EP0428215B1 - Segmented photomultiplier tube with high collection efficiency and reduced cross-talk - Google Patents
Segmented photomultiplier tube with high collection efficiency and reduced cross-talk Download PDFInfo
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- EP0428215B1 EP0428215B1 EP90202954A EP90202954A EP0428215B1 EP 0428215 B1 EP0428215 B1 EP 0428215B1 EP 90202954 A EP90202954 A EP 90202954A EP 90202954 A EP90202954 A EP 90202954A EP 0428215 B1 EP0428215 B1 EP 0428215B1
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- Prior art keywords
- elementary
- multipliers
- photocathode
- photomultiplier tube
- segmented
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/045—Position sensitive electron multipliers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube segmented into a plurality of elementary photomultipliers, comprising a photocathode, a plurality of elementary electron multipliers of the "leaf-hole” type, and a plurality of focusing electrodes realizing the convergence of the photoelectrons obtained.
- a photomultiplier tube segmented into a plurality of elementary photomultipliers comprising a photocathode, a plurality of elementary electron multipliers of the "leaf-hole” type, and a plurality of focusing electrodes realizing the convergence of the photoelectrons obtained.
- the invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of high energy physics, and, more particularly, in that of detection by photoelectric effect of elementary particles in order, for example, to determine the trajectory.
- detection devices comprising a large number of distinct photomultiplier elements but placed as close as possible to each other so as to limit the losses of useful surface of these devices.
- a solution to this general technical problem, which also has the advantage of reducing the cost of the aforementioned detection devices, is given by the segmentation of a photomultiplier tube into a plurality of elementary photomultipliers.
- 0 264 992 describes a segmented photomultiplier tube in which the elementary multipliers result from the partitioning of a single "leaf-hole" multiplier, and whose entry space between the photocathode and the multiplier of electrons is also partitioned, in a sealed manner to the electrons coming from the photocathode in a plurality of elementary entry spaces.
- This partitioning of the entrance space has the effect of avoiding the photoelectron crosstalk which could occur between the different paths, on the one hand, because the distance between the photocathode and the multiplier must be relatively large to be able to place the antimony generators, for example, far enough from the entrance window of the tube in order to achieve a most homogeneous layer of antimony when developing the photocathode, and, on the other hand, that the focusing electrodes are brought to a high electric potential, of the order of that of the first sheet of the electron multiplier.
- the partitioned multiplier of the segmented photomultiplier tube known from EP-A-0 264 992 is not free from crosstalk.
- European patent application No. 0 350 111 which describes a "leaf" multiplier of the same type as that used in the segmented tube of the prior art, it is noted that the partitioning is made between the extracting and multiplying half-dynodes of the same dynode using an electron-tight spacer.
- the space between a multiplying half-dynode and the extracting half-dynode of the following dynode is free so that electrons backscattered elastically on the surface of said extracting half-dynode near the limit between two elementary multipliers can pass from an elementary multiplier to the neighboring elementary multiplier to be multiplied there again and, thus, give rise to crosstalk.
- the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce a segmented photomultiplier tube conforming to the preamble thanks to which any crosstalk would be avoided at the level of the elementary multipliers, and whose input stage would be of simpler realization while ensuring a very good electronic collection and a minimum photoelectron crosstalk.
- the solution to the technical problem posed consists, according to the present invention, in that the segmented conductive plates each have a dead zone separating active zones with holes corresponding to the different multipliers.
- said focusing electrodes are produced from the same conductive sheet pierced with through holes, and not individually as in the known tube, with the greatest ease of construction of the tube that this represents.
- Figure 1 is a sectional view of a segmented photomultiplier tube according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a top view of a segmented conductive plate of the tube of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a top view of a conductive sheet producing the focusing electrodes of the tube of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 1 shows, in section, a photomultiplier tube 10 segmented into two elementary photomultipliers 11, comprising a photocathode 12, two elementary multipliers 13 of the "leaf-hole” type, and two focusing electrodes 14 achieving the convergence of the photoelectrons coming from photocathode 12 on said elementary multipliers 13.
