EP0452936B1 - Procédé pour la fabrication d'un objet en céramique et dispositif pour le pressage d'une ébauche en céramique - Google Patents

Procédé pour la fabrication d'un objet en céramique et dispositif pour le pressage d'une ébauche en céramique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0452936B1
EP0452936B1 EP91106242A EP91106242A EP0452936B1 EP 0452936 B1 EP0452936 B1 EP 0452936B1 EP 91106242 A EP91106242 A EP 91106242A EP 91106242 A EP91106242 A EP 91106242A EP 0452936 B1 EP0452936 B1 EP 0452936B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
moulding
pressing
pressure
fluid
approx
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91106242A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0452936A3 (en
EP0452936A2 (fr
Inventor
Klaus Strobel
Karl Schwarzmeier
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Hutschenreuther AG
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Hutschenreuther AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0452936A2 publication Critical patent/EP0452936A2/fr
Publication of EP0452936A3 publication Critical patent/EP0452936A3/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/003—Pressing by means acting upon the material via flexible mould wall parts, e.g. by means of inflatable cores, isostatic presses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
    • B28B11/003—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles the shaping of preshaped articles, e.g. by bending
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B11/00—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles
    • B28B11/04—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for coating or applying engobing layers
    • B28B11/044—Apparatus or processes for treating or working the shaped or preshaped articles for coating or applying engobing layers with glaze or engobe or enamel or varnish
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/021—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles by fluid pressure acting directly on the material, e.g. using vacuum, air pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/02—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form
    • B28B3/021—Ram heads of special form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
    • B30B11/001—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses using a flexible element, e.g. diaphragm, urged by fluid pressure; Isostatic presses

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a thin-shelled ceramic flat molded body by molding a ceramic molding compound into a dimensionally stable molding and then firing the molding in such a way that the molding compound in a molding process in contact with at least one essentially rigid molding surface to a dimensionally stable, the is to be formed into geometrically similar preform to be obtained and that this preform in a protective skin system enclosing it on all sides, essentially shaping-neutral, without substantial pressure against stiff shaping surfaces by all-round pressing by means of a pressure fluid acting on the outside of the protective skin system while reducing the volume while simultaneously maintaining geometric similarity to the molding is pressed.
  • ceramic molding compound should be understood in the broadest sense. It encompasses all fine ceramic and coarse ceramic molding compounds, such as earthenware, stoneware, Vitreous China, bone china and in particular porcelain, as well as technical ceramic compounds, for example based on silicon carbide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide.
  • the protective skin system When it is said with regard to the protective skin system that it should be shaping-neutral, it means that the existence of the protective skin system should have no influence whatsoever on the surface design of the molding, that is to say the pressure distribution emanating from the press fluid should be as if the protective skin system were not present at all would.
  • This shaping neutrality is achieved by means of correspondingly thin, smooth and flat protective skin materials, the skin thickness to be used of course depending on the respective protective skin material and the particular application.
  • So-called isostatic pressing is known for the production of ceramic moldings.
  • pulverulent ceramic molding compound is subjected to its final pressing prior to firing into the molding in that this molding compound is filled into a mold cavity, which is partially lined with a membrane, the mass being pressed into the mold cavity after the filling of the powdered ceramic mass by exerting hydrostatic pressure on the back of the membrane against a rigid mold surface which, so to speak, is the reference surface for the pressing process forms and imprints the shape exactly in its optically or technically most important surface areas.
  • the pressures which have hitherto been used for the isostatic pressing of tableware in the ceramic industry are in the range from 200 to 300 bar.
  • a method of the type described in the opening paragraph is known from DE 37 34 876 A1.
  • the molded body is produced in two steps, whereby both the advantages of pressing against rigid molded parts (high accuracy) and that of isostatic pressing (uniformity of density) are to be exploited.
  • the first process step is therefore the production of a preform by a very precise process, for example by slip casting or by means of metallic press dies.
  • a more uniform density is then to be achieved by all-round isostatic pressing. It is expressly pointed out that in the first process step, isostatic pressing with the aid of rubber matrices (although a good density distribution could be achieved in this way) should be avoided since the required accuracy is not achieved.
  • Even with the method known from this document however, it is still not possible to produce moldings whose shrinkage and deformation behavior during firing is satisfactory, particularly in the case of thin-shell structures.
  • the object of the invention is to produce thin-shell ceramic flat shaped articles with the most exact possible surface shape and in particular to reduce the shrinkage and the associated deformation phenomena during firing.
  • a preform that is dimensionally stable is produced in a mold cavity between an essentially rigid shaping surface and a deformable membrane in that a powdered molding compound is introduced into the mold cavity High pressure fluid is applied to the side of the membrane remote from the mold cavity.
  • the method according to the invention is already isostatically pressed during the formation of the preform and the volume is reduced during all-round pressing.
  • the shrinkage during the subsequent firing is reduced and the extent of the deformation occurring during the firing is significantly reduced compared to the previously known methods. While one had to reckon with the burning of unsupported surfaces within the base when firing moldings produced by known methods, such as plates or plates, and has tried to reduce these bulges by shaping the molding accordingly to compensate, such deformation phenomena occur only to a much lesser extent, if at all, in the production of moldings by the process according to the invention.
