EP0359950B1 - Verfahren und Visiereinrichtung zum Grobausrichten von Feuerleit- und Waffenanlagen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Visiereinrichtung zum Grobausrichten von Feuerleit- und Waffenanlagen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0359950B1
EP0359950B1 EP89113930A EP89113930A EP0359950B1 EP 0359950 B1 EP0359950 B1 EP 0359950B1 EP 89113930 A EP89113930 A EP 89113930A EP 89113930 A EP89113930 A EP 89113930A EP 0359950 B1 EP0359950 B1 EP 0359950B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
unit
sub
sight
angle
target
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89113930A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0359950A3 (en
EP0359950A2 (de
Inventor
Alfred Bertschi
Adolf Schuetz
Felix Dr. Bagdasarjanz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rheinmetall Air Defence AG
Original Assignee
Oerlikon Contraves AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Oerlikon Contraves AG filed Critical Oerlikon Contraves AG
Priority to AT8989113930T priority Critical patent/ATE105628T1/de
Publication of EP0359950A2 publication Critical patent/EP0359950A2/de
Publication of EP0359950A3 publication Critical patent/EP0359950A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0359950B1 publication Critical patent/EP0359950B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G3/00—Aiming or laying means
    • F41G3/04—Aiming or laying means for dispersing fire from a battery ; for controlling spread of shots; for coordinating fire from spaced weapons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for aligning and targeting secondary systems in target measurement systems by means of a main system having a reference direction and equipped with targeting devices, and a device for carrying out the method with a main system having targeting devices and having at least one secondary system having targeting devices.
  • a second facility when integrating the combat unit into a larger association or as an auxiliary measure for the determination of parallaxes between the facilities of a combat unit (locations in national coordinates.) Based on these agreements, a second facility can determine its orientation towards the reference system independently of other facilities.
  • the small errors due to non-parallelism of the solder and the orientation of the reference direction at an earthbound point, e.g. B. magnetic north pole or a distant terrain point, are neglected.
  • the parallax ie the translational shift between two systems - these are the other three of the six degrees of freedom for defining the mutual position - is advantageously specified as a vector difference in the reference system.
  • Instruction data and target information relating to this reference system can be correctly interpreted by each system, knowing its own location with respect to the reference system.
  • this type of alignment can nevertheless be practiced by installing a third measuring device (theodolite) at a suitable location. Sufficient visibility is also a prerequisite here. In addition, these procedures are time-consuming, require the cooperation of the various plants and must be repeated if a plant is moved.
  • a third measuring device theodolite
  • this type of effectors does not require precise alignment since they only have to be instructed on the target, ie the judge (gunner) must be able to detect the target in the field of vision of the sight.
  • the missile of a one-man guided missile system is fired at the target and controlled by means of on-board target measurement in the guided missile system.
  • a flab cannon makes its own fire control using the usual methods. The problem of the lack of reference for the lateral movement but remains if the effector is instructed by a search or fire control system.
  • the fire control task essentially consists of: tracking a target with simultaneous measurement, extrapolation of the target path, the calculation of a possible meeting point - taking into account wind influences, ballistics, ammunition type and the like. ⁇ . - and calculation of the guide data for the effector; in the case of guided missiles also the steering after the launch.
  • One of the more difficult subtasks from this fire control task is the determination of the target movement (sensor resolution, measurement noise, tracking error, environmental influences on the sensors such as streaks during optical tracking) and the extrapolation (incorrect target state, unknown target maneuvers).
  • the procedure for combating flight targets with light flab cannons, usually with two or even one man, is well established.
  • the gunner pursues the target by directing the tube axis so that it moves in a specially designed sighting device aligned with the tube axis on a marked beam towards the center of the sight.
  • a specially designed sighting device aligned with the tube axis on a marked beam towards the center of the sight.
  • it must be tracked at a suitable distance from the center.
  • the concentric curves around the center depending on the elevation of the tube, connect points for the same target speed or distance (so-called elliptical sights).
  • the pipe movement can be done "by hand” or with servo assistance (joystick).
  • Devices of this type have the disadvantage that the relatively heavy cannon has to be tracked for the target measurement.