- the photomultiplier tube 10 ends with an anode 23, for example a collecting plate which can be used as an extracting electrode.
- the elementary multipliers 13 "with hole sheets" can be analogous to those described in European patent application No. 0 131 339 or in European patent application No. 0 350 111.
- the homologous sheets 15 of the elementary multipliers 13 are produced on the same conductive plate 16 segmented having a dead zone 17 separating the active zones 18 with holes corresponding to the two multipliers 13.
- the two extractor half-dynodes and multiplier of the same dynode are separated at the dead zone 17 by a conductive partition 22, electron-tight which avoids crosstalk between the two elementary multipliers 13.
- the crosstalk between elementary multipliers is prevented by the presence of the dead zone 17 practically impassable even for electrons backscattered elastically on the extractor half-dynode.
- the collection is therefore complete and the photocathode-elementary multipliers coupling is such that the photocathode 12 is perfectly divided immaterially into two half-photocathodes associated respectively with the elementary multipliers, as indicated by the electronic trajectory 24 of FIG. 1.
- a slight optical crosstalk may occur (reflection) which can be remedied by placing a separation electrode 25 between the focusing electrodes 14, at the same potential V2 as the focusing electrodes to reduce light reflections from one way on the other.
- FIG. 3 shows that said focusing electrodes are produced from the same conductive sheet 19, optionally folded at its ends, and pierced with holes 20 for passage of the photoelectrons towards the elementary multipliers, as can be seen in figure 1.
- the invention has been described in the case of a photomultiplier tube of square section, segmented into 2 elementary photomultipliers. It is understood that it extends to the case of tubes having another section, for example circular, and segmented into 3, 4 or more elementary photomultipliers, the segmentation preferably having an axis of symmetry corresponding to the longitudinal axis of the tube.
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- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
- Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
Description
La présente invention concerne un tube photomultiplicateur segmenté en une pluralité de photomultiplicateurs élémentaires, comportant une photocathode, une pluralité de multiplicateurs d'électrons élémentaires du type "à feuilles à trous", et une pluralité d'électrodes de focalisation réalisant la convergence des photoélectrons issus de la photocathode sur lesdits multiplicateurs élémentaires, dans lequel les feuilles homologues des multiplicateurs élémentaires sont réalisées sur une même plaque conductrice segmentée - EP-A-0 264 992 et FR-A-2 599 557 décrivent de tels tubes photomultiplicateurs segmentés.The present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube segmented into a plurality of elementary photomultipliers, comprising a photocathode, a plurality of elementary electron multipliers of the "leaf-hole" type, and a plurality of focusing electrodes realizing the convergence of the photoelectrons obtained. of the photocathode on said elementary multipliers, in which the homologous sheets of elementary multipliers are produced on the same segmented conductive plate - EP-A-0 264 992 and FR-A-2 599 557 describe such segmented photomultiplier tubes.