  • edge impact resistance which is of particular importance in the case of crockery parts for the household and catering industry. It has been shown that this edge impact resistance is significantly improved when using the method according to the invention. For example, it was found that the edge impact strength of plates produced by the process according to the invention under a pressing pressure of 1000 bar is higher by a factor of 2 than the edge impact strength of plates which are otherwise the same as those used in the usual isostatic pressing method, for example according to DE-PS 31 01 236 , have been manufactured.
  • Another advantage of the method according to the invention is that, thanks to the all-round pressing imparted to them when introduced into a kiln, the moldings already have considerably smaller dimensions, in all directions, than in the previous method of producing the moldings. For example, if a pressing pressure of 1000 bar is applied to a flat plate which has previously been formed in an isostatic pressing process in a conventional manner at 250 bar, a diameter reduction of 6% can be expected. This corresponds to a reduction in burning loss by approx. 50%; An example: Previously, the reduction in diameter due to burnout was 12%, but this reduction in burnout is now reduced to 6%. This also ensures more effective use of the expensive combustion chamber.
  • the all-round pressing takes place while the preform contains water.
  • the water content at all sides Pressing can be between approximately 2% by weight and approximately 15% by weight and is preferably approximately 3.5% by weight to approximately 10% by weight.
  • the maintenance of the volume compression after the pressure has been released can also be brought about in that the preform is given a high-molecular organic binder, for example carboxymethyl cellulose or a liquid plastic, during the all-round pressing.
  • the presence of the contents of water and / or high molecular weight organic binder indicated above is desirable, particularly in the case of porcelain compositions, even during the manufacture of the preform, in particular if the preform is produced from dry granules.
  • water or organic binder is to be contained in the preform during post-injection, the water or organic binder can still be present from the preforming. If a longer storage period is switched on between the formation of the preform and the all-round repressing, and during this storage period the water content from the preforming can escape through evaporation, it is also conceivable to again add water to the preform to be repressed. For example, this water addition can also be carried out by applying a water-containing glaze if it is intended to apply a glaze before the re-pressing.
  • the liquid plastic available in particular is the liquid plastic available under the trade name "Vienapas".
  • the method according to the invention can entail that the preform, after being shaped, must be at least partially separated from it by rigid shaping surfaces in order to be able to be provided with the protective skin. This is an essential difference compared to the previously identified known methods of isostatic pressing, in which the shaping takes place in contact with the isostatic membrane until it is ready for firing and in the final phase of the pressing there is still a rigid shaping surface on the resulting molding.
  • the preform is pressed from free-flowing ceramic mass, for example in the isostatic pressing method with an essentially uniaxial pressing direction, it is recommended to raise the pressing pressure to be used in the subsequent all-sided pressing according to the invention above the pressure that was used in the previous isostatic pressing of the preform.
  • a pressure of approx. 100 bar to 300 bar is used to obtain the preform to be subsequently pressed on all sides in an isostatic pressing process, the values from 350 bar to 1200 bar specified above are correct.
  • the all-round isostatic pressing which follows the shaping of the preform is carried out with essentially the same pressures which were previously used in isostatic uniaxial pressing. This can be explained by the fact that volume compression occurs at least in those directions in which compression has not previously taken place, that is to say in particular in the radial direction.
  • the preform can be printed with a decor before pressing on all sides, possibly even during the formation of the preform (see, for example, DE-OS 32 07 565), without the decor being damaged or distorted by the pressing on all sides becomes.
  • the decoration can be applied to the preform after the preform has been formed, but also during the formation of the preform; the latter method is known from DE-OS 32 07 565, to which reference is made for details.
  • the rigid molding surface is provided with the decorative application, if necessary with compensating distortion, and then becomes one between the membrane and when it is eaten transfer the rigid shaping surface of the ceramic powder dose to the preform.
  • the method according to the invention can also be used if the molded body is decorated after the all-round isostatic pressing before firing or, if appropriate, after a first firing.
  • the improvement in quality lies in particular in the fact that, in the process according to the invention with the glaze application before the all-round pressing, a molded body with a glaze which is completely uniform for the unarmed eye is obtained, this in contrast to a process in which the glaze is applied by conventional isostatic pressing molding produced according to DE-OS 31 28 347 is applied before the ONCE rapid firing process; in the latter case the glaze occasionally shows pores and "snake skin structure".
  • the glaze mass can be applied after the formation of the dimensionally stable preform, for example by spraying.
  • Dimensional stability in this case means that the preform must be at least so structurally strong that it can withstand the injection molding and the associated handling processes without deformation and without destruction.
  • the protective skin can be formed in various ways, for example by introducing the preform into a sack made of film material, in particular made of flat synthetic plastic film, which forms the protective skin system and is closed on all sides.
  • a sack made of elastomer film for example rubber film or synthetic rubber film, is advantageous for reasons of osculation properties. Wrinkles that could lead to impressions in the preform are excluded.
