EP0383225A1 - Einrichtung zum lösbaren Verbinden eines Drehtisches mit einem Bohrrohr - Google Patents

Einrichtung zum lösbaren Verbinden eines Drehtisches mit einem Bohrrohr Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0383225A1
EP0383225A1 EP90102695A EP90102695A EP0383225A1 EP 0383225 A1 EP0383225 A1 EP 0383225A1 EP 90102695 A EP90102695 A EP 90102695A EP 90102695 A EP90102695 A EP 90102695A EP 0383225 A1 EP0383225 A1 EP 0383225A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drill pipe
recesses
pins
drill
rotary table
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP90102695A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jürg Nussberger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AG Heinr Hatt-Haller Hoch- & Tiefbau-Unternehmung
Original Assignee
AG Heinr Hatt-Haller Hoch- & Tiefbau-Unternehmung
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AG Heinr Hatt-Haller Hoch- & Tiefbau-Unternehmung filed Critical AG Heinr Hatt-Haller Hoch- & Tiefbau-Unternehmung
Publication of EP0383225A1 publication Critical patent/EP0383225A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
    • E21B19/02—Rod or cable suspensions
    • E21B19/06—Elevators, i.e. rod- or tube-gripping devices
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/03—Couplings; joints between drilling rod or pipe and drill motor or surface drive, e.g. between drilling rod and hammer
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B3/00—Rotary drilling
    • E21B3/02—Surface drives for rotary drilling
    • E21B3/025—Surface drives for rotary drilling with a to-and-fro rotation of the tool
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B3/00—Rotary drilling
    • E21B3/02—Surface drives for rotary drilling
    • E21B3/04—Rotary tables
    • E21B3/045—Rotary tables movably mounted on the drilling structure or platform
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/02—Drilling rigs characterised by means for land transport with their own drive, e.g. skid mounting or wheel mounting
    • E21B7/021—With a rotary table, i.e. a fixed rotary drive for a relatively advancing tool