L'invention trouve une application particulièrement avantageuse dans le domaine de la physique des hautes énergies, et, plus particulièrement, dans celui de la détection par effet photoélectrique des particules élémentaires afin, par exemple, d'en déterminer la trajectoire. Dans ce but, il est nécessaire de réaliser des dispositifs de détection comportant un grand nombre d'éléments photomultiplicateurs distincts mais accolés le mieux possible les uns aux autres de façon à limiter les pertes de surface utile de ces dispositifs. Une solution à ce problème technique général, qui a aussi l'avantage de diminuer le coût des dispositifs de détection susmentionnés, est donnée par la segmentation d'un tube photomultiplicateur en une pluralité de photomultiplicateurs élémentaires. La demande de brevet européen n° 0 264 992 décrit un tube photomultiplicateur segmenté dans lequel les multiplicateurs élémentaires résultent du cloisonnement d'un multiplicateur "à feuilles à trous" unique, et dont l'espace d'entrée situé entre la photocathode et le multiplicateur d'électrons est également cloisonné, de façon étanche aux électrons issus de la photocathode en une pluralité d'espaces d'entrée élémentaires. Ce cloisonnement de l'espace d'entrée a pour effet d'éviter la diaphotie des photoélectrons qui pourrait se produire entre les différentes voies du fait, d'une part, que la distance entre la photocathode et le multiplicateur doit être relativement grande pour pouvoir placer les générateurs d'antimoine, par exemple, assez loin de la fenêtre d'entrée du tube dans le but de réaliser une couche d'antimoine la plus homogène lors de l'élaboration de la photocathode, et, d'autre part, que les électrodes de focalisation sont portées à un potentiel électrique élevé, de l'ordre de celui de la première feuille du multiplicateur d'électrons.The invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of high energy physics, and, more particularly, in that of detection by photoelectric effect of elementary particles in order, for example, to determine the trajectory. For this purpose, it is necessary to produce detection devices comprising a large number of distinct photomultiplier elements but placed as close as possible to each other so as to limit the losses of useful surface of these devices. A solution to this general technical problem, which also has the advantage of reducing the cost of the aforementioned detection devices, is given by the segmentation of a photomultiplier tube into a plurality of elementary photomultipliers. European patent application No. 0 264 992 describes a segmented photomultiplier tube in which the elementary multipliers result from the partitioning of a single "leaf-hole" multiplier, and whose entry space between the photocathode and the multiplier of electrons is also partitioned, in a sealed manner to the electrons coming from the photocathode in a plurality of elementary entry spaces. This partitioning of the entrance space has the effect of avoiding the photoelectron crosstalk which could occur between the different paths, on the one hand, because the distance between the photocathode and the multiplier must be relatively large to be able to place the antimony generators, for example, far enough from the entrance window of the tube in order to achieve a most homogeneous layer of antimony when developing the photocathode, and, on the other hand, that the focusing electrodes are brought to a high electric potential, of the order of that of the first sheet of the electron multiplier.
Par ailleurs, il faut noter que le multiplicateur cloisonné du tube photomultiplicateur segmenté connu de EP-A-0 264 992 n'est pas exempt de diaphotie. En se référant, par exemple, à la demande de brevet européen n°0 350 111 qui décrit un multiplicateur "à feuilles" du même type que celui utilisé dans le tube segmenté de l'état de la technique, on note que le cloisonnement est réalisé entre les demi-dynodes extractrices et multiplicatrices d'une même dynode à l'aide d'une entretoise étanche aux électrons. Par contre, l'espace entre une demi-dynode multiplicatrice et la demi-dynode extractrice de la dynode suivante est libre de sorte que des électrons rétrodiffusés élastiquement sur la surface de ladite demi-dynode extractrice près de la limite entre deux multiplicateurs élémentaires peuvent passer d'un multiplicateur élémentaire au multiplicateur élémentaire voisin pour y être à nouveau multipliés et, ainsi, donner lieu à diaphotie.Furthermore, it should be noted that the partitioned multiplier of the segmented photomultiplier tube known from EP-A-0 264 992 is not free from crosstalk. By referring, for example, to European patent application No. 0 350 111 which describes a "leaf" multiplier of the same type as that used in the segmented tube of the prior art, it is noted that the partitioning is made between the extracting and multiplying half-dynodes of the same dynode using an electron-tight spacer. On the other hand, the space between a multiplying half-dynode and the extracting half-dynode of the following dynode is free so that electrons backscattered elastically on the surface of said extracting half-dynode near the limit between two elementary multipliers can pass from an elementary multiplier to the neighboring elementary multiplier to be multiplied there again and, thus, give rise to crosstalk.