  • less elastic films for example plastic films based on polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide or polyester, good to very good results can be achieved even if wrinkles occur.
  • the bags can be closed by welding or vulcanizing, it being advisable to evacuate the bag enclosing the preform for the reasons given above before sealing.
  • Conventional film packaging machines are available for enclosing the preforms in film bags, for example those from the food industry, so that the advantages of the method according to the invention are not substantially diminished overall by this additional operation. It should be mentioned that shrinking of the film bags can also be used.
  • the packaging in the foil sack will be used especially when it comes to so-called flatware parts, i.e. plates, bowls and bowls.
  • flatware parts i.e. plates, bowls and bowls.
  • hollow parts such as cans
  • the protective skin can be formed from a thermoplastic material, such as wax.
  • the protective skin it is also possible for the protective skin to be formed from a solution or suspension of a film-forming composition, the solvent or suspending agent being expelled from this liquid layer after application of a liquid layer of the solution or suspension, or for the formation of the protective skin a liquid through chemical Reaction hardenable mass is applied to the preform and after application is hardened.
  • the all-round pressure can be applied in the simplest way by introducing the preform enclosed by the protective skin system into a pressure vessel, closing this pressure vessel and pressurizing a fluid received in the pressure vessel.
  • Several preforms can also be introduced into the pressure vessel and possibly even stacked directly on top of one another, as long as the dead weight of the preforms on top of the stack does not lead to a deformation of the preforms below the stack. It has been shown that with the very high pressing pressures used, the application from all sides is ensured even if the respective preform is on a rigid support surface or is loaded by further preforms on top of the stack.
  • the support on a support surface is not understood as "pressure against rigid contact surfaces" in the sense of the invention.
  • the preform is placed between two membranes forming the protective skin and the membranes are then exposed to the pressurized fluid on their side remote from the preform.
  • the membranes can be made of flat films from synthetic plastic or elastomeric material.
  • elastomer films in particular rubber and synthetic rubber films, deserves preference.
  • a method variant which is particularly gentle on the preform consists in that at least one of the membranes on its side remote from the preform is backfilled with a support mass which forms a support surface for the preform approximately following the surface profile of the preform before the all-round pressing begins.
  • the respective membrane can be vacuumed against the support surface before the preform is placed on it be sucked in, so that the optimal positioning of the molding can be found easily.
  • a foam mass can be used as the support mass. It should be noted that the support mass should not come into contact with the preform surface when pressing on all sides. Rather, this contact is removed when the respective press fluid is applied.
  • the invention further provides a process for the production of moldings in such a way that the ceramic molding compound is pressed to the preform between at least two rigid molding surfaces each covered with a membrane in that pressure fluid on the side away from the molding compound only has a first membrane associated with a first rigid molding surface is brought into effect and the molding composition is thereby pressed against the second membrane rigidly supported on the second rigid molding surface and that then, with simultaneous removal or after removal of the second rigid molding surface from the preform, both membranes completely enclosing the preform at the same time on all sides with fluid pressure are applied that the preform enclosed between the two membranes is pressed into contact with the molded article without contact with rigid molded surfaces.
  • This variant of the method shows that the method according to the invention is not fundamentally bound to remove the preform completely from the molding space in which it was created, in order to then subject it to all-round pressing; it is rather sufficient to release the contact of the preform with the rigid shaping surfaces.
  • Pressure fluids in particular water, and pressure gases are fundamentally possible as the press fluid.
  • the protective skin must be adapted to the respective medium in accordance with the requirement for sealing.
  • the invention further relates to a device for carrying out the method discussed at the outset, characterized in that, for pressing the preform, it comprises at least and preferably two pressure pots, each with a cavity and one sealing edge surface surrounding the respective cavity, which faces the other sealing edge surface, and with each includes a membrane covering the respective cavity and the respective sealing edge surface, the pressure pots with their sealing edge surfaces being able to be pressed against one another by pressing the two membranes against one another by including the respective preform between the facing side surfaces of the two membranes, and wherein the cavities of the two Pressure pots are each connected to a pressure booster, for pressurizing a respective volume of fluid within the respective cavity.
  • the films then lie on all sides of the preform, even where the membranes abut one another, at least from the moment the press fluid is applied through the pressure booster.
  • a suction device can be provided to extract the air from the space between the two membranes.
  • a device for carrying out the method according to the invention, characterized in that it comprises, for forming a preform and pressing the preform: at least two interacting molds with mutually facing, rigid mold surfaces forming a mold cavity, each with a membrane in contact with the two rigid ones Molded surfaces, a clamping device for clamping the membrane edges of the two membranes in the vicinity of the rigid mold surfaces, a fluid supply to the side of the two membranes remote from the mold cavity, a fluid inflow control which selectively allows only one or both membranes to be acted upon, and an adjusting device for changing the distance between the two Form surfaces while maintaining the clamping of the membrane edges.
  • the molding compound can in principle be filled in by applying a vacuum, for example by applying a vacuum at a first peripheral point between the two membranes and by feeding the porcelain granulate at another peripheral point.