  • automatic lead calculation which can only be carried out on the basis of the rotation axis movement, instantaneous errors when tracking can have a disadvantageous effect.
  • a related improvement brings z. B. the SAAB LVS-M system.
  • the target data is determined with a light, handy device. They can be transmitted to several effectors (cannons). These do the actual fire control calculation (advance calculation), issue the reserve point in a suitable manner and the gunner directs the cannon so that the displayed reserve point falls on the target.
  • the disadvantage of such systems is the need to equip each gun with a fire control computer, as well as the transmission of relatively large amounts of data per target unit, since target data must be recorded finely and frequently as the basis for a fire control calculation.
  • a device such as that in the FR-A-2 415 285.
  • This contains a first target device set off the weapons for determining the position and distance of the target and second target devices mounted on the weapons for aiming at the target.
  • the first device contains computing and transmission elements which determine a lead and pass this on to the second target devices in order to use them to guide the weapons.
  • the problem of alignment between the first target device and weapons is of secondary importance, the problem of instruction, as explained above, is exacerbated, for the solution of which FR-A-2 415 285 contains no suggestions .
  • EP-A-0 117 813 deals with a method for converting the coordinates from two known locations within a common coordinate system and thereby contains considerations regarding magnetic north direction as a common reference direction.
  • a fire control system is designated as the main system and provided with a transmitter, and the secondary systems are equipped with direction finders, which are able to determine at any time the angle to the own sighting device of the transmitter.
  • FIG. 1 The figure shows the floor plan of any arrangement of fire control and weapon systems.
  • the main system 1 here the fire control system with target acquisition and tracking means, has an agreed reference direction 11, e.g. B. north direction, terrain point or the like.
  • the fire control system with target acquisition and tracking means has an agreed reference direction 11, e.g. B. north direction, terrain point or the like.
  • it can in turn be integrated into a larger association, in which it represents, for example, target data relating to a reference direction 10 which is agreed with the higher-level porch and which differs from the reference direction 11 by the angle 12.
  • the directions 11, 21, 31 are ideally exactly parallel to each other.
  • the ancillary systems are mounted devices with rotary encoders for lateral movement, instruction data relating to the reference direction can be processed easily.
  • the auxiliary system loses the relationship to the reference direction when the device is turned to the side. This can be prevented by creating a new relationship according to the procedure according to the invention and measuring it using a direction finder.
  • the main system 1 is equipped with a transmitter, which can also be set up remotely at a location measured with respect to the main system, and the secondary systems 2, 3 are equipped with direction finders.
  • the secondary system After moving to a location that can change frequently due to the task, the secondary system is initially aligned with the means provided for this in accordance with the agreed reference direction 21 or 31.
  • the direction finder is then used to determine the direction in which the main system 1 is now located.
  • the direction finder is constructed in such a way that it can determine in the far field of a radiation source from which direction the source is transmitting with respect to its own orientation. Even after turning the auxiliary system, the direction finder can determine the angle through which it was turned.
  • the system direction If the set-up angle 23, 33 determined after position reference or at the start of an action between the reference direction 11 and the direction from the secondary to the main system 26, 36, hereinafter briefly referred to as the system direction, is stored (recorded) in a suitable form and in the future angle transmission included, the lateral orientation of the device of the secondary system 2, 3 is constant due to the bearing reception known. An accuracy of the angle determination on the order of 10 mrad is quite sufficient.
  • the secondary systems are instructed on a target direction 15 of an object to be detected by the main system by transmitting the pointing angle 14 between the reference direction 11 and the target direction 15.
  • the target directions 25, 35 of the secondary systems 2, 3 result from the removal of the same pointing angle 24, 34 from the reference direction 21, 31 or taking into account the set-up angle 23, 33 by plotting the difference between the insertion angle and set-up angle from the contact direction 26, 36.
  • the instruction process is explained in more detail using the example of secondary system 2.
  • the target directional axis (line of sight) of the auxiliary system represented by the direction of sight 27, includes a line of sight 26 with the setting direction 26, which is measured directly by the direction finder.
  • the angle to the reference direction 21 is thus also known as the difference between the stored set-up angle 23 and the measured sighting angle 28.
  • the variable sighting angle between the sighting direction 27 and the reference direction 21 results continuously from the difference between the installation angle 23 and the measured angle 28.
