EP0461293B1 - Verfahren zum Glatt- bzw Festwalzen von mehrhübigen Kurbelwellen und Maschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Glatt- bzw Festwalzen von mehrhübigen Kurbelwellen und Maschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0461293B1
EP0461293B1 EP90111303A EP90111303A EP0461293B1 EP 0461293 B1 EP0461293 B1 EP 0461293B1 EP 90111303 A EP90111303 A EP 90111303A EP 90111303 A EP90111303 A EP 90111303A EP 0461293 B1 EP0461293 B1 EP 0461293B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rolling
rod bearing
connecting rod
crankshaft
machine according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90111303A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0461293A1 (de
Inventor
Rudolf Winkens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hegenscheidt MFD GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Wilhelm Hegenscheidt GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wilhelm Hegenscheidt GmbH filed Critical Wilhelm Hegenscheidt GmbH
Priority to DE90111303T priority Critical patent/DE59004629D1/de
Priority to EP90111303A priority patent/EP0461293B1/de
Priority to JP2323373A priority patent/JPH0780028B2/ja
Priority to US07/691,388 priority patent/US5138859A/en
Publication of EP0461293A1 publication Critical patent/EP0461293A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0461293B1 publication Critical patent/EP0461293B1/de
Priority to US08/289,189 priority patent/USRE35519E/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B39/00—Burnishing machines or devices, i.e. requiring pressure members for compacting the surface zone; Accessories therefor
    • B24B39/04—Burnishing machines or devices, i.e. requiring pressure members for compacting the surface zone; Accessories therefor designed for working external surfaces of revolution