  • a vacuum for example by applying a vacuum at a first peripheral point between the two membranes and by feeding the porcelain granulate at another peripheral point.
  • An isostatic pressure pot is designated by 10 in FIG. 1.
  • a pressure chamber which is designated by 12, is formed in this isostatic pressure pot 10.
  • a support plate 14 is immovably inserted into the pressure chamber 12.
  • the support plate 14 has a shaped surface 16 on its upper side.
  • a pressing membrane 18 made of an elastically deformable material rests on this molding surface 16 and conforms to the molding surface 16.
  • the profile edge 20 of the press membrane 18 encompasses the edge of the support plate 14 and is fastened to the upper edge 24 of the pressure pot 10 by a fastening ring 22.
  • a hydraulic high-pressure line 26 is connected to the pressure chamber 12, through which a high-pressure fluid, for example hydraulic oil, can be let into the pressure chamber 12. The pressure of this High-pressure fluids are distributed through bores 28 of the support plate 14 over the underside of the press membrane 18 in order to be able to press them upwards during isostatic pressing.
  • the isostatic pressing tool 10 cooperates with a shooting head arranged above it, which is generally designated 30.
  • a shooting head arranged above it, which is generally designated 30.
  • a form stamp 40 is attached to the intermediate plate 38, the underside of which forms a rigid shaped surface 42.
  • the molding surface 42 is cut by a mass supply opening 44, which forms the lower outlet of an annular chamber 46 formed in the molding die 40.
  • the annular chamber 46 is connected to a mass supply line 48 running towards it laterally, which runs through the form punch 40 and the intermediate plate 38 to a mass storage container 50.
  • the mass supply opening 44 is associated with a downwardly flared closure piece 52, which is supported with its support surface 54 on a counter support surface 56 when the closure piece 52 is in the closed position shown in FIG. 1. The underside of the closure piece 52 then lies flush with the molding surface 42 of the molding die 40.
  • the closure piece 52 is provided with a shaft 58, which is guided in a bore 60 of the die 40 and the intermediate plate 38 and by a helical compression spring 62 upwards, i.e. is biased in the locked position.
  • the closure piece 52 can be moved downwards into the open position by a control device 64.
  • the control device 64 operates in the machine cycle.
  • annular gap 66 is defined, which opens into the shooting chamber 68 defined between the molding surface 42 and the pressing membrane 18.
  • the annular gap 66 is on a through the locking ring 32
  • Vacuum line 70 connected, which leads to a vacuum generator 72.
  • a line-controlled valve 74 is located in line 70.
  • a fluidization air line 76 is connected to the mass supply line 48 and is connected to the atmosphere or a pressure supply 80 via a machine clock-controlled valve 78.
  • the shooting head 30 is in the raised position shown in FIG. 1, but out of alignment with the pressure pot 10, so that a decor can be transferred to the rigid shaping surface 42 by means of an elastic decor transfer surface.
  • the shooting head 30 is brought into alignment with the pressure pot 10.
  • the shooting head 30 is then lowered onto the isostatic pressing tool 10 under machine cycle control.
  • the locking ring 32 is placed on the profile edge 20 of the press membrane 18 and the fastening ring 22.
  • the locking ring 32 then lies against the intermediate plate 38 and finally the shaping surface 42 reaches its lower end position.
  • the pressure acting on the pressure plate 30 is first transmitted to the holder ring 22 solely via the locking ring 32.
  • the shooting chamber 68 is now closed. Vacuum is now applied to the shooting chamber 68 by opening the valve 74, it also being possible to start applying the vacuum already during the lowering process of the shooting head 30.
  • negative pressure is likewise applied to the underside of the isostatic membrane 18 via the line 26, so that the isostatic membrane 18 remains in contact with the surface 16.
  • the closure piece 52 is moved downward into its open position by the control device 64. Now, by means of the negative pressure in the shooting chamber 68, powdered ceramic molding compound can be made from the Molding material container 50 are sucked.
  • Spray-dried granular porcelain is particularly suitable as the molding material.
  • the suction takes place in such a way that at the beginning of the filling of the shooting chamber 68 there are no compressed accumulations of molding compound at the mouth of the annular gap 66 in the shooting chamber 68, which could hinder the further suction of air.
  • the fluidizing air which is supplied via line 76, fluidizes the molding compound entering the shooting chamber 68 in such a way that there is a uniform distribution in the entire shooting chamber in the sense that the range of the granular grain size is approximately the same at every location within the shooting chamber same thing.
  • the closure piece 52 After the filling of the shooting chamber 68, the closure piece 52 is raised into the closed position and rests with the support surface 54 against the counter support surface 56, so that the molding surface 42 passes smoothly through the molding material supply opening 44. However, the vacuum applied to the firing chamber 68 is maintained.
  • the high-pressure fluid is then permitted at 26, so that the pressure membrane 18 is raised and the molding compound is pressed under a pressure of approximately 300 bar. Since there has been a negative pressure in the firing chamber 68 since the beginning of the introduction of the molding compound, there is no risk of air spaces being enclosed in the resulting molding.
