EP0357595B1 - Dispositif de nettoyage des gaz d'echappement de moteurs diesel - Google Patents

Dispositif de nettoyage des gaz d'echappement de moteurs diesel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0357595B1
EP0357595B1 EP87903852A EP87903852A EP0357595B1 EP 0357595 B1 EP0357595 B1 EP 0357595B1 EP 87903852 A EP87903852 A EP 87903852A EP 87903852 A EP87903852 A EP 87903852A EP 0357595 B1 EP0357595 B1 EP 0357595B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
burner
filter body
cleaning device
gas cleaning
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87903852A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0357595A1 (fr
Inventor
Siegfried Wörner
Peter Reiser
Peter Prinz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eberspaecher Climate Control Systems GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
J Eberspaecher GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0357595A1 publication Critical patent/EP0357595A1/fr
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Publication of EP0357595B1 publication Critical patent/EP0357595B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/02—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using resonance
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2230/00—Combination of silencers and other devices
    • F01N2230/02—Exhaust filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2310/00—Selection of sound absorbing or insulating material
    • F01N2310/02—Mineral wool, e.g. glass wool, rock wool, asbestos or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
    • F01N2330/06—Ceramic, e.g. monoliths
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2390/00—Arrangements for controlling or regulating exhaust apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
    • F01N2450/02—Fitting monolithic blocks into the housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an exhaust gas purification device for diesel engines, with a soot filter unit provided in the exhaust gas line, which has a filter body supported in a housing and regenerable by soot burnup, with an exhaust gas inlet side, an exhaust gas outlet side and in between an outer surface, between the housing and the outer surface of the filter body there is a space, and with a burner with combustion air blower, the hot gas side of which is in flow communication with the space, so that the filter body can be heated to regenerate at least a large part of its outer surface.
  • the hot gas of the regeneration burner flows to a first partial area of the outer periphery of the filter body, flows through the filter body transversely to the engine exhaust gas flow direction, and flows from a second, opposite partial area the outer circumference of the filter body.
  • the device according to the invention is characterized in that the soot filter unit is simultaneously designed as a muffler with the space as a resonance space which surrounds the filter body in a ring; and that the burner is connected upstream in front of the filter body, so that its hot gas, when the burner is in operation, flows through the filter body both from the inlet side thereof and from the resonance chamber.
  • the average or normal exhaust gas temperature range of diesel engines is in the region of 200 to 400 ° C, whereby temperature peaks during operation in the range of the maximum output are not taken into account.
  • the "outer surface” is the area of the outer surface of the soot filter that is not the exhaust gas inlet side or the exhaust gas outlet side. It can be provided that due to the selected filter body support, almost this entire outer surface of the filter body is heated from the outside. The external heating usually takes place indirectly through a filter body sheath. The burner is in flow connection with the inflow side of the exhaust soot filter.
  • the inventive design of the exhaust soot filter makes available a unit that acts as a muffler and soot filter.
  • Exhaust soot filters often have a substantially prismatic shape with an exhaust gas inlet side and an exhaust gas outlet side and a cross section given transversely to the exhaust gas flow direction with a circular shape, elliptical shape, oval shape, rectangular shape, square shape or the like.
  • the term “prismatic shape” is also intended to cover geometries in which the exhaust gas inlet side and / or the exhaust gas outlet side are not perpendicular to the flow direction of the soot filter and / or in which the outer (circumferential) surface of the soot filter progressively varies within certain limits in the direction of its flow.
  • the filter body by strut-like bracket parts support in its housing with a circumferential distance and at one point provide a flow-preventing barrier in the annular gap between the filter body and the housing.
  • ring-like holders which are spaced apart in the direction of flow and which have openings of such a number and size that gas can flow through, and one of which is closed, however, in order to provide the above-mentioned free flow of exhaust gas around the annular gap prevent.