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for smooth or deep rolling bearing journals of multi-stroke crankshafts and a machine for performing the method.
  • crankshaft It is generally known to smoothly roll and roll down journals of multi-stroke crankshafts.
  • the main aim is to roll all bearing journals, i.e. both all main bearing journals and all connecting rod bearing journals, at the same time.
  • This is the most economical method because the crankshaft is finished in a single operation.
  • Such machines were originally designed as special machines and designed for a single crankshaft dimension, i.e. for a single, precisely defined crankshaft type. This method was always uneconomical when different crankshaft types, i.e. crankshafts with different dimensions, were to be produced and rolled in smaller series. It was then necessary to provide a corresponding rolling machine for each individual crankshaft type.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of proposing a method and a machine for carrying out the method, with which crankshafts, in particular, with connecting rod bearing journals lying extremely close to one another can be economically rolled.
  • this object is achieved according to the invention in that all the connecting rod bearing journals are divided into at least two groups and rolled in groups one after the other, each connecting rod bearing journal not directly adjacent to each group.
  • all the connecting rod bearing journals are divided into at least two groups and rolled in groups one after the other, each connecting rod bearing journal not directly adjacent to each group.
  • the division into two groups again makes it possible to arrange adjacent rolling devices, the fact that all connecting rod bearing journals are divided into only two groups simultaneously ensures that only two rolling operations are required because a complete group can be rolled in one rolling operation .
  • crankshaft fixed or smooth rolling machine with a machine stand and with means for receiving and rotating at least one multi-stroke crankshaft about an axis of rotation, as well as with main bearing journal rolling devices and tools at least two connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices having rolling tools, each of which is suspended in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation and capable of swinging on a slide for radial displacement and radial positioning.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling devices are arranged axially displaceably between two predetermined or predeterminable positions and can be fixed in these positions, the connecting rod bearing rolling devices being at such a distance from one another in the direction of displacement that at least one connecting rod bearing pin can be between them in the working position.
  • this rolling device arrangement there is sufficient space for arranging at least the connecting rod bearing rolling devices next to one another for a group to be rolled.
  • a simple shift makes it possible to roll the second group of connecting rod journals, which has already ended the rolling process.
  • the group of rolling devices which, at least during this movement, assume rigid positions relative to one another can be shifted by simple slides. Since only two different positions have to be retracted, it is possible to easily determine these positions by means of stops.
  • stops can also be adjustable.
  • the carriage retracted in this position can be held, for example, by clamping, or else by the displacement means used permanently pressing the carriage against the stop.
  • the slides can be moved into the two different positions by power.
  • the radial displacement of the connecting rod journal rolling devices can be done individually for each device, but also for all devices together and simultaneously.
  • a drive In the first case, a drive must be provided for each device that can be moved independently. In the second case, one drive is sufficient for all devices.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are articulated on the first arms 27, 28, 29 (FIG. 2) by the levers 30, 31, 32 and are articulated to the cross slide 33, which is supported by the longitudinal slide 44.
  • the second arms 34, 35, 36 of the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are connected by the articulated support means 37, 38, 39 to a support shaft 40 which is axially displaceably received by bearing blocks 41, 42.
  • the support shafts 40 and the longitudinal slide 44 of a double piston rod 84 having a fluid cylinder 45 which is axially immovable in forks 60, with the help of the angle lever 46, 47, each with their engage one end in scenes 48,49, driven synchronously.
  • the fluid cylinder 45 with its double piston rod can be replaced by an electric motor that drives an axially stationary but rotatably mounted threaded nut with a threaded spindle, the threaded spindle then taking over the function of the double piston rod 84.
  • Individual drives synchronously controlled could also be provided for the displacement drive of slide 44 and support shaft 40.
  • the angle levers 46 and 47 are each fixedly but pivotably mounted in the area 85, 86 of their apex.
  • the cross slide 33 which in this machine version with the levers 30, 31, 32 carries the first arms 27, 28, 29 of each connecting rod journal rolling device 21, 22, 23 is transversely to the axis of rotation 5 in the direction 54 of the fluid cylinder 50, which with a End on the longitudinal slide 44 and fixed to the cross slide 33 with the piston rod 53 moves.
  • individual drives can of course also be provided for each device, so that the individual devices can be moved independently of one another and at different times.
  • the longitudinal movement in the direction of arrow 43 or the axial position of the connecting rod journal rolling devices is determined by the stops 51, 51 '.
  • the transverse movement in the direction of arrow 54 or the position of the connecting rod bearing rolling devices transverse to the axis of rotation 5 is limited by the stops 55, 55 '.