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for releasably connecting a rotary table of a rotary drilling machine, which can be displaced along a mast, to a drill pipe and a connecting element which can be fastened to the rotary table, according to the preamble of claim 9.
  • a tubular connecting member is attached to a rotary table, which can be brought into overlap with the upper end of a drill pipe by lowering the rotary table.
  • the lower end region of the connecting element comprises the upper end region of the drill pipe, the outer diameter of which is set back.
  • the connecting element has round holes with an internal thread spaced apart from one another along a circumferential line and into which radial threads are screwed to connect the connecting element to the drill pipe.
  • the drill pipe has conical passages which are tapered in the radial direction and in which the frustoconical sections of the threaded pins come into engagement.
  • connection element Connecting the connection element to the drill pipe is time-consuming and dangerous, since the threaded pins must be tightened manually around the connection element, and this at the upper end of the standing drill pipes. For example, with 6m long drill pipes, this work is only with the help of ladders or other lifting devices, which is difficult and dangerous, especially in cold weather. The same problem arises if, after the borehole has been sunk, the drill pipes have to be pulled out of the borehole and removed from the area of the borehole. The threaded pins must be removed by hand. Usually, the same threaded pins are also used to connect two joined drill pipes to one another, each drill pipe being designed with corresponding round holes in its lower end region as the connecting element. However, connecting or disconnecting two drill pipes is less dangerous, as this can be done by sinking the drill pipes or pulling them out from the ground without the help of ladders.
  • the pins can be attached to the horizontal drill pipe or are left on the drill pipe pulled out of the borehole, which prevents working at great heights. Because of the recesses on the connecting element which are open towards the drill pipe and which cooperate with the pins in the manner of a bayonet lock, the connecting element can be connected to the drill pipe in a simple manner by lowering the rotary table and rotating the connecting element by means of the rotary table. There are therefore no further control elements necessary for the establishment of this connection than are necessary for the operation of the rotary drilling machine.
  • the recesses have undercuts in which the pins engage when the connecting member is raised. A connection between the connecting member and the drill pipe which is rotationally effective when the drill pipe is pulled is thus established, which in particular allows the drill pipe to be pulled out of the borehole while the drill pipe is turned back and forth.
  • a play-free transmission of the rotary movement of the rotary table to the drill pipe is made possible in both directions of rotation.
  • the drill pipes can thus be lowered into the borehole by pressing and rotating them alternately in both directions of rotation without any shocks occurring in the respective directions of rotation.
  • connection element can also be used to detect drill pipes which have cams protruding into the overlap region of the connection element and the drill pipe.
  • the rotary movement of the turntable is transmitted to the drill pipe either via the pins and or via the cams.
  • a connecting element which enables a quick and safe connection of the turntable to the drill pipe, is defined in claim 9.
  • FIG. 1 shows a hydraulic excavator 10, on the superstructure 12, the mast 14 of a rotary drilling machine 16 is attached.
  • the mast 14 extends essentially in the vertical direction and can be pivoted by means of cylinder and piston drive units 18 with respect to the superstructure 12 in limited areas in order to sink boreholes that run in a precisely vertical direction or that are obliquely defined in relation to the vertical with a not exactly horizontal floor.
  • a turntable 20 is slidably guided along the longitudinal axis of the mast 14, which is shown by means of a piston-cylinder assembly 22 fastened at one end to the upper end region of the mast 14 and at the other end to the turntable 20 from an upper end position shown in solid lines to a dashed, simplified manner and with 20 'designated lower end position and can be moved back.
  • the turntable 20 has a hydraulic rotary drive 24 which is effective in both directions of rotation and to the output of which a connecting element 28 provided below the turntable 20 is fastened in a rotationally fixed manner.
  • the rotary drive 24 also acts in a rotationally effective manner on a telescopic drill rod 30 which is guided through this and the connecting element 28 and to the lower end of which a drilling tool 32 is fastened.
  • the longitudinal axis of the drill pipe 30, which corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the borehole, is indicated by dash-dotted lines and designated by 34.
  • the output of the rotary drive 24 can be connected to the drill rod 30 in a known manner in a stroke-effective manner in the pressure direction in order to press the drilling tool 32 into the ground by lowering the rotary table 20 by means of the piston-cylinder unit 22.
  • the drill rod 30, which is decoupled from the rotary drive 24 with the effect of lifting, is raised by means of a cable winch 36.
  • a crane winch 38 is provided on the mast 14, the crane hook 40 of which can be used for lifting loads, for example for inserting reinforcement cages into a sunk borehole.
  • 1 shows the upper end region 42 of a drill pipe 44 lowered into a drill yoke.
  • the drill pipe 44 has an inwardly offset lateral surface 46, in the region of which passages 48 extending in a radial direction along a circumferential line are arranged at regular intervals.
  • FIGS. 2 to 4 show various embodiments of the connecting element 28 and the upper end region 42 of the drill pipe 44 in an enlarged representation