  • the shooting chamber 68 is separated from the vacuum extractor 72. Now the shooting head 30 can be raised again and swiveled sideways so that the finally pressed preform can now be removed from the isostatic pressing tool 10 and fed to its further processing, while a decor can again be printed on the rigid shaping surface 42.
  • the preform can also be produced by the method and device according to DE-OS 31 44 678.
  • the dimensionally stable preform 81 thus formed is now, as shown in FIG. 2, brought into a glaze application device 82. It is placed on a turntable 84 and splashed by a glaze nozzle 86 while rotating. After the glaze has dried, the preform 81, as shown in FIG. 3, is placed in a film bag 88 consisting of two flat films 88a and 88b, whereupon the film bag is welded along an edge 90. The welding takes place in a vacuum chamber, not shown, so that the interior of the sack is evacuated and any air pockets in the preform are also removed. After the vacuum has been released, the film bag 88 lies closely against the preform 81, as shown in FIG. 3 at 88 '.
  • the preform thus coated with a protective skin 88 ′ on all sides is now placed in a pressure vessel 94 according to FIG. 5, possibly together with further preforms.
  • the pressure vessel 94 is closed with a pressure-resistant cover 96.
  • Pressure fluid is then pumped into the pressure vessel 94 by means of a pump or a pressure piston 98 and placed under a pressure of between 350 bar and 1200 bar. This pressure is maintained for 0.5 seconds.
  • the pressure is then released again, the cover 96 is removed and the molded articles 81 are removed. It is found that when a pressure of 1000 bar is used, the diameter of the preform has decreased by approximately 6%.
  • the molding is now ready to burn.
  • the film bag 88 is removed and the molding is fired in a one-time rapid firing process in a firing furnace of a known type, with a temperature profile as shown in FIG. 8.
  • FIG. 4 shows an alternative for the design of the protective skin.
  • a can-like preform 181 can be seen, which is completely enclosed by a protective skin 188.
  • the protective skin 188 is applied from a film-forming latex by dipping and then hardened. If degassing of the preform 181 is desired, the protective skin 188 can be applied under vacuum.
  • the preform 181 formed by isostatic pressing is dimensionally stable in the sense of the invention and can be coated with the protective skin 188.
  • the preform 181 with the protective skin 188 can be pressed on all sides in the pressure container 94 under a pressure of approximately 350 bar to 1200 bar.
  • the protective skin 188 is then pulled off, detached or brushed off.
  • the molding is then ready for firing with a temperature program, as shown in Fig. 8.
  • all-round pressing can also be carried out as shown in FIG. 6 using a plate.
  • the press device here comprises a lower press pot 209 and an upper press pot 211, which have cavities 209a and 211a, respectively.
  • the cavities 209a and 211a are each covered by a shaping-neutral elastomer membrane 288x or 288y, which extends over the respective edge surface 209b or 211b.
  • the preform 281 is inserted between the two membranes 288x and 288y after removal from the isostatic shaping device, for example according to FIG. 1 and, if appropriate, after decor printing and glazing.
  • the preform 281 is placed on the lower membrane 288x. Before the preform 281 is placed on the membrane 288x, the latter can be sucked down against a support mass 215 by a suction device 213, so that it lies against a support surface 217 which is shaped in accordance with the preform profile.
  • the upper pressure pot 211 is then lowered vertically onto the lower pressure pot 209, so that the two membranes 288x and 288y are clamped between the edge surfaces 209b and 211b.
  • a suction probe 219 By means of a suction probe 219, the space between the membranes 288x and 288y which are placed against one another and receive the molding between them is suctioned off.
  • the suction probe 219 is then withdrawn in the direction of the arrow 221.
  • the cavities 209a and 211a are filled with pressure fluid, in particular pressure fluid, by pressure boost lines 223 and 225 and pressurized.
  • the pressure is introduced in such a way that the preform 281 is always kept in a floating state and outside contact with the boundary surfaces of the cavities 209a and 211a when pressure is applied.
  • Contact with the support mass 215 is also avoided, at least when the support mass consists of a rigid or hard-elastic material. If the support mass 215 consists of a soft-elastic plastic, contact with the support mass 215 is harmless depending on its degree of softness.
  • the support mass 215 also and possibly only fulfills the function of a volume displacement mass, which ensures that the smallest possible amount of fluid has to be transported into the cavity 217 during the pressing process. From this point of view, the cavity 211a could also be filled with a volume displacement mass.
  • the membranes 288x and 288y consist of a shaping-neutral thin rubber or synthetic rubber film which, without any wrinkles, fits around the molding 281 on all sides as soon as the suction probe 219 has sucked out the air.
  • a pressure of about 350 bar to about 1200 bar is introduced. This pressure is maintained for 0.5 seconds.
  • the preform 281 undergoes a 6% diameter reduction in the all-round pressing according to FIG. 6 if the preform has been produced according to the explanation of FIG. 1 and the pressure in the cavities 209a, 211a is brought to 1000 bar .