  • crankshaft 1 is shown in a simplified representation in the position as it is received in FIG. 1 in the chuck 2 and by the center point 3. However, chuck 2 and center point 3 are not shown in FIG. 3.
  • crankshaft 1 During the first rolling process on crankshaft 1, the respectively assigned rolling devices are placed on all main bearing journals 6, 7, 8, 9 and on connecting rod bearing journals 18, 19, 20.
  • the connecting rod bearing journals 18, 19, 20 are offset from one another at an angle of 120 ° on the circumference of the crankshaft, but are offset from the connecting rod bearing journals 24, 25, 26 at an angle of 60 °.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are suspended and supported in this way with their known and not shown tools. that they can freely follow the corresponding connecting rod bearing journals on the circular path 63 (FIG. 2) when the connecting rod bearing journals 18, 19, 20 and 24, 25, 26 are rolled.
  • crankshaft 1 Since the crankshaft 1 always assumes a defined same position during loading and unloading, according to which the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are aligned with respect to the connecting rod bearing journals 18, 19, 20, it is necessary to use the crankshaft for the second rolling process which the connecting rod bearing journals 24, 25, 26 are rolled into the corresponding position for the aligned rolling devices.
  • the crankshaft 1 is thus rotated such that the conrod bearing journals 24, 25, 26 assume the original circumferential position of the conrod bearing journals 18, 19, 20, namely conrod bearing journals 24 in the circumferential position of the conrod bearing journals 18, conrod bearing journals 25 in the circumferential position of the conrod bearing journals 19 and conrod bearing journals 26 the circumferential position of the connecting rod bearing pin 20.
  • a cam 62 is provided on a shaft 61 between the drive motor and chuck 2, which is connected to the shaft 61 in a rotationally fixed manner.
  • the cam disk 62 is in turn equipped with a cam 64 which cooperates with a limit switch 65 which defines the basic position of the chuck 2 or the crankshaft 1 during loading and unloading and at the start of the first rolling process.
  • a further limit switch 66 (FIG. 4) is provided for defining a second position of the course shafts.
  • the limit switch 66 is arranged to the circumference of the cam disk 62 so that it can be actuated by the cam 64.
  • the limit switches 65 and 66 are activated in the course of the workflow by the machine control 67, which can also be a CNC control, if necessary.
  • the drive motor 4 and the limit switches 65 and 66 are connected to the machine control 67 via the lines 68, 69, 70.
  • the cam disk 62 with the cam 64 and the limit switches 65, 66 it is also possible, for example, to use an angle rotary encoder which controls and monitors the position of the crankshaft.
  • the rolling force of the main journal rolling device 13 and the opening and closing movement is applied with the aid of the rolling force cylinder 71.
  • the main journal rolling devices 10, 11, 12 also have rolling force cylinders, which are not shown, however.
  • the rolling force of the connecting rod bearing rolling device 23 and the opening and closing movement is applied with the aid of the rolling force cylinder 72.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices 21, 22 also have rolling force cylinders on, but are not shown.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22, 23 must be dragged along by the connecting rod bearing journals when the connecting rod bearing journals are rolled and are therefore freely movable in the transverse plane to the axis of rotation 5.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices When inserting or removing a crankshaft, but also when changing the connecting rod bearing rolling devices from the connecting rod bearing journals 18, 19, 20 to the connecting rod bearing journals 24, 25, 26, it is necessary for the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices to be fixed in a basic position. 2, the connecting rod bearing rolling device 23 is shown in this basic position.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling device 23 is fixed in this position by the lever 73, which, pivoted by the fluid cylinder 74 about the pivot point 75 in the direction 79, supports the connecting rod bearing rolling device 23 on the cam 76 and at the same time pivots the lever 77 around the pivot point 78 and latches onto the strut 80 leaves.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling device 23 can also be opened and closed with the aid of the roller cylinder 72, as can the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22. If this fixation is to be removed, the fluid cylinder 74 is acted upon by fluid such that the lever 73 pivots in the opposite direction 79. The cam 76 is released and lever 77 is simultaneously released from the strut 80. However, this fixation may only be released if the respective connecting rod bearing rolling device is attached to the crankshaft.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are in the longitudinal position, as shown in FIG. 1, and the longitudinal slide 44 lies against the stop 51 'and the support shaft 40 lies against the bearing block 41 with its stop 52.
  • the longitudinal slide 44 is held in this position by the clamping means 82, 82 '.
  • the cross slide 33 has moved away from the axis of rotation 5 and lies against the stop 55 ′ and the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices are actuated by the fluid cylinder 74 and the other fluid cylinders not shown in the fixed basic position described above.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21 and 22 are aligned with the connecting rod bearing journals 18 and 19 lying in the basic position above the axis of rotation 5 and the connecting rod bearing journal rolling device 23 with the connecting rod bearing journals 20 lying in this basic position below the axis of rotation 5.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling device 23 is suspended correspondingly lower than the other two devices 21 and 22, as can be clearly seen, for example, in FIG. 1.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices can simply be held in a horizontal position, as shown in FIG. 2, and can simply be moved radially back and forth in the direction of arrow 54 without pivoting movement, in order to be in the contact position (FIG. 2) or in the removal position (FIG. 2 dash-dotted) to come.