  • the passages 48 are arranged on the inwardly offset outer lateral surface 46.
  • Pins 50 are inserted in some passages 48, for example in every second one, as in FIGS. 2 and 4, or in every third one, as in FIG.
  • the drill pipes 44 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 have cams 54, 54 'projecting outwardly from the lateral surface 46 in the radial direction and protruding from the lateral surface 52 delimiting the lateral surface 46, which extend approximately to the height of the passages 48.
  • three passages 48 are provided between two adjacent cams 54, and a pin 50 is inserted in the middle of each of these passages 48.
  • two passages 48 are provided between each two adjacent cams 54 ', a pin 50 being inserted into the passage 48, which is each closer to the right-hand cam 54' in view.
  • FIG. 5 the section through the upper end region 42 of the drill pipe 44, designated V in FIG. 2, is shown enlarged.
  • the passages 48 are conically tapered in the radial direction towards the inside.
  • the pins 50 inserted into the passages 48 from the outside have a correspondingly frustoconical inner section 56 and an essentially cylindrical outer section 58 projecting beyond the outer surface 46.
  • An Allen screw 62 is inserted into a stepped bore 60 which extends in the axial direction of the pin 50, that is to say in the radial direction with respect to the drill pipe 44, and which extends into a substantially disk-shaped and from the inside of the drill pipe 44 ago nut 64 is screwed into the passage 48.
  • the nut 48 is offset twice against the pin 50, a first shoulder 66 centering the nut 64 with respect to the passage 48 and the second shoulder 68 engaging in a corresponding recess 70 in the pin 50.
  • Part of the connecting element 28 is indicated by dashed lines.
  • the connecting members 28 shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 each have a round tube 72, to which an annular connecting flange 74 is fastened at the upper end.
  • the connecting flanges 74 have connecting bolts 76 protruding in the axial direction 34 toward the top, each with a through hole 78.
  • the connecting bolts 76 engage in a corresponding receptacle in the rotary drive 24 (cf. FIG. 1) and are fastened to the latter by means of retaining bolts which engage in the through holes 78.
  • the drill pipe 30 is guided through the passage 79 in the connecting flange 74 (FIG. 1).
  • a crown 80 with recesses 82, 84 open towards the drill pipe 44 is placed on the pipe 72.
  • These recesses 82, 84 are designed differently depending on the design of the upper end region 42 of the drill pipe 44 in question.
  • a collar 86 reinforcing the crown 80 in this area extends around the crown 80 in the region of the recesses 82, 84.
  • four pins 50 are inserted into the drill pipe 44 offset by 90 ° with respect to one another.
  • four recesses 82 are provided on the crown 80, which together with the pins 50 form a bayonet catch.
  • the recesses 82 have an undercut 88 directed towards the bottom, as a result of which, when the pins 50 are inserted into the undercut 88, the connecting element 28 is connected in a rotationally fixed manner to the drill pipe 44.
  • a further recess 84 is provided, which extends parallel to the longitudinal axis 34.
  • the width of the recesses 84 corresponds to the diameter of the outer section 58 of the pins 50 (see FIG. 5).
  • connection element 28 By rotating the connection element 28 by 45 ° with respect to the position shown in FIG. 2 and then lowering the connection element 28 in the direction of arrow A, the further recesses 84 engage the pins 50, so that when pressed, the drill pipe 44 with the connection element 28 has a virtually non-rotating effect connected is.
  • the connecting member 28 is thus joined to the drill pipe 44 in the position shown in FIG. 2 in the arrow direction A and rotated in the arrow direction B.
  • the pins 50 engage the undercuts 88, as a result of which the drill pipe 44 can be raised while rotating in and against the arrow direction B.
  • the connecting element 28 in Arrow direction A is lowered onto the drill pipe 44 in such a way that the further recesses 84 engage the pins 50.
  • the embodiment of the connecting element 28 shown in FIG. 3 is very similar to that of FIG. 2.
  • Four pins 50 which are offset by 90 ° relative to one another are also fastened to the drill pipe 44.
  • the cams 54 are provided on the drill pipe 44 in the middle between each two pins 50.
  • the further recesses 84 have a widened section 90, the height H 'of which corresponds at least to the height H of the cams 54.
  • the width of the further recesses 84 in the region of the section 90 in the direction of arrow B is so large that rotation of the pins 50 over the entire width in the direction of arrow B of the recess 82 is not inhibited by the cams 54.
  • the connecting element 28 is lowered in the direction of arrow A, the recesses 82 engage with the pin 50.
  • the widened sections 90 of the further recesses 84 now allow the connection member 28 to be rotated in the direction of arrow B with respect to the drill pipe 44 and thus to close the bayonet catch.
  • the drill pipe 44 is connected in a rotationally fixed manner to the connecting element 28 under tension.
  • the connection element 28 In order to connect the drill pipe 44 to the connection element 28 in a rotationally fixed manner when the drill pipe 44 is pressed, the bayonet catch is released, the connection element is rotated by 45 ° and lowered again, so that the cams 54 now fit into the recesses 82 and the pins 50 into the recesses 84 intervention. If the width of the cams 54 the diameter corresponds to the pin 50, the rotational movement is transmitted both via the side flanks 84 'of the recesses 84 and the pin 50 and also through the side flanks 82' of the recesses 82 via the cams 54 to the drill pipe 44. If the cams 54 are formed narrower than the diameter of the pin 50, the rotational movement is transmitted from the side flanks 84 'of the recesses 84 via the pin 50 practically free of play to the drill pipe 44.
  • the pins 50 are attached to the drill pipe 44 offset by 90 ° with respect to one another.