  • the fired molded body 281 has a geometrically similar shape in the strict sense to that of the preform taken from the press according to FIG. 1, the visible surface in particular having its exact profile and the base maintaining its flat base. Downward bulges have not occurred.
  • the glaze is free of pores and free of scale structure and appears completely smooth when viewed with the unarmed eye. It should not be excluded that the decor and / or the glaze is also applied after the pressing process according to FIG. 3 or 6. It should also not be ruled out that the decor and / or the glaze are applied only after a first firing of the molding pressed on all sides and then another firing takes place.
  • This device comprises a lower clamping frame 331 which is fixedly connected to a lower mold 333.
  • the lower mold 333 has a lower rigid molding surface 335.
  • This lower rigid molded surface 335 is covered with a lower membrane 337 which is anchored in the lower clamping frame 331.
  • An upper clamping frame 339 can also be seen, which can be clamped to the lower clamping frame 331 by a clamping press 341.
  • An upper mold 343 is guided in a vertically displaceable manner in the upper clamping frame 339 and is height-adjustable by an adjusting device 345.
  • the upper mold 343 has an upper mold surface 347 on which an upper membrane 349 bears.
  • the upper membrane 349 is anchored in the upper clamping frame 339.
  • a cavity 351 is formed between them.
  • vacuum can be applied through a suction line (not shown) and ceramic flowable mass can be filled through a filling line (also not shown).
  • the membranes 337 u. 349 held in contact with the respective membrane by negative pressure applied to the rear.
  • pressure is first applied to the underside of the lower membrane 337 via a fluid control device 353 and a line 355, so that the molding compound, as shown in the right half of FIG. 7, against that of the upper Form surface 347 rigidly supported upper membrane 349 is pressed and thus the preform is formed, the top of which takes over the shape of the molding surface 347 exactly. This preform is then hydrostatically pressed on all sides.
  • the upper mold 343 is raised slightly by means of the setting device 345, for example by 10 mm.
  • the fluid control unit 353 and the two lines 355 u. 357 the two membranes 337 u. 349 both on the back evenly pressurized with fluid pressure, so that the two membranes 337 u. 349 preform enclosed as a protective skin system now between the two molding surfaces 335 u. 347 is suspended from all sides evenly by the fluid pressure.
  • the one membrane 337 which acts as an isostatic pressure membrane during the formation of the preform, can simultaneously be used as part of the protective skin during the all-round pressing.
  • the inventive method and the inventive device are particularly suitable for the production of thin-shell workpieces, for. B. cups, plates, plates and bowls of household and catering dishes, in which a high edge impact resistance is particularly desirable.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Devices For Post-Treatments, Processing, Supply, Discharge, And Other Processes (AREA)

Claims (45)

  1. Procédé de fabrication d'un corps moulé plat céramique, à coquille mince, par moulage d'une matière de moulage céramique en un produit cru (81) indéformable et par cuisson suivante du produit cru (81), de manière que la matière de moulage soit moulée en une ébauche (81), indéformable, semblable géométriquement au corps moulé à obtenir, en une opération de formage, en contact avec au moins une surface de formage (42) sensiblement rigide, et en ce que cette ébauche (81) est-pressée pour donner le produit cru, dans un système à enveloppe de protection (88), sensiblement neutre en ce qui concerne le formage, l'entourant de tous côtés, sans pression contre des surfaces de formage rigides, par pression de tous côtés au moyen d'un fluide sous pression, agissant sur le côté extérieur du système à enveloppe de protection (88), avec réduction du volume et maintien simultané de la similitude géométrique avec le produit cru,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'une ébauche (81), indéformable, au sens du maintien de la similitude géométrique lors de la pression ultérieure de tous côtés, est produite dans une cavité de moulage (68), entre une surface de formage (42) sensiblement rigide et une membrane (18) déformable, en ce qu'après introduction d'une matière de moulage pulvérulente dans la cavité de moulage (68), un fluide sous haute pression est amené à agir sur le côté de la membrane (18), éloigné de la cavité de moulage (68).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le fluide sous pression est amené à une pression d'au moins 500 bar.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le fluide sous pression est amené à une pression d'au moins 750 bar.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le fluide sous pression est amené à une pression d'au moins 1 000 bar.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le fluide sous pression est amené à une pression d'au moins 1 200 bar.
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la pression de tous côtés s'effectue pendant que l'ébauche (81) contient de l'eau.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 6,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la pression de tous côtés s'effectue pendant que l'ébauche (81) a une teneur en eau d'environ 2 % en poids à environ 15 % en poids.
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 7,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la pression de tous côtés s'effectue pendant que l'ébauche (81) contient d'environ 3,5 % en poids à environ 10 % en poids d'eau.
  9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la pression de tous côtés s'effectue pendant que l'ébauche (81) contient un liant organique de poids moléculaire élevé.
  10. Procédé selon la revendication 9,
    caractérisé
    ence que la pression de tous côtés s'effectue pendant que l'ébauche (81) contient de la carboxyméthylcellulose.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 9,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la pression de tous côtés s'effectue pendant que l'ébauche (81) contient une matière synthétique liquide.
