EP0389051A1 - Photomultiplier tube with a large collection homogeneity - Google Patents

Photomultiplier tube with a large collection homogeneity Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0389051A1
EP0389051A1 EP90200640A EP90200640A EP0389051A1 EP 0389051 A1 EP0389051 A1 EP 0389051A1 EP 90200640 A EP90200640 A EP 90200640A EP 90200640 A EP90200640 A EP 90200640A EP 0389051 A1 EP0389051 A1 EP 0389051A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
focusing
dynode
multiplier
photocathode
grid
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Granted
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EP90200640A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0389051B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Boutot
Pierre L'hermite
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Photonis SAS
Koninklijke Philips NV
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Radiotechnique Compelec RTC SA
Photonis SAS
Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, focusing electrodes and a focusing multiplying structure with a large input surface relative to the photocathode and comprising, at least, an input dynode.
  • the invention applies to the general technical field of photomultiplier tubes.
  • the photomultiplier tube subject of the preamble corresponds to a conventional type of tubes known as "linear focused" describes, for example, in French Patent No. 1 288 477.
  • the focusing multiplier structure said structure also de Rajchman, presents, in addition to the input dynode, a plurality of dynodes whose shape and arrangement are designed so as to ensure progressive focusing of the electronic trajectories along the multiplying structure.
  • This focusing reduces the dispersion of transit times between stages and allows the structure, and therefore the tube, to have high speed performance.
  • the focused linear tubes offer good response linearity as a function of the incident flux.
  • the electronic input optics of these photomultiplier tubes known from the state of the art do not offer a constant collection efficiency of the photoelectrons emitted by the photocathode, because the input dynode of the focusing multiplier structure, c that is to say in this case the first dynode of the tube, has a reduced surface relative to that of the photocathode and is quite distant from the photocathode. This therefore results in a certain inhomogeneity of collection insofar as the electrons coming from the periphery of the photocathode are not all picked up by the input dynode.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, focusing electrodes and a focusing multiplying structure, with a large input surface relative to the photocathode and comprising, at least, an input dynode, a tube which would allow greater collection efficiency and homogeneity than those of conventional focused linear photomultiplier tubes, even in the case of a large photocathode, while retaining good linearity and satisfactory speed.
  • said photomultiplier tube has, between the photocathode and said focusing multiplier structure, a first multiplier stage composed, in order from the set of photocathode and focusing electrodes , an accelerating grid, a multiplier dynode of the hole plate type, and an extractor grid provided with the same arrangement of holes as said multiplier dynode, the output of said extractor grid being coupled to the input dynode of said multiplying structure by a focusing electrode.
  • multiplier dynodes to plate-like holes and the associated extracting grids are known in the prior art to form, in general, stackable dynode electron multiplier devices like that described in French patent No. 2 549 288 or in French patent unpublished application No. 88 09083.