  • the placement of the sighting direction 27 from the instruction direction 25 is known as the difference between the angle 24 and the sighting angle 28 and can be adapted to suitable ones Way to be utilized.
  • the sighting direction 27 is changed such that the storage disappears.
  • a location-specific instruction may be necessary, ie the angles 14, 24, 34 could assume different values. Means that such Allowing location-specific angles of introduction are described below.
  • the transfer angle 14, 24, 34 can be transmitted in any known manner. Since a radio connection is used for the ongoing determination of the sighting direction 27 or the sighting angle 28, it is advantageous to also transmit the pointing angle by radio. In addition to the angle of introduction, other useful information can be transmitted, in particular the information about the lead for light flab cannons.
  • FIG. 2 A simple, inexpensive embodiment in which standardized, commercially available and therefore inexpensively obtainable devices can be used is described below with reference to FIG. 2 .
  • Parts of the sending main system 4 are shown schematically on the left, parts of the receiving secondary system 5 on the right.
  • the main system includes, among other things, a target tracking and fire control system 41, possibly in conjunction with a camera 42, the image of which is made visible in the fire control monitor 43.
  • the data preparation device 44 possibly including a graphics generator, generates the instruction information and the information required for other purposes, e.g. B. the gun reserve in the form of a standardized data signal, which goes on to a transmitter 45, from where it is expediently also modulated in a standardized form and emitted via the antenna 46 to the auxiliary systems 5; if necessary, it can also be shown on the fire control monitor 43.
  • Camera 42 and fire control monitor 43 are additional devices of the main system 4, but are not required for the solution.
  • the auxiliary system on the right in the picture receives the signal sent by the main system. Via the receiving antenna 56 with a pronounced directional effect, the modulated signal reaches the direction finder 55, where it is demodulated and passed on to the visor 53 in a suitable form via a data processing device 52 for insertion. Regardless of the type and content of the data signal, a parallel path in the direction finder 55 evaluates the direction from which the transmission signal is incident. A graphic generator 54 prepares this information by generating a direction-dependent bearing mark, which in turn is shown in the sight 53. This sighting device operates according to the method according to the invention and is now discussed below in connection with further method steps.
  • FIGS. 3a and 3b show the sighting image of an embodiment of a sighting device according to the invention, in which the above-mentioned overlay could look approximately as shown (3a). They also show how instruction and target combating are carried out according to the method according to the invention (3a-3b).
  • a cross hair 57 and a partial circle 59 are permanently visible, on which the bearing mark 58 moves depending on the lateral orientation of the device.
  • the mark shows, similar to a compass needle, the side angle which the sight line of the device, characterized by the cross hair 57, takes in relation to the bearing direction 26, 36.
  • the mark 58 is advantageously displayed corrected by the set-up angle 23, 33, so that it indicates the side angle with respect to the reference direction 21, 31.
  • This can be done in a descriptive manner in such a way that on the device aligned with the reference direction 21, 31 with the aid of the appropriate means (compass, telescopic sight), the direction-finding antenna 56 is rotated such that the direction-finding mark 58 in the fade-in sight 53 into the Nullage ("12 o'clock") comes to rest.
  • this "turning" can take place electronically.
  • the bearing mark 58 thus indicates the instantaneous side angle between the line of sight of the auxiliary system and the reference direction 21, 31.
  • the main system now determines a target to be combated in direction 15, i.e. H. under the directional angle 14 to Bezu srichtun 11, it passes on the information about the license mark 48 to the auxiliary system 2, 3.
  • the position of the guide mark 48 is a measure of the straightening angle 24, 34 to be taken and remains unchanged in position with respect to the pitch circle 59 and the crosshair 57, regardless of which movement the sighting line of the secondary system 2, 3 makes.
  • an additional mark 47 is drawn, which passes on fire control information, specifically e.g. B. the reserve mark for the guns for the application of the process section of the target-oriented reserve described below.
  • This lead mark 47 like the guide mark 48, is only dependent on the information sent by the main system 1, and thus remains in sight 53 regardless of the orientation of the secondary system 2, 3.