  12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'on utilise un système à enveloppe de protection (88) d'une épaisseur d'enveloppe au moins approximativement constante.
  13. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12,
    caractérisé
    en ce que l'ébauche (81) est prélevée de la cavité de moulage (68) et est ensuite enveloppée avec le système à enveloppe de moulage (88).
  14. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13,
    caractérisé
    en ce que l'ébauche (81) est moulée à partir d'un grain obtenu par séchage par pulvérisation.
  15. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14,
    caractérisé
    en ce que l'ébauche (81) est moulée dans la cavité de moulage (68) sous une pression d'environ 100 à environ 300 bar.
  16. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 15,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'avant la pression de tous côtés il est fait le vide dans l'espace enfermé par le système à enveloppe de protection (88), contenant l'ébauche (81).
  17. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 16,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'un décor est imprimé sur l'ébauche (81) lors de sa formation ou avant la pression de tous côtés.
  18. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 17,
    caractérisé
    en ce que l'ébauche (81) est revêtue d'une couverte.
  19. Procédé selon la revendication 18,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la couverte est appliquée en tant que couverte liquide par pulvérisation ou immersion.
  20. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 19,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le produit cru (81) est soumis à une cuisson rapide.
  21. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le produit cru (81) est soumis, pendant un temps de cuisson d'environ 6 à 8 heures au total, d'abord à une température d'environ 450°C s'élevant à environ 1 450 °C, pendant une phase de montée en température (t1) d'environ 3 à 4 heures, ensuite est soumis à une température approximativement constante d'environ 1 450 °C, pendant une phase de maintien de température (t2) d'environ 1 heure et est soumis ensuite à une température diminuant d'environ 1 450 °C à environ 100 °C, au cours d'une phase d'abaissement de température (t3) d'environ 2 heures et demi.
  22. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 21,
    caractérisé
    en ce que l'ébauche (81) est introduite dans un sac (88) fait d'un matériau en feuille, en particulier d'une feuille de matière plastique (88a, 88b) synthétique, plate, fermée de tous côtés, formant l'enveloppe de protection.
  23. Procédé selon la revendication 22,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'on utilise un sac (88) fait d'une feuille élastomère plate, en particulier d'une feuille de caoutchouc ou d'une feuille de caoutchouc de synthèse.
  24. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 22 et 23,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le sac (88) est fermé par soudage ou vulcanisation.
  25. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 22 à 24,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'il est fait le vide dans le sac (88) enfermant l'ébauche (81).
  26. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 21,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le système à enveloppe de protection (188) est formé par application de tous côtés, éventuellement sous vide, d'une matière de revêtement, sur l'ébauche (181).
  27. Procédé selon la revendication 26,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le système à enveloppe de protection (188) est formé d'une pâte thermoplastifiable, telle que de la cire.
  28. Procédé selon la revendication 26,
    caractérisé
    en ce que le système à enveloppe de protection (188) est formé par une solution ou une suspension d'une matière formant un film, après application d'une couche liquide de la solution ou de la suspension, le solvant ou agent de suspension étant chassé de cette couche liquide.
  29. Procédé selon la revendication 26,
    caractérisé
    en ce que pour former le système à enveloppe de protection (188) une matière liquide, durcissable par réaction chimique, est appliquée sur l'ébauche (181) et durcie après l'application.
  30. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 29,
    caractérisé
    en ce que l'ébauche (81), enfermée par le système à enveloppe de protection (88), est introduite dans un récipient sous pression (94), ce récipient sous pression est fermé et un fluide, contenu dans le récipient sous pression, est mis sous pression.
  31. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 21,
    caractérisé
    en ce que l'ébauche (281) est placée entre deux membranes (288x, 288y), formant le système à enveloppe de protection, et les membranes sont ensuite soumises au fluide sous pression, sur leur côté éloigné de l'ébauche.
  32. Procédé selon la revendication 31,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'on utilise comme membranes (288x, 288y), des feuilles plates en matière plastique de synthèse ou en matériau élastomère.
  33. Procédé selon la revendication 31 ou 32,
    caractérisé
    en ce que derrière l'une au moins des membranes (288x, 288y), sur son côté éloigné de l'ébauche (281), on introduit une masse de soutien (215), qui forme une surface de soutien (217), suivant approximativement le profil de la surface de l'ébauche (281), pour l'ébauche (281), avant le début de la pression de tous côtés.
  34. Procédé selon la revendication 33,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la membrane (288x) respective est aspirée contre la surface de soutien (217), par le vide, avant la mise en place de l'ébauche (281).
  35. Procédé selon la revendication 34,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'on utilise une masse de mousse, comme masse de soutien (215).
  36. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 31 à 35,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'il est fait le vide dans l'espace intermédiaire compris entre les membranes (288x, 288y), avant envoi de fluide sous pression sur les membranes (288x, 288y).