  • the main bearing and connecting rod bearing rolling devices are open on the tool side 81 and the axis of rotation 5 is completely free.
  • the cam disk 62 on the shaft 61 is set by the drive motor so that the cam 64 actuates the now activated limit switch 65 so that the defined loading position of the machine is set.
  • a crankshaft 1 is fed into the machine by a loading device, which is not shown, in the position shown in FIG. 1 and is picked up by the chuck 2 and the center point 3.
  • the cross slide 33 is then moved against the stop 55 with the aid of the fluid cylinder 50 and the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are in the working position with their tools.
  • the main and connecting rod bearing rolling devices are then applied with little force to the main bearing journals 6, 7, 8, 9 and the connecting rod bearing journals 18, 19, 20 with their tools.
  • the position fixing of the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices is released, so that the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices can be moved freely and can be dragged about the axis of rotation 5.
  • the rotation of the crank shaft 1 about the axis of rotation 5 is initiated via the drive motor 4. While the crankshaft 1 rotates, the contact force of the rolling devices is increased to the required rolling force by the rolling force cylinders provided for this during a certain number of revolutions of the crankshaft 71.72 and the other rolling force cylinders not shown increased. After a predetermined number of crankshaft revolutions under full rolling force, the rotating force on all rolling devices is reduced to contact force with rotating crankshaft 1, the rotation of the crankshaft is switched off and crankshaft 1 is stopped.
  • the crankshaft is stopped in the loading position.
  • the loading position is achieved in that the cam 64 actuates the limit switch 65 which is now activated for switching off the drive motor 4 and which then switches off the drive motor 4.
  • the drive motor 4 is then braked.
  • the crankshaft 1 is now machined on all the main bearing journals and the three connecting rod journals, namely on the connecting rod bearing journals 18, 19, 20. Now the connecting rod bearing journals 24, 25, 26 have to be machined.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices are now, as already described, fixed in position with the aid of the fluid cylinder 74 and other fluid medium cylinders (not shown further) and opened on the tool side 81 by the rolling force cylinders. Then the cross slide 33 is pulled by the fluid cylinder 50 against the stop 55 '.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling devices then released the crankshaft. Thereafter, the clamping 82, 82 'of the longitudinal slide 44 is released and the longitudinal slide 44 and the support shaft 40 are actuated by the fluid cylinder 45 accommodated in the fork 60 with the angle levers 46, 47 and moved in the direction 43 against the stop 51. Then the clamp 82, 82 'is actuated again.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are now in a transverse plane or alignment with the connecting rod bearing journals 24, 25, 26.
  • the crankshaft 1 must be rotated so that the connecting rod bearing journals 24, 25, 26 assume the above-described angular position, which matches the position of the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices.
  • the limit switch 66 is activated and the drive motor 4 is switched on via the machine control 67.
  • the cam disk 63 rotates, the cam 64 actuates the limit switch 66, which then switches off the drive motor 4 again.
  • the drive motor is then braked and the crankshaft 1 is in the required position.
  • the cross slide 33 is then moved through the fluid cylinder 50 against the stop 55 and the Connecting rod bearing rolling devices are in the position for the second rolling process.
  • the crankshaft 1 is now stopped by the limit switch 66, which is activated and is actuated by the cam 64 and triggers the command to switch off the drive motor 4.
  • the position fixing of the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22, 23 is reintroduced and the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are opened again on the tool side.
  • main journal rolling devices 10, 11, 12, 13 are also opened on the tool side.
  • the connecting rod bearing journal rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are then to be moved away from the crankshaft 1 by the cross slide 33, in that the cross slide 33 is pulled by the fluid cylinder 50 against the stop 55 '.
  • the crankshaft 1 can now be rotated again into the loading and unloading position with the aid of the drive motor 4 and can then be exchanged for another crankshaft to be rotated.
  • the connecting rod bearing rolling devices 21, 22, 23 are then to be returned to the initial position shown in FIG. 1 in the longitudinal direction.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
  • Transmission Devices (AREA)
EP90111303A 1990-06-15 1990-06-15 Verfahren zum Glatt- bzw Festwalzen von mehrhübigen Kurbelwellen und Maschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens Expired - Lifetime EP0461293B1 (de)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE90111303T DE59004629D1 (de) 1990-06-15 1990-06-15 Verfahren zum Glatt- bzw Festwalzen von mehrhübigen Kurbelwellen und Maschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.
EP90111303A EP0461293B1 (de) 1990-06-15 1990-06-15 Verfahren zum Glatt- bzw Festwalzen von mehrhübigen Kurbelwellen und Maschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
JP2323373A JPH0780028B2 (ja) 1990-06-15 1990-11-28 多気筒用クランク軸の平滑化または硬化用ローラ仕上げ方法とこの方法を実施するための機械
US07/691,388 US5138859A (en) 1990-06-15 1991-04-25 Method and apparatus for smooth-rolling and deep-rolling multi-stroke crankshafts
US08/289,189 USRE35519E (en) 1990-06-15 1994-08-11 Method and apparatus for smooth-rolling and deep-rolling multi-stroke crankshafts