  • FIG. 3b shows a possible sight image after the secondary installation has followed the instruction almost completely. Based on the situation in FIG. 3a, the device was turned clockwise so that the bearing mark 58 with the permit mark 48, which has meanwhile been slightly offset by the main system 1 as a result of the changed destination, has almost come to congruence. Meanwhile, target 6 has already become visible on the right edge of the image.
  • a gunner also called a judge
  • the usual procedure for a gunner (also called a judge) to detect a target is to first turn his device with an approximately horizontal line of sight in the lateral direction under which the target appears. Once in this sector, possibly supported by an additional indication of the height of the target, he looks for the target by looking over the visor, points the device towards it and then finally detects the target through the visor.
  • a gunner also called a judge
  • the bearing is only important for the instruction in the lateral direction
  • the loss of the instruction information for the lateral direction due to the increase in the angle of attack after the lateral pivoting in is not significant for the reasons described above.
  • the same principle applies to mounted guns; However, it is recommended that the DF antenna only be attached to the rotating mount, not on a device part that can be swiveled with the height adjustment.
  • the main system 1 In addition to the side instruction described, it is also easily possible to process the elevation angle.
  • a simple plummet on the height-adjustable part of the auxiliary system provides the angle of attack of the line of sight of the auxiliary system.
  • the main system 1 In addition to the side angle 14, the main system 1 also sends an elevation angle for the target direction 15. The angle difference is displayed in a suitable form (not shown) and made to disappear by the judge by raising or lowering the line of sight.
  • a guided missile gunner With the target 6 visible in the sights, a guided missile gunner will now relatively easily aim and fire the line of sight, represented by the center of the cross hair 57, at the target.
  • a cannon gunner on the other hand, must take the lead into account.
  • the reserve mark 47 is, as mentioned, calculated completely by the fire control system 41 and independently of the installation and movement of the gun.
  • a fire control unit consisting of target tracking and measuring unit, meeting point computer taking into account wind, ballistics, etc.
  • the fire control unit Based on search sensor information or then during the target tracking, the fire control unit sends a briefing signal to the effectors, based on which the operator is able to swivel to the appropriate side direction and, possibly supported by additional information about the height of the target, the target locate and take your own sights.
  • the fire control unit passes this, and only this, on to the effectors. These therefore only receive two values which determine the placement of the target for the moment the shot is fired.
  • the gunner now has the task of aligning the displayed marker 47 with the target 6 and only firing it if there is no discrepancy between the marker and the target.
  • the relatively heavy effector must still be tracked by the gunner, by hand or with the help of auxiliary drives.
  • the lead In contrast to the method, which is the basis of the tracking device described in DE-C-26 58 683, the lead here is not dependent on the pursuit movement which the gun carries out. Due to the fact that the protection is again oriented towards the target in order to clear the lead, and not based on absolute reference data in the reference system, a slightly deficient alignment of the reference systems between the main and secondary system only results in second-order errors.
  • the method according to the invention for passing on fire control information can also provide support for the additional task of the gunner to correctly estimate the target movement when the gun is immobilized.
  • a line marking is shown, for example, which ends in the center of the mark 47. This line indicates the path on which the target is likely to approach the reserve mark when the gun is stationary.
  • the line can be provided with time stamps. This additional marking is generated, transmitted, processed and faded in analogously to that of the reserve marker 47.
  • the reserve marker 47 itself can also represent the point below which the target must appear in the sight a short, fixed time before the shot is fired; the fire is then opened at this short, fixed time after the cannon is fixed.
  • FIG . 3c Another possibility of displaying the instruction information is shown in FIG . 3c .
  • the instruction information is evaluated one step further. Since it is ultimately irrelevant for the judge in which absolute direction the instructed target is, he is only given the difference between his sighting direction and the direction to be taken. If the target, measured by its current direction of sight, is to the left behind it, a display point lights up to the left behind.
  • the judge then swings his system to the left, which successively illuminates the display points closer to the 'middle ("12 o'clock") until the direction of sight and instruction practically coincide, that is, the display point lights up in the middle.
  • the display 51 can also be used to display rough information about the height of the destination, which of course can also be passed on from the main system 4 to the secondary system 5 via the radio signal. With this version it is also possible to take practical aspects into account for the operation. Since large rotary speeds are required for large storage areas, the approach to the direction of instruction, on the other hand, must be carried out with more care.