  • ring-like and ring gap do not mean “circular”, but are meant in a comprehensive sense and also include, in particular, oval, elliptical and angular configurations that are closed overall in a ring.
  • the exhaust gas purification device preferably has, as a filter body, a ceramic monolith with non-continuous flow channels, as is known per se.
  • the most common configuration is that the flow channels running essentially in the overall flow direction of the filter body are alternately closed on the inlet side of the filter body and on the outlet side of the filter body, so that the exhaust gas flowing into a flow channel on the inlet side is imperative through the porous wall of the relevant flow channel must pass into one or more adjacent flow channels in order to be able to exit the filter body again on the flow exit side.
  • the burner is preferably a burner constructed on the principle of an evaporation burner.
  • the burner is provided for regeneration operation during breaks in operation of the diesel engine after a longer diesel engine operating phase.
  • the burner is therefore not allowed to run continuously in order to sufficiently increase the exhaust gas temperature at the inlet into the filter body, but prefers an intermittent operation in which the soot filter is regenerated within a very short time during a standstill phase of the diesel engine. It is advantageous to operate the burner with excess air in order to have oxygen in the soot filter for burning off the soot deposited there.
  • the design mentioned makes soot burning particularly effective since the hot gases of the burner do not mix with colder diesel engine exhaust.
  • the exhaust gas purification device has a control device of the burner, which switches on the combustion air blower and a glow plug to ignite the fuel for the burner at the start of the regeneration operation, switches on a fuel pump of the burner with a time delay, switches off the glow plug after the burner has been ignited, because the glow plug now does not support the glow plug continues to burn, and after a certain time the fuel pump switches off and the combustion air blower continues to run for a short or a long time.
  • This control device preferably controls the aforementioned phases of the regeneration operation automatically.
  • a sensor which directly or indirectly determines the extent of clogging of the filter body with soot and either provides a signal that a new regeneration is required and / or automatically triggers a regeneration in a suitable manner, preferably when the diesel engine is next stopped.
  • the sensor can, for example, respond to the pressure increase in front of the soot filter generated by increasing clogging of the filter body, work on the basis of the measurement of gas flow velocities or the like. It is also possible to work with a device for recording the operating time of the diesel engine since the last regeneration.
  • the burner is preferably designed such that it brings the filter body to a regeneration temperature of more than 550 ° C., most preferably more than 600 ° C. or even more than 700 ° C.
  • the burner does not have to be in operation for the entire regeneration time, since the soot that has been set on fire burns to the end even without burner support and heat is thereby released.
  • the burner is also preferably designed so that a relatively short regeneration time of, depending on the size of the filter body, from a few minutes to about thirty minutes. Temperatures in the region of 850 ° C can occur during the burning of the soot.
  • a burner and a combustion air blower are preferably used for the burner, as are already commercially available, in particular from motor vehicle-independent motor vehicle heaters.
  • a particularly preferred area of application of the exhaust gas cleaning device according to the invention is vehicles, in particular forklifts, which are used in at least largely closed buildings, for example production halls, warehouses or the like. Soot emissions are particularly troublesome under these operating conditions, and regeneration can be carried out conveniently at the end of each shift, for example.
  • the exhaust soot filter 2 shown consists essentially of a housing 4 made of sheet steel with a ceramic, monolithic filter body 6 supported therein.
  • the housing 4 is cylindrical in the central region and tapers conically on the left and right to the diameter of an exhaust pipe 8.
  • the exhaust gas Flow direction through the soot filter 2 is in the drawing from right to left in accordance with the arrow P, the exhaust gas pipe section feeding from the right coming from a diesel engine and the exhaust pipe pipe section leading to the left leading to the end of the exhaust tract.
  • the filter body 6 is also cylindrical and has flow channels 10 which are only indicated in the drawing and which run essentially parallel to the common longitudinal axis 12 of the filter body 6 and the housing 4 and are alternately closed on the right and left.
  • an intermediate support 14 made of sheet steel, which is essentially cylindrical with flange regions 16 drawn inwards at the left and right ends.