Aussi, le problème technique à résoudre par l'objet de la présente invention est de réaliser un tube photomultiplicateur segmenté conforme au préambule grâce auquel toute diaphotie serait évitée au niveau des multiplicateurs élémentaires, et dont l'étage d'entrée serait de réalisation plus simple tout en assurant une très bonne collection électronique et une diaphotie minimale des photoélectrons.Also, the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce a segmented photomultiplier tube conforming to the preamble thanks to which any crosstalk would be avoided at the level of the elementary multipliers, and whose input stage would be of simpler realization while ensuring a very good electronic collection and a minimum photoelectron crosstalk.
La solution au problème technique posé consiste, selon la présente invention, en ce que les plaques conductrices segmentées présentent chacune une zone morte séparant des zones actives à trous correspondant aux différents multiplicateurs.The solution to the technical problem posed consists, according to the present invention, in that the segmented conductive plates each have a dead zone separating active zones with holes corresponding to the different multipliers.
Ainsi, le fait que les zones actives des feuilles soient séparées par une zone morte ayant une certaine largeur empêche les électrons élastiques rétrodiffusés de traverser ladite zone morte pour passer d'un multiplicateur secondaire à l'autre, car cela supposerait que lesdits électrons puissent effectuer plusieurs sauts successifs avec rétrodiffusion élastique à chaque saut, ce qui correspond à une possibilité tout à fait négligeable. La diaphotie au niveau des multiplicateurs élémentaires pour le tube selon l'invention est donc pratiquement inexistante.Thus, the fact that the active zones of the leaves are separated by a dead zone having a certain width prevents the backscattered elastic electrons from crossing said dead zone to pass from one secondary multiplier to the other, since this would suppose that said electrons can carry out several successive jumps with elastic backscattering at each jump, which corresponds to a completely negligible possibility. Crosstalk at the level of the elementary multipliers for the tube according to the invention is therefore practically non-existent.
D'autre part, comme on le verra plus loin en détail, en appliquant aux électrodes de focalisation un potentiel électrique voisin de la photocathode, on réalise la situation de couplage idéal entre la photocathode et les multiplicateurs élémentaires, et donc d'efficacité de collection parfaite, puisque, dans l'espace situé entre la photocathode et les multiplicateurs élémentaires, le champ électrique accélérateur provient essentiellement de la première feuille des multiplicateurs élémentaires. On peut ainsi définir sans nécessité de cloisonnement matériel, mais aussi sans diaphotie, des photocathodes élémentaires associées aux tubes photomultiplicateurs élémentaires en tant que surface conjuguée sur la photocathode des multiplicateurs élémentaires à travers l'optique électronique d'entrée constituée par chaque électrode de focalisation et la première feuille du multiplicateur élémentaire correspondant.On the other hand, as will be seen in detail below, by applying an electrical potential close to the photocathode to the focusing electrodes, the ideal coupling situation is achieved between the photocathode and the elementary multipliers, and therefore of collection efficiency. perfect, since, in the space between the photocathode and the elementary multipliers, the accelerating electric field comes essentially from the first sheet of the elementary multipliers. It is thus possible to define, without the need for material partitioning, but also without crosstalk, elementary photocathodes associated with the elementary photomultiplier tubes as a conjugate surface on the photocathode of the elementary multipliers through the electronic input optics constituted by each focusing electrode and the first sheet of the corresponding elementary multiplier.
L'absence de cloisonnement matériel dans l'espace d'entrée du tube photomultiplicateur segmenté selon l'invention constitue déjà en soi un avantage important en comparaison des tubes de l'état de la technique.The absence of material partitioning in the entry space of the segmented photomultiplier tube according to the invention already constitutes in itself an important advantage in comparison with the tubes of the prior art.
Avantageusement, lesdites électrodes de focalisation sont réalisées à partir d'une même feuille conductrice percée de trous de passage, et non pas de manière individuelle comme dans le tube connu, avec la plus grande facilité de construction du tube que cela représente.Advantageously, said focusing electrodes are produced from the same conductive sheet pierced with through holes, and not individually as in the known tube, with the greatest ease of construction of the tube that this represents.