  • B. makes sense not to use a linear scale for the illuminated dot display 50, but to use smaller angular steps per display point in the upper region than in the lateral and lower regions. An ergonomically coordinated scale helps the judge to pivot efficiently in the direction of instruction.
  • the common reference direction 11, 21, 31 must be explicitly agreed, ie agreed between the operators of the individual systems, and the direction must be able to be found independently from each system. This process can be automated, as described below in a second variant of the method according to the invention with reference to FIG. 4 .
  • the main system 7 is equipped with a direction finder transmitter with a corresponding direction finder antenna 76, which rotates a directional fan about the axis orthogonal to the reference plane.
  • the reference direction 71 is arbitrarily determined for the main system alone, possibly incorporated into a larger association and deviating from its reference direction 10 by the angle 12.
  • the bearing angle 77 between the reference direction 71 and the beam plane of the bearing transmitter (the direction of greatest radiation power) is time-dependent.
  • a denotes the bearing angle 77 and w denotes the angular velocity of the rotation of the vertical beam fan, represented by the beam axis 78
  • w denotes the angular velocity of the rotation of the vertical beam fan, represented by the beam axis 78
  • a (t) [b + w ⁇ t] mod2 ⁇
  • b is a constant starting angle, which can include angle 12, for example.
  • the secondary system 8 - for the sake of simplicity, only one of several secondary systems is shown - is again equipped with a receiving antenna 56 with a pronounced directional effect and a direction finder, which now has another function. As in the procedure described above, it is able to change the direction with regard to its own current line of sight from which the transmission signal is incident. However, it still has no reference direction, since the secondary system 8 has not been aligned laterally. In contrast, the field strength of the received signal is modulated with the frequency w / 2 ⁇ due to the rotating directional fan of the transmitter.
  • the direction finder can use known means to determine the respective point in time at which the transmission beam 78 is directed at the secondary system 8, ie is directed against the installation direction 86.
  • the transmission signal is now continuously accompanied by the instantaneous value of the bearing angle 77, a (t).
  • the modulated signal is only evaluated for the instant of the maximum reception level.
  • the information transmitted on the transmission signal can, for. B. modulate in the manner of a telegram.
  • the bearing angle 77 must be continuously recognizable, the permit mark if required, the additional information is optional for the instruction, and indispensable for shooting with lead.
  • Another possibility to determine the locations of the secondary systems in the reference system and thus also their parallaxes is to equip the secondary systems with so-called transponders, devices that reflect the received radio signal as an echo.
  • the main system can determine the distance of the transponder from the transit time difference with sufficient accuracy. Since the direction from which the echo comes is also fixed, the secondary system can also incorporate the distance information into the telegram, so that each secondary system periodically receives its distance from the main system.
  • the main system is now able to provide the secondary systems with individual information, e.g. B. only to transmit briefing data if, from the constellation of the systems and the destination, the use of a specific auxiliary system makes sense at all.