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP90111303A EP0461293B1 (de) 1990-06-15 1990-06-15 Verfahren zum Glatt- bzw Festwalzen von mehrhübigen Kurbelwellen und Maschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0461293A1 EP0461293A1 (de) 1991-12-18
EP0461293B1 true EP0461293B1 (de) 1994-02-16

Family

ID=8204100

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90111303A Expired - Lifetime EP0461293B1 (de) 1990-06-15 1990-06-15 Verfahren zum Glatt- bzw Festwalzen von mehrhübigen Kurbelwellen und Maschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (2) US5138859A (ja)
EP (1) EP0461293B1 (ja)
JP (1) JPH0780028B2 (ja)
DE (1) DE59004629D1 (ja)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006024715A1 (de) * 2006-05-26 2007-11-29 Niles-Simmons Industrieanlagen Gmbh Verfahren zum Bearbeiten der Lagersitze der Haupt- und Hublager von Kurbelwwellen

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5445003A (en) * 1994-01-03 1995-08-29 Hegenscheidt Corporation Engine crank pin rolling equipment, rolling tool and method of rolling adjacent and offset crank pins
US5575167A (en) * 1994-01-03 1996-11-19 Hegenscheidt Corporation Deep rolling split-pin fillets of crankshafts
US5495738A (en) * 1994-05-13 1996-03-05 Hegenscheidt Corporation Metal rolling machine with opposing banks of jaw units for working a centered workpiece and method of rolling annular fillets of workpieces
US5493761A (en) * 1994-10-24 1996-02-27 Ingersoll Cm Systems, Inc. Apparatus for fillet rolling of crankshafts
US5806184A (en) * 1996-08-21 1998-09-15 Lonero Engineering Company, Inc. Process to manufacture upper work roll products
US5699692A (en) * 1996-10-30 1997-12-23 Lonero Engineering Co., Inc. Tool mechanisms for deep rolling machines
DE19722308C1 (de) * 1997-05-28 1998-04-16 Hegenscheidt Mfd Gmbh Festwalzmaschine für Kurbelwellen
WO2002042018A1 (en) * 2000-11-22 2002-05-30 Ingersoll Cm Systems, Inc. Apparatus and method for rolling workpieces
ATE308405T1 (de) * 2001-05-28 2005-11-15 Hegenscheidt Mfd Gmbh & Co Kg Vorrichtung zum festwalzen von einstichen und radien der lagerstellen von kurbelwellen
DE102005014998B4 (de) * 2005-04-01 2007-04-05 Hegenscheidt-Mfd Gmbh & Co. Kg Festwalzmaschine für Kurbelwellen
US7188497B2 (en) * 2005-04-07 2007-03-13 International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc Method for straightening an eccentric shaft
US9316151B2 (en) * 2011-02-18 2016-04-19 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Engine assembly including crankshaft for V8 arrangement
CN102785056B (zh) * 2012-08-08 2015-10-28 武汉理工大学 自动曲轴圆角滚压机的连杆颈滚压钳体结构
CN103447778B (zh) * 2013-05-23 2018-03-06 浙江伟林机械零部件有限公司 一种重卡发动机曲轴的加工工艺
CN104088890B (zh) * 2014-07-22 2016-05-11 长治市永华机械有限公司 等分布角液压缸式马达用曲轴
CN111152105B (zh) * 2019-12-30 2021-04-06 江苏万力机械股份有限公司 一种适应性强的曲轴抛光装置及其使用方法
CN112032184B (zh) * 2020-08-31 2022-09-02 牛永江 一种镶嵌型偏心轮装置

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4290238A (en) * 1979-12-18 1981-09-22 Industrial Metal Products Corporation Universal crankshaft finishing machine
DE3108746C2 (de) * 1981-03-07 1984-10-11 Wilhelm Hegenscheidt Gmbh, 5140 Erkelenz Kurbelwellenfest- bzw. Glattwalzmaschine
DE3224268C1 (de) * 1982-06-28 1984-01-05 Wilhelm Hegenscheidt Gmbh, 5140 Erkelenz Maschine fuer die Bearbeitung von Kurbelwellen
EP0167659B2 (en) * 1984-07-09 1993-10-13 Toyoda Koki Kabushiki Kaisha Device for rolling fillets of journals and crankpins
DE3680261D1 (de) * 1985-08-30 1991-08-22 Hegenscheidt Gmbh Wilhelm Einrichtung zum fest- bzw. glattwalzen.
JP2682565B2 (ja) * 1988-01-18 1997-11-26 富士重工業株式会社 クランクシャフト用フィレットロール掛け装置

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006024715A1 (de) * 2006-05-26 2007-11-29 Niles-Simmons Industrieanlagen Gmbh Verfahren zum Bearbeiten der Lagersitze der Haupt- und Hublager von Kurbelwwellen
DE102006024715B4 (de) * 2006-05-26 2008-07-24 Niles-Simmons Industrieanlagen Gmbh Verfahren zum Bearbeiten der Lagersitze der Haupt- und Hublager von Kurbelwellen sowie Werkzeugmaschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0461293A1 (de) 1991-12-18
JPH0780028B2 (ja) 1995-08-30
USRE35519E (en) 1997-05-27
US5138859A (en) 1992-08-18
DE59004629D1 (de) 1994-03-24
JPH0452037A (ja) 1992-02-20

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