  • the photomultiplier tube according to the invention has a large collection surface linked to the dimension of the first multiplier dynode, and allows, because of the structure of the plate with holes, to collect photoelectrons. whose trajectory is very inclined compared to the first dynode.
  • This characteristic offers the advantage of being able to use large surface, flat or spherical photocathodes, and leads to a better homogeneity of collection.
  • the tube according to the invention by virtue of the electronic focusing produced by the focusing multiplying structure, has good linearity and good speed, all the more so as the differences between electrons coming from the center and from the edge of the photocathode are reduced by the plate form of the first multiplying dynode.
  • the invention allows the treatment of dynodes "in situ", the flat dynode of the first multiplier stage at the entrance of the tube facilitates the deposition of a layer with secondary emission, for example of alkaline antimonide, which improves the ratio signal to noise.
  • FIG. 1 shows, in section, a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode 10, here a flat photocathode deposited on a window 11, a set of focusing electrodes 12 and 12 ′, and a focusing multiplying structure 20, known per se, comprising a input dynode 21, as well as other multiplier dynodes and a gate output anode A.
  • a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode 10, here a flat photocathode deposited on a window 11, a set of focusing electrodes 12 and 12 ′, and a focusing multiplying structure 20, known per se, comprising a input dynode 21, as well as other multiplier dynodes and a gate output anode A.
  • the photocathode 10, focusing electrode 12 constituted by an aluminum deposit on the inner wall of the sleeve 13 of the tube and one (or more) electrode (s) 12 ′ brought (s) to electrical potentials, relative to the photocathode, between, for example, 100 V and 2000 V, has the effect of attracting and concentrating the photoelectrons 51 emitted by photocathode 10 on the first multiplier stage. As can be seen in FIG.
  • the photomultiplier tube has, between the photocathode assembly 10 and focusing electrodes 12 and 12 ′ on the one hand, and said focusing multiplier structure 20 on the other hand, a first multiplier stage 30 composed of three parts, in order from the focusing electrode 12 ′: - a grid 31 of great transparency, produced by example using metal wires 1 to 2 mm apart. - a multiplier dynode 32 of electrons, parallel to the grid 31, and formed of a plate with holes, said holes being arranged in a regular planar network, as described in the French patent application filed by the Applicant under the number n o 88 09083.
  • the pitch of said regular plane network may be equal to or less than that of grid 31, for example 0.65 mm.
  • the potential of the multiplying dynode 32 is equal to or greater from 10 to 30 V than that of the grid 31.
  • the electric field prevailing between the grid 31 and the multiplying dynode 32 promotes the attraction of the secondary electrons 52 emitted by the dynode multiplier 32 to the extractor grid 33 after secondary multiplication, - an extractor grid 33, parallel to the multiplier dynode 32, and also formed of a plate provided with the same arrangement of holes as the dynode 32, the holes of the extractor grid 33 being placed opposite the holes of the multiplier dynode 32.
  • the extractor grid 33 is brought to an electrical potential of 50 to 200 V higher than that of the multiplying dynode 32.
  • a focusing electrode 40 makes it possible to focus the secondary electrons 52 leaving the extracting grid 33 on the input dynode 21 of the focusing multiplier structure 20.
  • This focusing electrode 40 has the shape of a metal cylinder and its potential is close from that of the first multiplying dynode 32 (10 to 20 V more or less).
  • the input dynode 21 is brought for example to a potential of 100 to 500 V greater than that of the extractor grid 33.

