Rewo Gmbh & Co. Kg Fabric softeners with improved color-retaining action
US6884766B2 (en) 2000-06-20 2005-04-26 The Procter & Gamble Company Multi-phase fabric care composition for delivering multiple fabric care benefits
US7375071B2 (en) 2004-10-05 2008-05-20 Cognis Ip Management Gmbh Liquid detergent comprising anionic and nonionic surfactant mixtures

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9013784D0 (en) 1990-08-08
ZA914744B (en) 1993-02-24
DE69124425T2 (de) 1997-05-15
AU7846191A (en) 1992-01-02
ES2097186T3 (es) 1997-04-01
JP2516490B2 (ja) 1996-07-24
JPH04257380A (ja) 1992-09-11
BR9102567A (pt) 1992-01-21
AU637504B2 (en) 1993-05-27
ATE148496T1 (de) 1997-02-15
DE69124425D1 (de) 1997-03-13
EP0462806A2 (fr) 1991-12-27
EP0462806A3 (en) 1992-05-27

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