  • the cams 54 ' are now not, as in FIG. 3, in the middle between two pins 50, but are arranged adjacent to one pin 50 each.
  • the angle between the pin 50 and the center of the respective adjacent cam 54 ' is preferably 22.5 °.
  • the lateral flanks 82 'of the recess 82 are spaced apart from one another to such an extent that when the connecting member 28 is lowered in the direction of arrow A, the pin 50 and the respective cam 54' engage in the recess 82.
  • the pin 50 comes to lie in the region of the undercut 88.
  • the drill pipe 44 By lifting the connecting element 28 in the opposite direction of arrow A, the drill pipe 44 is connected to the connecting element 28 in a rotationally fixed manner under tension.
  • the bayonet-type closure is released, the connecting element 28 is raised, rotated and lowered again, so that the further recesses 84 come into engagement with the cams 54 '.
  • Recesses 84 adapted in their dimensions to the shape of the cams 54 '. In this mutual position of the drill pipe 44 and the connecting element 28, the pins 50 lie in the region of the recesses 82.
  • the pressure force exerted by the connecting element 28 on the tube 44 can be transmitted both via the pins 50 and also via the cams 54, 54 'or via the crown 80 which is present at the shoulder 52.
  • Holes 92 are provided in the tube 72 to allow the operating personnel to see into the interior of the connection element 28.
  • the process of sinking a well and casing it is as follows. First, the pins 50 are attached to the drill pipes 44. This can be done from the ground on the lying drill pipes 44. Then, for example with the aid of the crane winch 38, the drill pipes 44 are set up on an arc around the axis of rotation of the hydraulic excavator 10. After the borehole has been sunk to a certain depth, for example 1.5 m, by means of the drilling tool 32, the drilling tool 32 is brought by means of the cable winch 36 with respect to the turntable 20 into the upper end position shown in FIG. 1, in which the drilling tool 32 essentially is positioned inside the connector 28.
  • the superstructure 12 of the hydraulic excavator 10 is now rotated with the turntable 20 in the uppermost position in such a way that the connecting element 28 comes to rest above the first drill pipe 44 to be detected.
  • the connecting element 28 is now rotated into the position shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, in order to then lower the Turntable 20 to engage the recesses 82 with the pin 50 by means of the piston-cylinder unit 22.
  • the connecting member 28 is then rotated in the direction of arrow B by means of the rotary drive 24 and the rotary table 20 is raised again by means of the piston-cylinder unit 22, as a result of which the drill pipe 44 is also lifted.
  • the drill pipe 44 hanging on the connecting member 28 is lowered into the borehole.
  • the drill pipe 44 is then detached from the connection element 28 by slightly lowering the turntable 20 and rotating the connection element 28. If the borehole 44 has not penetrated sufficiently deep into the borehole due to its own weight, the connection member 28 is lowered onto the borehole 44 in such a way that a pressure-proof connection between the borehole 44 and the connection member 28 is created.
  • the tube 44 is then lowered to the desired depth by subsequently lowering the rotary table 20 and simultaneously rotating the connecting element 28 back and forth by means of the rotary drive 24.
  • the drill hole is sunk again by a further step by means of the drilling tool 32 and the drill pipe 44 is pressed in again by means of the connecting element 28. This is repeated until the drill pipe 44 assumes approximately the position which is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the operating personnel can loosen the pins 50 from the ground.
  • the lower end region of the second drill pipe 44 is brought into overlap with the upper end region 42 of the drill pipe 44 lowered into the borehole.
  • the drill pipes 44 likewise have passages running in the radial direction, which pass through the passages 48 correspond in the upper end region 42, but the passages in the lower end region of the drill pipes 44 have an internal thread.
  • threaded pins are screwed into the passages from the outside until their frustoconical inner sections come into contact with the conical passages 48 of the lower drill pipe 44.
  • a reinforcement cage is lowered into the cased borehole by means of the crane winch 38 and the lowest section is filled with concrete. Then, by lowering the turntable 20, the connection member 28 is placed on the upper end region 42 of the uppermost drill pipe 44 projecting beyond the borehole and the bayonet catch is closed by turning it in the direction of arrow B.
  • the drill pipes 44 are raised until the lower end of the lowermost drill pipe is still covered by the concrete. Then another section is filled with concrete and the drill pipes 44 are raised again in the manner described.
  • connection of the connecting member 28 to the drill pipe 44 can be produced in a simple and very quick manner, which considerably shortens the time for the production of a cased borehole.
  • the simple construction of the connection between the drill pipe 44 and the connecting element 28, while avoiding moving parts, increases the functional reliability, even when dirty, and ensures safe functioning.
  • undercuts not shown, to be provided in the recesses 82 in the upward direction in order to establish the connection, which is rotationally effective under pressure, between the drill pipe 44 and the connecting element 28.
  • the distance between the pins 50 and the shoulder 52 is dimensioned such that the crown 80 abuts the shoulder 52 when the pins 50 engage in the upward undercuts.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
EP90102695A 1989-02-16 1990-02-12 Einrichtung zum lösbaren Verbinden eines Drehtisches mit einem Bohrrohr Ceased EP0383225A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH54589A CH675449A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1989-02-16 1989-02-16
CH545/89 1989-02-16