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  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)

Abstract

Photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode (10), focusing electrodes (12,12') and a focusing multiplier structure (20), of large entrance area relative to the photocathode and comprising, at least, one entrance dynode (21). According to the invention, the said photomultiplier tube possesses, between the photocathode (10) and the said focusing multiplier structure (20), a first multiplier stage (30) composed, in order starting from the photocathode (10) and focusing electrode (12,12') assembly, of a grid (31), of a multiplier dynode (32) of the perforated-plate type, and of an exciter grid (33) provided with the same arrangement of perforations as the said first multiplier dynode (32), the output of the exciter grid (33) being coupled to the said entrance dynode (21) of the focusing structure by a focusing electrode (40). …<??>Application to photomultiplier tubes. …<IMAGE>…

Description

La présente invention concerne un tube photomulti­plicateur comportant une photocathode, des électrodes focali­satrices et une structure multiplicatrice focalisante de gran­de surface d'entrée relativement à la photocathode et compre­nant, au moins, une dynode d'entrée.The present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, focusing electrodes and a focusing multiplying structure with a large input surface relative to the photocathode and comprising, at least, an input dynode.

L'invention s'applique au domaine technique géné­ral des tubes photomultiplicateurs.The invention applies to the general technical field of photomultiplier tubes.

Le tube photomultiplicateur faisant l'objet du préambule correspond à un type très classique de tubes connu sous le nom de "linéaire focalisé", décrit, par exemple, dans le brevet français no 1 288 477. La structure multiplicatrice focalisante, dite aussi structure de Rajchman, présente, outre la dynode d'entrée, une pluralité de dynodes dont la forme et la disposition sont conçues de manière à assurer une focalisa­tion progressive des trajectoires électroniques le long de la structure multiplicatrice. Cette focalisation réduit la dis­persion des temps de transit entre étages et permet à la structure, et donc au tube, d'avoir des performances de rapi­dité élevées. D'autre part, du fait principalement de la foca­lisation dans les divers étages, les tubes linéaires focalisés offrent une bonne linéarité de réponse en fonction du flux in­cident.The photomultiplier tube subject of the preamble corresponds to a conventional type of tubes known as "linear focused" describes, for example, in French Patent No. 1 288 477. The focusing multiplier structure, said structure also de Rajchman, presents, in addition to the input dynode, a plurality of dynodes whose shape and arrangement are designed so as to ensure progressive focusing of the electronic trajectories along the multiplying structure. This focusing reduces the dispersion of transit times between stages and allows the structure, and therefore the tube, to have high speed performance. On the other hand, mainly due to the focusing in the various stages, the focused linear tubes offer good response linearity as a function of the incident flux.

Toutefois, l'optique électronique d'entrée de ces tubes photomultiplicateurs connus de l'état de la technique n'offrent pas une efficacité de collection constante des pho­toélectrons émis par la photocathode, car la dynode d'entrée de la structure multiplicatrice focalisante, c'est-à-dire dans ce cas la première dynode du tube, présente une surface rédui­te relativement à celle de la photocathode et se trouve assez éloignée de la photocathode. Il en résulte donc une certaine inhomogénéité de collection dans la mesure où les électrons issus de la périphérie de la photocathode ne sont pas tous captés par la dynode d'entrée.However, the electronic input optics of these photomultiplier tubes known from the state of the art do not offer a constant collection efficiency of the photoelectrons emitted by the photocathode, because the input dynode of the focusing multiplier structure, c that is to say in this case the first dynode of the tube, has a reduced surface relative to that of the photocathode and is quite distant from the photocathode. This therefore results in a certain inhomogeneity of collection insofar as the electrons coming from the periphery of the photocathode are not all picked up by the input dynode.

Aussi, le problème technique à résoudre par l'objet de la présente invention est de réaliser un tube photomulti­plicateur comportant une photocathode, des électrodes focali­satrices et une structure multiplicatrice focalisante, de grande surface d'entrée relativement à la photocathode et com­prenant, au moins, une dynode d'entrée, tube qui permettrait une efficacité de collection et une homogénéité plus grandes que celles des tubes photomultiplicateurs linéaires focalisés conventionnels, et ceci même dans le cas de photocathode de grande dimension, tout en conservant une bonne linéarité et une rapidité satisfaisante.Also, the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode, focusing electrodes and a focusing multiplying structure, with a large input surface relative to the photocathode and comprising, at least, an input dynode, a tube which would allow greater collection efficiency and homogeneity than those of conventional focused linear photomultiplier tubes, even in the case of a large photocathode, while retaining good linearity and satisfactory speed.

La solution à ce problème technique consiste, selon la présente invention, en ce que ledit tube photomultiplica­teur présente, entre la photocathode et ladite structure mul­tiplicatrice focalisante, un premier étage multiplicateur com­posé, dans l'ordre à partir de l'ensemble photocathode et électrodes focalisatrices, d'une grille accélératrice, d'une dynode multiplicatrice du type plaque à trous, et d'une grille extractrice munie du même agencement de trous que ladite dyno­de multiplicatrice, la sortie de ladite grille extractrice étant couplée à la dynode d'entrée de ladite structure multi­plicatrice par une électrode de focalisation.The solution to this technical problem consists, according to the present invention, in that said photomultiplier tube has, between the photocathode and said focusing multiplier structure, a first multiplier stage composed, in order from the set of photocathode and focusing electrodes , an accelerating grid, a multiplier dynode of the hole plate type, and an extractor grid provided with the same arrangement of holes as said multiplier dynode, the output of said extractor grid being coupled to the input dynode of said multiplying structure by a focusing electrode.