La description qui va suivre en regard des dessins annexés, donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs, fera bien comprendre en quoi consiste l'invention et comment elle peut être réalisée.The description which follows with reference to the appended drawings, given by way of nonlimiting examples, will make it clear what the invention consists of and how it can be implemented.
La figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'un tube photomultiplicateur segmenté selon l'invention.Figure 1 is a sectional view of a segmented photomultiplier tube according to the invention.
La figure 2 est une vue de dessus d'une plaque conductrice segmentée du tube de la figure 1.FIG. 2 is a top view of a segmented conductive plate of the tube of FIG. 1.
La figure 3 est une vue de dessus d'une feuille conductrice réalisant les électrodes de focalisation du tube de la figure 1.FIG. 3 is a top view of a conductive sheet producing the focusing electrodes of the tube of FIG. 1.
La figure 1 montre, en coupe, un tube photomultiplicateur 10 segmenté en deux photomultiplicateurs élémentaires 11, comportant une photocathode 12, deux multiplicateurs élémentaires 13 du type "à feuilles à trous", et deux électrodes 14 de focalisation réalisant la convergence des photoélectrons issus de la photocathode 12 sur lesdits multiplicateurs élémentaires 13.FIG. 1 shows, in section, a
Le tube photomultiplicateur 10 se termine par une anode 23 par exemple une plaque collectrice que l'on peut utiliser comme électrode extractrice.The
Les multiplicateurs élémentaires 13 "à feuilles à trous" peuvent être analogues à ceux décrits dans la demande de brevet européen n° 0 131 339 ou dans la demande de brevet européen n°0 350 111.The
Comme le montrent les figures 1 et 2, les feuilles homologues 15 des multiplicateurs élémentaires 13 sont réalisées sur une même plaque conductrice 16 segmentée présentant une zone morte 17 séparant les zones actives 18 à trous correspondant aux deux multiplicateurs 13. Les deux demi-dynodes extractrice et multiplicatrice d'une même dynode sont séparées au niveau de la zone morte 17 par une cloison 22 conductrice, étanche aux électrons qui évite la diaphotie entre les deux multiplicateurs élémentaires 13. Entre une demi-dynode multiplicatrice et la demi-dynode extractrice suivante, pour lesquelles un tel cloisonnement n'existe pas, la diaphotie entre multiplicateurs élémentaires est empêchée par la présence de la zone morte 17 pratiquement infranchissable même pour des électrons rétrodiffusés élastiquement sur la demi-dynode extractrice.As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the
En fonctionnement, la photocathode 12 est portée au potentiel électrique V₁, que l'on prendra égal à 0V, la première feuille 21 des multiplicateurs 13 est à un potentiel V₃ de quelques centaines de Volts, par exemple 300V, tandis que les électrodes 14 de focalisation sont portées à un potentiel V₂ nul ou faiblement positif, et d'une façon générale, inférieur à 20% du potentiel V₃, par exemple de 10% de V₃. Si les électrodes 14 de focalisation sont à V₂=0V, tous les électrons émis par la photocathode sont capturés sélectivement soit par l'un, soit par l'autre des multiplicateurs élémentaires 13. La collection est donc complète et le couplage photocathode-multiplicateurs élémentaires est tel que la photocathode 12 est parfaitement divisée de façon immatérielle en deux demi-photocathodes associées respectivement aux multiplicateurs élémentaires, ainsi que l'indique la trajectoire électronique 24 de la figure 1.In operation, the photocathode 12 is brought to the electric potential V₁, which will be taken equal to 0V, the
On observe cependant qu'avec des potentiels V₁ et V₂ égaux, la réponse temporelle du tube n'est pas très bonne car le temps de transit des photoélectrons peut varier notablement en fonction de l'endroit de la photocathode 12 où ils sont émis. C'est pour remédier à cet inconvénient qu'on envisage également de porter les électrodes 14 de focalisation à un potentiel V₂ de quelques dizaines de Volts, 25 à 50V dans l'exemple, ce qui améliore le temps de réponse des photoélectrons émis à la périphérie de la photocathode sans dégrader sensiblement l'efficacité de collection.However, it is observed that with equal potentials V₂ and V,, the temporal response of the tube is not very good because the transit time of the photoelectrons can vary significantly depending on the location of the photocathode 12 where they are emitted. It is to remedy this drawback that it is also envisaged to bring the focusing