Publications (1)

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EP0383225A1 true EP0383225A1 (de) 1990-08-22

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EP90102695A Ceased EP0383225A1 (de) 1989-02-16 1990-02-12 Einrichtung zum lösbaren Verbinden eines Drehtisches mit einem Bohrrohr

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EP (1) EP0383225A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH675449A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19813409A1 (de) * 1998-03-26 1999-08-05 Bilfinger Berger Bau Vorrichtung zum Ankoppeln des Drehtischanschlusses eines Bohrgeräts an einen Rohradapter
DE29920132U1 (de) * 1999-11-17 2000-12-28 Hölscher Wasserbau GmbH & Co KG, 49733 Haren Bohrrohraufnahmeeinrichtung
EP2085566A2 (de) 2008-01-11 2009-08-05 TERRA AG fuer Tiefbautechnik Bohranlage
RU2554625C1 (ru) * 2014-03-05 2015-06-27 Евгений Павлович Жуков Устройство для вращательного погружения секций рабочего инструмента в грунт и секция рабочего инструмента для этого устройства
CN107288131A (zh) * 2016-04-12 2017-10-24 中建四局第五建筑工程有限公司 一种利用旋挖机拔桩的施工机械

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR877329A (fr) * 1941-11-28 1942-12-03 Dispositif d'assemblage rapide à verrou de sécurité pour tubes de sondage
DE1237036B (de) * 1965-03-11 1967-03-23 Celler Maschf Geb Steckverbindung fuer Futterrohre, insbesondere fuer den Brunnenbau und Pfahlgruendungen
DE8709023U1 (de) * 1987-06-30 1987-10-01 Bilfinger + Berger Bauaktiengesellschaft, 6800 Mannheim Drehbohrgerät zur Herstellung verrohrter Bohrlöcher
DE3721448A1 (de) * 1987-06-30 1989-01-19 Bilfinger Berger Bau Bohrrohradapter

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR877329A (fr) * 1941-11-28 1942-12-03 Dispositif d'assemblage rapide à verrou de sécurité pour tubes de sondage
DE1237036B (de) * 1965-03-11 1967-03-23 Celler Maschf Geb Steckverbindung fuer Futterrohre, insbesondere fuer den Brunnenbau und Pfahlgruendungen
DE8709023U1 (de) * 1987-06-30 1987-10-01 Bilfinger + Berger Bauaktiengesellschaft, 6800 Mannheim Drehbohrgerät zur Herstellung verrohrter Bohrlöcher
DE3721448A1 (de) * 1987-06-30 1989-01-19 Bilfinger Berger Bau Bohrrohradapter

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19813409A1 (de) * 1998-03-26 1999-08-05 Bilfinger Berger Bau Vorrichtung zum Ankoppeln des Drehtischanschlusses eines Bohrgeräts an einen Rohradapter
DE19813409C2 (de) * 1998-03-26 2001-12-13 Bilfinger Berger Bau Vorrichtung zum Ankoppeln des Drehtischanschlusses eines Bohrgeräts an einen Rohradapter
DE29920132U1 (de) * 1999-11-17 2000-12-28 Hölscher Wasserbau GmbH & Co KG, 49733 Haren Bohrrohraufnahmeeinrichtung
EP2085566A2 (de) 2008-01-11 2009-08-05 TERRA AG fuer Tiefbautechnik Bohranlage
EP2085566A3 (de) * 2008-01-11 2009-08-12 TERRA AG fuer Tiefbautechnik Bohranlage
RU2554625C1 (ru) * 2014-03-05 2015-06-27 Евгений Павлович Жуков Устройство для вращательного погружения секций рабочего инструмента в грунт и секция рабочего инструмента для этого устройства
CN107288131A (zh) * 2016-04-12 2017-10-24 中建四局第五建筑工程有限公司 一种利用旋挖机拔桩的施工机械

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Publication number Publication date
CH675449A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1990-09-28

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