Les dynodes multiplicatrices du type plaque à trous et les grilles extractrices associées sont connues de l'état de la technique pour constituer, d'une façon générale, les dispositifs multiplicateurs d'électrons à dynodes empilables comme celui décrit dans le brevet français no 2 549 288 ou en­core dans la demande de brevet français non publiée no 88 09083.The multiplier dynodes to plate-like holes and the associated extracting grids are known in the prior art to form, in general, stackable dynode electron multiplier devices like that described in French patent No. 2 549 288 or in French patent unpublished application No. 88 09083.

Comme on le verra plus loin en détail, le tube pho­tomultiplicateur selon l'invention présente une grande surface de collection liée à la dimension de la première dynode multi­plicatrice, et permet, du fait de la structure de la plaque à trous, de collecter des photoélectrons dont la trajectoire est très inclinée par rapport à la première dynode. Cette caracté­ristique offre l'avantage de pouvoir utiliser des photocatho­des de grande surface, planes ou sphériques, et conduit à une meilleure homogénéité de collection. Par ailleurs, le tube conforme à l'invention, de par la focalisation électronique réalisée par la structure multiplicatrice focalisante, possède une bonne linéarité et une bonne rapidité, d'autant que les écarts entre électrons issus du centre et du bord de la photo­cathode sont réduits par la forme en plaque de la première dy­node multiplicatrice. Enfin, l'invention permet le traitement des dynodes "in situ", la dynode plane du premier étage multi­plicateur à l'entrée du tube facilite le dépôt d'une couche à émission secondaire, par exemple d'antimoniure alcalin, qui améliore le rapport signal à bruit.As will be seen in detail below, the photomultiplier tube according to the invention has a large collection surface linked to the dimension of the first multiplier dynode, and allows, because of the structure of the plate with holes, to collect photoelectrons. whose trajectory is very inclined compared to the first dynode. This characteristic offers the advantage of being able to use large surface, flat or spherical photocathodes, and leads to a better homogeneity of collection. Furthermore, the tube according to the invention, by virtue of the electronic focusing produced by the focusing multiplying structure, has good linearity and good speed, all the more so as the differences between electrons coming from the center and from the edge of the photocathode are reduced by the plate form of the first multiplying dynode. Finally, the invention allows the treatment of dynodes "in situ", the flat dynode of the first multiplier stage at the entrance of the tube facilitates the deposition of a layer with secondary emission, for example of alkaline antimonide, which improves the ratio signal to noise.

La description qui va suivre en regard du dessin annexé, donné à titre d'exemple non limitatif, fera bien com­prendre en quoi consiste l'invention et comment elle peut être réalisée.

  • La figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'un tube photo­multiplicateur selon l'invention.
The description which follows with reference to the appended drawing, given by way of nonlimiting example, will make it clear what the invention consists of and how it can be implemented.
  • Figure 1 is a sectional view of a photomultiplier tube according to the invention.