  • the filter body 6 is held axially between the two flange regions 16 by means of resilient intermediate rings 18 made of sufficiently temperature-resistant material. In the radial direction there is a narrow gap between the filter body 6 and the intermediate carrier 14 for reasons of thermal expansion.
  • the intermediate carrier 14 is in turn with the aid of two annular holders 20 internally welded to the cylindrical region of the housing 4 so that there is an annular annular gap 22 between the filter body 6 or the intermediate carrier 14 and the housing 4, which is 5 to 20 mm wide radially.
  • the two holders 20 are spaced apart in the axial direction and are each closer to an axial end of the intermediate carrier 14 than to the center thereof.
  • the holder 20 on the left in the drawing that is to say downstream, is provided with circular openings or openings 24, for example, over its entire circumference. These openings could instead be provided in the right holder 20 in the drawing. It would also be possible; to provide large and numerous openings 24 in the left holder, while only few and small openings are provided in the right holder 20, or vice versa, so that a very small amount of exhaust gas can flow through the annular gap 22 from front to back.
  • the annular gap 22 axially between the two holders 20 can also be filled with a sufficiently temperature-resistant, flow-through insulating material, for example basalt wool.
  • the soot filter 2 shown and described so far also serves as an exhaust silencer, the annular space 22 representing a resonance space.
  • a burner 26 with a combustion air blower 28 is connected to the conical, that is to say the inflow-side region of the housing 4 in the drawing.
  • a fuel pump 30 for the fuel of the burner 26, for example diesel oil, and a glow plug 32 for igniting the fuel-air mixture formed in the burner can also be seen.
  • a control unit 34 for burner 26 or that of burner 26 and combustion air blower can be seen 28 existing unit.
  • the filter body 6 is regenerated, preferably during a break in operation of the diesel engine.
  • the combustion air blower 28 and the glow plug 32 are first switched on by means of the control unit 34. After about 30 to 60 s, the fuel metering pump 30 is switched on, which pumps fuel into the combustion chamber of the burner 26. If the combustion has started properly there, which can be determined by flame monitoring, the glow plug 32 is switched off; the combustion air blower 28 continues to run.
  • This combustion operation of the burner runs, depending on the size of the soot filter 2, for about 2 to 10 minutes and in the course of this “activation time” a temperature in the order of 600 to 750 ° C. is reached on the filter body 6. Then you can switch off the burner 26, since at this temperature the burning off of the soot on the filter body 6 has started and continues without burner support.
  • the oxygen required for this can either be taken from the exhaust tract (which still contains residual oxygen in diesel engines) or can be drawn in through the combustion air blower 28 and the burner 26; but one can also let the combustion air blower 28 continue to run, for example also at a lower level.
  • This soot burning takes, depending on the size of the soot filter 2, about 5 to 30 minutes, during which time the temperature on the filter body 6 still slightly increases due to the soot combustion or remains approximately the same or slightly can sink.
  • the combustion air blower 28 is in any case left to run for a certain time, for example 2 to 4 minutes, so that the burner 26 no longer has an ignitable fuel-air mixture.
  • the control unit 34 is a pressure probe in the space in front of the filter body 6, which responds to increased pressure due to the increasing clogging of the filter body 6 and indicates the need for a new regeneration and / or triggers it automatically, preferably in a subsequent break in operation of the diesel engine, via the control unit 34 .
  • the hot gases of the burner 26 can flow into the annular gap 22 after flowing through the filter body 6 and from there also heat the filter body 6 from its outer surface or its outer circumference. This heating has an effect through the intermediate carrier 14. This outer circumferential heating is essential in order to bring the edge parts of the filter body 6 which are difficult to heat up without the described measure to a sufficiently high temperature. If more than two spaced holders 20 are provided, all or all but one of them are provided with openings 24.
  • the output of the burner is in the range of 2 to 15 kW, depending on the size of the soot filter 2.
  • the soot filter 2 can also have a plurality of filter bodies 6 axially one behind the other, it being sufficient if one wants to rule out an external flow of exhaust gas past all filter bodies - to provide a surrounding exhaust gas flow barrier at only one of the filter bodies.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
  • Filtering Of Dispersed Particles In Gases (AREA)