Il peut se produire une légère diaphotie d'origine optique (réflexion) à laquelle on peut remédier en plaçant entre les électrodes 14 de focalisation une électrode 25 de séparation, au même potentiel V₂ que les électrodes de focalisation pour réduire des réflexions de lumière d'une voie sur l'autre.A slight optical crosstalk may occur (reflection) which can be remedied by placing a
La figure 3 montre que lesdites électrodes de focalisation sont réalisées à partir d'une même feuille conductrice 19, éventuellement repliée à ses extrémités, et percée de trous 20 de passage des photoélectrons vers les multiplicateurs élémentaires, ainsi qu'on peut le voir à la figure 1.FIG. 3 shows that said focusing electrodes are produced from the same
L'invention a été décrite dans le cas d'un tube photomultiplicateur de section carrée, segmentée en 2 photomultiplicateurs élémentaires. Il est bien entendu qu'elle s'étend aux cas de tubes présentant une autre section, par exemple circulaire, et segmenté en 3, 4 ou plus photomultiplicateurs élémentaires, la segmentation ayant de préférence un axe de symétrie correspondant à l'axe longitudinal du tube.The invention has been described in the case of a photomultiplier tube of square section, segmented into 2 elementary photomultipliers. It is understood that it extends to the case of tubes having another section, for example circular, and segmented into 3, 4 or more elementary photomultipliers, the segmentation preferably having an axis of symmetry corresponding to the longitudinal axis of the tube.
Claims (4)
- A photomultiplier tube (10) segmented into a plurality of elementary photomultipliers (11), comprising a photocathode (12), a plurality of elementary electron multipliers (13) of the "apertured sheet" type, and a plurality of focusing electrodes (14) providing the convergence of the photoelectrons emitted by the photocathode (12) towards the elementary multipliers (13), the homologous sheets (15) of the elementary multipliers being formed on the same segmented conductive wafer (16), characterized in that the segmented conductive wafers each have a neutral zone (17) separating active apertured zones (18) associated with the different multipliers (13).
- A photomultiplier tube as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the said focusing electrodes (14) are formed from the same conductive sheet (19) into which feedthrough apertures (20) are punched through which the photoelectrons are transmitted towards the elementary multipliers (13).
- A photomultiplier tube as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that it includes at least one separating electrode (25) which is situated between the focusing electrodes (14).
- The use of a photomultiplier tube as claimed in any one of the Claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that, the photocathode (12) being brought to the potential V₁, the potential V₂ of the focusing electrodes (14) ranges between V₁ and V₁ increased by 20% of the difference between the potential V₃ of the first sheet (21) of the elementary multipliers (13) and the potential V₁ of the photocathode (12).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR8914902A FR2654552A1 (en) | 1989-11-14 | 1989-11-14 | SEGMENTED PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE WITH HIGH COLLECTION EFFICIENCY AND LIMITED DIAPHYT. |
| FR8914902 | 1989-11-14 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0428215A1 EP0428215A1 (en) | 1991-05-22 |
| EP0428215B1 true EP0428215B1 (en) | 1995-02-15 |
Family
ID=9387371
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP90202954A Expired - Lifetime EP0428215B1 (en) | 1989-11-14 | 1990-11-08 | Segmented photomultiplier tube with high collection efficiency and reduced cross-talk |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5126629A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0428215B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH03173056A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69016932T2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2654552A1 (en) |