La figure 1 montre, en coupe, un tube photomulti­plicateur comportant une photocathode 10, ici une photocathode plane déposée sur une fenêtre 11, un ensemble d'électrodes fo­calisatrices 12 et 12′, et une structure multiplicatrice foca­lisante 20, connue en soi, comprenant une dynode 21 d'entrée, ainsi que d'autres dynodes multiplicatrices et une anode de sortie A à grille. L'ensemble photocathode 10, électrode foca­lisatrice 12 constituée par un dépôt d'aluminium sur la paroi intérieure du manchon 13 du tube et une (ou plusieurs) élec­trode(s) 12′ portée(s) à des potentiels électriques, par rap­port à la photocathode, compris entre, par exemple, 100 V et 2000 V, a pour effet d'attirer et de concentrer les photoélec­trons 51 émis par la photocathode 10 sur le premier étage mul­tiplicateur. Comme on peut le voir sur la figure 1, le tube photomultiplicateur présente, entre l'ensemble photocathode 10 et électrodes focalisatrices 12 et 12′ d'une part, et ladite structure multiplicatrice focalisante 20 d'autre part, un pre­mier étage multiplicateur 30 composé de trois parties, dans l'ordre à partir de l'électrode focalisatrice 12′ :
- une grille 31 de grande transparence, réalisée par exemple à l'aide de fils métalliques distants de 1 à 2 mm.
- une dynode multiplicatrice 32 d'électrons, parallèle à la grille 31, et formée d'une plaque à trous, lesdits trous étant disposés selon un réseau plan régulier, tel que décrit dans la demande de brevet français déposée par la Demanderesse sous le no 88 09083. Le pas dudit réseau plan régulier peut être égal ou inférieur à celui de la grille 31, par exemple 0,65 mm. Le potentiel de la dynode multiplicatrice 32 est égal ou supé­rieur de 10 à 30 V à celui de la grille 31. Ainsi, le champ électrique régnant entre la grille 31 et la dynode multiplica­trice 32 favorise l'attraction des électrons secondaires 52 émis par la dynode multiplicatrice 32 vers la grille extrac­trice 33 après multiplication secondaire,
- une grille extractrice 33, parallèle à la dynode multi­plicatrice 32, et formée également d'une plaque munie du même arrangement de trous que la dynode 32, les trous de la grille extractrice 33 étant placés en regard des trous de la dynode multiplicatrice 32. De façon à pouvoir attirer les électrons secondaires 52 à travers les deux séries de trous des plaques 32 et 33, la grille extractrice 33 est portée à un potentiel électrique de 50 à 200 V plus élevé que celui de la dynode multiplicatrice 32.FIG. 1 shows, in section, a photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode 10, here a flat photocathode deposited on a window 11, a set of focusing electrodes 12 and 12 ′, and a focusing multiplying structure 20, known per se, comprising a input dynode 21, as well as other multiplier dynodes and a gate output anode A. The photocathode 10, focusing electrode 12 constituted by an aluminum deposit on the inner wall of the sleeve 13 of the tube and one (or more) electrode (s) 12 ′ brought (s) to electrical potentials, relative to the photocathode, between, for example, 100 V and 2000 V, has the effect of attracting and concentrating the photoelectrons 51 emitted by photocathode 10 on the first multiplier stage. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the photomultiplier tube has, between the photocathode assembly 10 and focusing electrodes 12 and 12 ′ on the one hand, and said focusing multiplier structure 20 on the other hand, a first multiplier stage 30 composed of three parts, in order from the focusing electrode 12 ′:
- a grid 31 of great transparency, produced by example using metal wires 1 to 2 mm apart.
- a multiplier dynode 32 of electrons, parallel to the grid 31, and formed of a plate with holes, said holes being arranged in a regular planar network, as described in the French patent application filed by the Applicant under the number n o 88 09083. The pitch of said regular plane network may be equal to or less than that of grid 31, for example 0.65 mm. The potential of the multiplying dynode 32 is equal to or greater from 10 to 30 V than that of the grid 31. Thus, the electric field prevailing between the grid 31 and the multiplying dynode 32 promotes the attraction of the secondary electrons 52 emitted by the dynode multiplier 32 to the extractor grid 33 after secondary multiplication,
- an extractor grid 33, parallel to the multiplier dynode 32, and also formed of a plate provided with the same arrangement of holes as the dynode 32, the holes of the extractor grid 33 being placed opposite the holes of the multiplier dynode 32. In order to be able to attract the secondary electrons 52 through the two series of holes in the plates 32 and 33, the extractor grid 33 is brought to an electrical potential of 50 to 200 V higher than that of the multiplying dynode 32.