  • the additional information on the fire control which is contained in the mark 47 of the visor overlay, can be calculated individually; in particular, a reserve can be passed on taking into account the parallax.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Fire Alarms (AREA)
  • Furnace Charging Or Discharging (AREA)
EP89113930A 1988-09-23 1989-07-28 Verfahren und Visiereinrichtung zum Grobausrichten von Feuerleit- und Waffenanlagen Expired - Lifetime EP0359950B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT8989113930T ATE105628T1 (de) 1988-09-23 1989-07-28 Verfahren und visiereinrichtung zum grobausrichten von feuerleit- und waffenanlagen.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH354888 1988-09-23
CH3548/88 1988-09-23

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0359950A2 EP0359950A2 (de) 1990-03-28
EP0359950A3 EP0359950A3 (en) 1990-04-11
EP0359950B1 true EP0359950B1 (de) 1994-05-11

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EP89113930A Expired - Lifetime EP0359950B1 (de) 1988-09-23 1989-07-28 Verfahren und Visiereinrichtung zum Grobausrichten von Feuerleit- und Waffenanlagen

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EP (1) EP0359950B1 (fi)
AT (1) ATE105628T1 (fi)
DE (1) DE58907638D1 (fi)
ES (1) ES2051938T3 (fi)
FI (1) FI96363C (fi)

Cited By (4)

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CN103925842A (zh) * 2014-03-28 2014-07-16 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 利用光电经纬仪测量坦克炮管空间指向的方法及装置
US10907934B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2021-02-02 Sig Sauer, Inc. Ballistic aiming system with digital reticle
US11060816B2 (en) 2017-12-20 2021-07-13 Sig Sauer, Inc. Digital turret ballistic aiming system
US11454473B2 (en) 2020-01-17 2022-09-27 Sig Sauer, Inc. Telescopic sight having ballistic group storage

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GB2235293A (en) * 1989-08-25 1991-02-27 Ferranti Int Signal Target information transmission system
US5164827A (en) * 1991-08-22 1992-11-17 Sensormatic Electronics Corporation Surveillance system with master camera control of slave cameras
IT1264833B1 (it) * 1993-06-16 1996-10-17 Oto Melara Azienda In Affitto Apparecchiatura automatica e metodo di scoperta e designazione di bersagli aerei
FR2711781B1 (fr) * 1993-10-21 1996-01-12 Sat Procédé d'exploitation d'un système d'arme déporté par rapport à un système de désignation d'objectif et ensemble de ces systèmes pour mettre en Óoeuvre le procédé.
FR2728077B1 (fr) * 1995-09-07 1997-03-28 Telecommunications Sa Procede de visualisation de la direction d'observation d'un objet et appareil pour la mise en oeuvre du procede
EP1450125A1 (de) * 2003-02-12 2004-08-25 Oerlikon Contraves Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bekämpfung eines Zieles
SE529504C2 (sv) 2005-05-25 2007-08-28 Bae Systems Bofors Ab System, förfarande, anordning, användning av anordning samt datorprogramprodukt för invisning av mål
FR2891617B1 (fr) * 2005-10-05 2010-04-30 Giat Ind Sa Dispositif d'aide au positionnement d'un systeme d'artillerie.
EP3722735A1 (en) * 2019-04-08 2020-10-14 HENSOLDT Sensors GmbH System and method for aligning gbad-platforms
CN110559647B (zh) * 2019-09-25 2023-07-14 网易（杭州）网络有限公司 虚拟射击游戏中准星显示的控制方法及装置、介质、设备

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US3921172A (en) * 1971-09-15 1975-11-18 Litchstreet Co Proximity indication with range and bearing measurements
CA975157A (en) * 1972-03-17 1975-09-30 Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of National Defence Of Her Majesty's Canadian Government Gun alignment and control system
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FR2541464B1 (fr) * 1983-02-22 1986-01-31 Thomson Csf Procede de transfert de pistes radar et/ou de designation d'objectifs entre vehicules
CH665476A5 (en) * 1985-01-09 1988-05-13 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag Optical target sight e.g. for anti-aircraft gun - has coupled viewfinders with cross-wire and target direction display respectively

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103925842A (zh) * 2014-03-28 2014-07-16 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 利用光电经纬仪测量坦克炮管空间指向的方法及装置
CN103925842B (zh) * 2014-03-28 2015-11-25 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所 利用光电经纬仪测量坦克炮管空间指向的方法及装置
US10907934B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2021-02-02 Sig Sauer, Inc. Ballistic aiming system with digital reticle
US11287218B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2022-03-29 Sig Sauer, Inc. Digital reticle aiming method
US11725908B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2023-08-15 Sig Sauer, Inc. Digital reticle system
US11060816B2 (en) 2017-12-20 2021-07-13 Sig Sauer, Inc. Digital turret ballistic aiming system
US11454473B2 (en) 2020-01-17 2022-09-27 Sig Sauer, Inc. Telescopic sight having ballistic group storage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE58907638D1 (de) 1994-06-16
FI894294A0 (fi) 1989-09-12
FI894294A (fi) 1990-03-24
ATE105628T1 (de) 1994-05-15
FI96363C (fi) 1996-06-10
FI96363B (fi) 1996-02-29
ES2051938T3 (es) 1994-07-01
EP0359950A3 (en) 1990-04-11
EP0359950A2 (de) 1990-03-28

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