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| JPH0582076A (en) * | 1991-05-22 | 1993-04-02 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | Photo-tube and radiation sensing device using same |
| FR2693592B1 (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1994-09-23 | Philips Photonique | Photomultiplier tube segmented into N independent channels arranged around a central axis. |
| JPH06150876A (en) * | 1992-11-09 | 1994-05-31 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | Photomultiplier and electron multiplier |
| JP3401044B2 (en) * | 1993-04-28 | 2003-04-28 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Photomultiplier tube |
| EP0622828B1 (en) * | 1993-04-28 | 1997-07-09 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier |
| FR2712427B1 (en) * | 1993-11-09 | 1996-02-02 | Philips Photonique | Segmented photomultiplier tube, with paths symmetrical about an axial plane. |
| FR2733629B1 (en) * | 1995-04-26 | 1997-07-18 | Philips Photonique | ELECTRON MULTIPLIER FOR MULTI-WAY PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE |
| EP1369900A4 (en) * | 2001-02-23 | 2008-02-20 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | Photomultiplier |
| WO2004112083A1 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2004-12-23 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Multi anode-type photoelectron intensifier tube and radiation detector |
| US7285783B2 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2007-10-23 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Multi-anode type photomultiplier tube and radiation detector |
| US7489077B2 (en) * | 2004-03-24 | 2009-02-10 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Multi-anode type photomultiplier tube |
| US8206974B2 (en) | 2005-05-19 | 2012-06-26 | Netbio, Inc. | Ruggedized apparatus for analysis of nucleic acid and proteins |
| JPWO2007129492A1 (en) * | 2006-04-14 | 2009-09-17 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Photomultiplier tube |
| KR20150143860A (en) | 2007-04-04 | 2015-12-23 | 네트바이오, 인코포레이티드 | Methods for rapid multiplexed amplification of target nucleic acids |
| EP2443254A2 (en) | 2009-06-15 | 2012-04-25 | NetBio, Inc. | Improved methods for forensic dna quantitation |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2728014A (en) * | 1951-04-26 | 1955-12-20 | Rca Corp | Electron lens for multiplier phototubes with very low spherical aberration |
| CH358872A (en) * | 1958-07-11 | 1961-12-15 | Zeiss Jena Veb Carl | Secondary electron multiplier |
| JPS593825B2 (en) * | 1978-09-13 | 1984-01-26 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | photomultiplier tube |
| FR2549288B1 (en) * | 1983-07-11 | 1985-10-25 | Hyperelec | ELECTRON MULTIPLIER ELEMENT, ELECTRON MULTIPLIER DEVICE COMPRISING THE MULTIPLIER ELEMENT AND APPLICATION TO A PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE |
| FR2599557A1 (en) * | 1986-06-03 | 1987-12-04 | Radiotechnique Compelec | MULTIPLICATION DIRECTED MULTIPLICATION ELECTRONIC PLATE, MULTIPLIER ELEMENT COMPRISING SAID PLATE, MULTIPLIER DEVICE COMPRISING SAID ELEMENT AND APPLICATION OF SAID DEVICE TO A PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE |
| FR2604824A1 (en) * | 1986-10-03 | 1988-04-08 | Radiotechnique Compelec | SEGMENTED PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE |
| FR2634062A1 (en) * | 1988-07-05 | 1990-01-12 | Radiotechnique Compelec | "SHEET" TYPE DYNODE, ELECTRON MULTIPLIER AND PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE COMPRISING SUCH DYNODES |
-
1989
- 1989-11-14 FR FR8914902A patent/FR2654552A1/en active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-11-08 EP EP90202954A patent/EP0428215B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-11-08 US US07/610,602 patent/US5126629A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-11-08 DE DE69016932T patent/DE69016932T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-11-13 JP JP2304214A patent/JPH03173056A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH03173056A (en) | 1991-07-26 |
| EP0428215A1 (en) | 1991-05-22 |
| US5126629A (en) | 1992-06-30 |
| FR2654552A1 (en) | 1991-05-17 |
| DE69016932T2 (en) | 1995-09-07 |
| DE69016932D1 (en) | 1995-03-23 |
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