Une électrode de focalisation 40 permet de focali­ser les électrons secondaires 52 sortant de la grille extrac­trice 33 sur la dynode 21 d'entrée de la structure multiplica­trice focalisante 20. Cette électrode de focalisation 40 a la forme d'un cylindre métallique et son potentiel est voisin de celui de la première dynode multiplicatrice 32 (10 à 20 V en plus ou en moins). La dynode 21 d'entrée est portée par exem­ple à un potentiel de 100 à 500 V supérieur à celui de la grille extractrice 33.A focusing electrode 40 makes it possible to focus the secondary electrons 52 leaving the extracting grid 33 on the input dynode 21 of the focusing multiplier structure 20. This focusing electrode 40 has the shape of a metal cylinder and its potential is close from that of the first multiplying dynode 32 (10 to 20 V more or less). The input dynode 21 is brought for example to a potential of 100 to 500 V greater than that of the extractor grid 33.

Claims (1)

1. Tube photomultiplicateur comportant une photocatho­de (10), des électrodes focalisatrices (12,12′) et une struc­ture multiplicatrice focalisante (20), de grande surface d'en­trée relativement à la photocathode et comportant, au moins, une dynode d'entrée (21), caractérisé en ce que ledit tube photomultiplicateur comporte, entre la photocathode (10) et ladite structure multiplicatrice (20), un premier étage multi­plicateur (30) comprenant, dans l'ordre à partir de l'ensemble photocathode (10) et électrodes focalisatrices (12,12′), d'une grille (31), d'une dynode multiplicatrice (32) du type plaque à trous, et d'une grille extractrice (33) munie du même agen­cement de trous que ladite dynode multiplicatrice (32), la sortie de la grille extractrice (33) étant couplée à ladite dynode d'entrée (21) de la structure focalisante par une élec­trode de focalisation (40).1. Photomultiplier tube comprising a photocathode (10), focusing electrodes (12,12 ′) and a focusing multiplier structure (20), with a large input surface relative to the photocathode and comprising, at least, an input dynode (21), characterized in that said photomultiplier tube comprises, between the photocathode (10) and said multiplier structure (20), a first multiplier stage (30) comprising, in order from the photocathode assembly (10) and focusing electrodes (12,12 ′), a grid (31), a multiplier dynode (32) of the hole plate type, and an extractor grid (33) provided with the same arrangement of holes as said dynode multiplier (32), the output of the extractor grid (33) being coupled to said input dynode (21) of the focusing structure by a focusing electrode (40).
EP90200640A 1989-03-24 1990-03-19 Photomultiplier tube with a large collection homogeneity Expired - Lifetime EP0389051B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8903930A FR2644932B1 (en) 1989-03-24 1989-03-24 RAPID PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE WITH HIGH COLLECTION HOMOGENEITY
FR8903930 1989-03-24

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EP0389051A1 true EP0389051A1 (en) 1990-09-26
EP0389051B1 EP0389051B1 (en) 1994-06-22

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US (1) US5043628A (en)
EP (1) EP0389051B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2803889B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1046068A (en)
DE (1) DE69010039T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2644932B1 (en)

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US6462324B1 (en) * 1999-12-08 2002-10-08 Burle Technologies, Inc. Photomultiplier tube with an improved dynode aperture mesh design
JP4246879B2 (en) * 2000-04-03 2009-04-02 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 Electron and photomultiplier tubes
US7427835B2 (en) * 2005-03-31 2008-09-23 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier including a photocathode, a dynode unit, a focusing electrode, and an accelerating electrode
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 9, no. 19 (E-292)(1742) 25 janvier 1985, & JP-A-59 167946 (HAMAMATSU HOTONIKUSU) 21 septembre 1984, *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0898296A2 (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-02-24 Burle Industries, Inc. Short gamma camera photomultiplier tube
EP0898296A3 (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-04-14 Burle Industries, Inc. Short gamma camera photomultiplier tube

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2644932A1 (en) 1990-09-28
US5043628A (en) 1991-08-27
CN1046068A (en) 1990-10-10
DE69010039D1 (en) 1994-07-28
FR2644932B1 (en) 1991-07-26
JP2803889B2 (en) 1998-09-24
JPH02295053A (en) 1990-12-05
EP0389051B1 (en) 1994-06-22
DE69010039T2 (en) 1995-01-05

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