  37. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 12, 14 à 17 et 20 à 21,
    caractérisé
    en ce que la matière de moulage céramique (351) est pressée pour donner l'ébauche, entre au moins deux surfaces de moulage (335 ; 347) rigides, garnies chacune d'une membrane (337 ; 349), en ce qu'un fluide sous pression est amené à agir sur le côté éloigné de la matière de moulage d'une première membrane (337) seulement, faisant partie d'une première surface de moulage (335) rigide et la matière de moulage (351) est de ce fait pressée contre la deuxième membrane (349), soutenue rigidement contre la deuxième surface de moulage (347) rigide et en ce qu'ensuite, avec éloignement simultané ou après éloignement de la deuxième surface de moulage (347) rigide de l'ébauche, les deux membranes (337 ; 349), enfermant totalement l'ébauche, sont simultanément soumises de tous côtés à la pression d'un fluide, de manière que l'ébauche, enfermée entre les deux membranes (337 ; 349), soit pressée pour donner le produit cru, sans contact avec des surfaces de moulage (335 ; 347) rigides.
  38. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 37,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'on utilise comme fluide sous pression un liquide, le système à enveloppe de protection (88) étant étanche aux liquides.
  39. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 38,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'on utilise comme fluide sous pression un gaz, le système à enveloppe de protection (88) étant étanche aux gaz.
  40. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 39,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'il est réalisé une pièce de vaisselle en porcelaine, en particulier une assiette, une coupe ou une tasse.
  41. Dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé
    en ce que pour le pressage de l'ébauche (81) il comporte au moins et de préférence deux pots de pression (209, 211) avec chacun une cavité (209a, 211a) et chacun une surface de bordure d'étanchéité (209b, 211b), enfermant la cavité respective, qui est tournée vers l'autre surface de bordure d'étanchéité, et avec chacun une membrane (288x, 288y), recouvrant la cavité (209a, 211a) respective et la surface de bordure d'étanchéité (209b, 211b) respective, les pots de pression (209, 211) pouvant être pressés l'un contre l'autre, par un dispositif de pression, avec leurs surfaces de bordure d'étanchéité (209b, 211b), en serrant les deux membranes (288x, 288y), avec inclusion de l'ébauche (281) respective entre les surfaces latérales, tournées l'une vers l'autre, des deux membranes (288x, 288y), et les cavités (209a, 211a) des deux pots de pression (209, 211) étant reliées chacune à un dispositif d'accroissement de pression (223, 225), pour la mise sous pression d'un volume de fluide à l'intérieur de la cavité (209, 211a) respective.
  42. Dispositif selon la revendication 41,
    caractérisé par un dispositif d'aspiration (219) pour l'aspiration de l'air dans l'espace intermédiaire compris entre les deux membranes (288x, 288y).
  43. Procédé selon la revendication 41 ou 42,
    caractérisé par une masse de soutien (215), en particulier une masse de soutien perméable aux fluides dans au moins l'une (209a) des cavités (209a, 211a) et de préférence dans une cavité (209a) fermée vers le haut, par la membrane (228x) respective.
  44. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 41 à 43,
    caractérisé par un dispositif d'aspiration d'air (213) en liaison avec au moins l'une (209a) des cavités (209a, 211a).
  45. Dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'il comprend, pour la formation d'une ébauche et le pressage de celle-ci : au moins deux outils de moulage (333 ; 343) coopérant entre eux avec des surfaces de moulage (335 ; 347) rigides, tournées l'une vers l'autre, formant une cavité de moulage, une membrane (337 ; 349) s'appliquant contre chacune des deux surfaces de moulage rigides, un dispositif de serrage (341) pour le serrage de bords des deux membranes (337 ; 349) au voisinage des surfaces de moulage (335 ; 347) rigides, une alimentation en fluide (355, 357) du côté éloigné de la cavité de chacune des deux membranes (337 ; 349), une commande d'arrivée de fluide (353), qui autorise de manière sélective l'alimentation de l'une seulement ou des deux membranes (337 ; 349) et un dispositif de réglage pour faire varier la distance entre les deux surfaces de moulage (335 ; 347), en maintenant le serrage des bords des membranes.
EP91106242A 1990-04-20 1991-04-18 Procédé pour la fabrication d'un objet en céramique et dispositif pour le pressage d'une ébauche en céramique Expired - Lifetime EP0452936B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE4012700A DE4012700A1 (de) 1990-04-20 1990-04-20 Verfahren zur herstellung eines keramischen formkoerpers und einrichtung zum pressen eines keramischen formlings
DE4012700 1990-04-20

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EP0452936A2 EP0452936A2 (fr) 1991-10-23
EP0452936A3 EP0452936A3 (en) 1992-04-15
EP0452936B1 true EP0452936B1 (fr) 1997-10-15

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US (1) US5314646A (fr)
EP (1) EP0452936B1 (fr)
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DE (2) DE4012700A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2111544T3 (fr)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2111544T3 (es) 1998-03-16
DE4012700A1 (de) 1991-10-31
JPH05131419A (ja) 1993-05-28
US5314646A (en) 1994-05-24
EP0452936A3 (en) 1992-04-15
EP0452936A2 (fr) 1991-10-23
DE59108873D1 (de) 1997-11-20
ATE159197T1 (de) 1997-11-15

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