Abstract

Un dispositif de nettoyage des gaz d'échappement de moteurs Diesel comprend un filtre (2) des suies du gaz d'échappement pourvu d'un corps de filtrage (6) soutenu dans un carter (4) et qui se régénère par combustion de la suie lorsque sa température s'élève au-dessus de la plage moyenne des températures des gaz d'échappement en service. Le côté à gaz chauds d'un brûleur (26) à ventilateur (28) d'air de combustion est en communication fluidique avec le filtre (2) des suies du gaz d'échappement. Le corps de filtrage (6) est soutenu dans son carter (6) de sorte qu'au moins une grande partie de sa surface extérieure soit chauffée de l'extérieur lorsque le brûleur (26) est en fonctionnement.

Claims (12)

1. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement pour moteurs Diesel, comprenant une unité de filtrage de suie (2) prévue dans le tuyau d'échappement (8) et comportant un corps de filtre (6) supporté dans un pot (4), régénérable par brûlage de la suie et présentant un côté d'entrée des gaz d'échappement, un côté de sortie des gaz d'échappement et une surface extérieure entre eux, avec prévision d'un volume d'espacement (22) entre le pot (4) et la surface extérieure du corps de filtre (6), ainsi qu'un brûleur (26) auquel est coordonné un ventilateur d'apport d'air de combustion (28) et dont le côté de sortie des gaz chauds communique pour l'écoulement des gaz avec le volume d'espacement (22), de manière que le corps de filtre (6) puisse être chauffé à partir de sa surface extérieure en vue de la régénération,
caractérisé en ce
que l'unité de filtrage de suies (2) est réalisée en même temps comme un silencieux dans lequel le volume d'espacement agit comme espace de résonance (22), lequel entoure le corps de filtre (6) en forme d'anneau;
et que le brûleur (26) est raccordé en amont du corps de filtre (6), de sorte que pendant le fonctionnement du brûleur (26), son gaz chaud chauffe le corps de filtre (6) à la fois à partir du côté d'entrée de celui-ci, en traversant le corps de filtre, et à partir de l'espace de résonance (22).
2. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon la revendication 1,
caractérisé en ce qu'une
enveloppe (14) est prévue à la surface extérieure du corps de filtre (6), l'espace de résonance (22) étant formé entre le pot (4) et l'enveloppe (14).
3. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
caractérisé par
du matériau isolant perméable aux gaz dans l'espace de résonance (22).
4. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 3,
caractérisé en ce
que plusieurs pièces de fixation annulaires (20) sont prévues à distance l'une de l'autre dans le pot (4) pour supporter le corps de filtre (6);
et que, à l'exception d'une pièce de fixation (20) fermée, l'autre ou les autres pièces de fixation (20) présentent des orifices d'écoulement (24).
5. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 4,
caractérisé en ce
que le corps de filtre (6) est un corps monolithique en céramique avec des canaux d'écoulement (10) non-traversants.
6. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 5,
caractérisé en ce
que le corps de filtre (6) possède une conformation essentiellement prismatique de section droite circulaire ou de section droite non-circulaire arrondie.
7. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 6,
caractérisé en ce
que le brûleur (26) est un brûleur à vaporisation.
8. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 7,
caractérisé en ce
que le brûleur (26) est prévu pour agir, dans un mode de régénération, lors d'arrêts du moteur Diesel, chaque fois après plusieurs heures de fonctionnement du moteur Diesel.
9. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 8,
caractérisé par
la coordination au brûleur (26) d'un appareil de commande (34) qui, au début du mode de régénération, enclenche le ventilateur d'apport d'air de combustion (28) et une bougie (32), enclenche ensuite, en plus, avec du retard, une pompe à combustible (30) du brûleur (26), coupe la bougie (32) après l'allumage du brûleur (26), arrête la pompe à combustible (30) au bout d'un certain temps et laisse ensuite marcher encore le ventilateur d'apport d'air de combustion (28) pendant un temps court ou un temps plus long.
10. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 9,
caractérisé en ce
que le brûleur (26) est conçu de manière qu'il porte le corps de filtre (6) à une température de régénération de plus de 550°C.
11. Dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 10,
caractérisé en ce qu'il
comprend un capteur (36) qui détermine le degré de bouchage du corps de filtre (6) par la suie et fournit un signal de régénération et/ou déclenche la régénération.
12. Application du dispositif d'épuration des gaz d'échappement selon une des revendications 1 à 11 dans un véhicule destiné à être utilisé a l'intérieur de bâtiments fermés au moins en grande partie, de préférence dans un chariot à fourche.
EP87903852A 1985-12-20 1987-06-12 Dispositif de nettoyage des gaz d'echappement de moteurs diesel Expired - Lifetime EP0357595B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19853545437 DE3545437A1 (de) 1985-12-20 1985-12-20 Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung fuer dieselmotoren

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0357595A1 EP0357595A1 (fr) 1990-03-14
EP0357595B1 true EP0357595B1 (fr) 1992-01-22

Family

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87903852A Expired - Lifetime EP0357595B1 (fr) 1985-12-20 1987-06-12 Dispositif de nettoyage des gaz d'echappement de moteurs diesel

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0357595B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3545437A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2009335C1 (fr)
UA (1) UA12339A (fr)
WO (1) WO1988009865A1 (fr)

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EP0114696B1 (fr) * 1983-01-24 1988-12-28 Hitachi, Ltd. Procédé et dispositif de réglage d'émission d'échappement pour moteurs Diesel
US4625511A (en) * 1984-08-13 1986-12-02 Arvin Industries, Inc. Exhaust processor
DE3516442A1 (de) * 1985-05-08 1986-11-13 Jörg Prof. Dipl.-Ing.(FH) 7072 Heubach Linser Schalldaempfer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2009335C1 (ru) 1994-03-15
DE3545437A1 (de) 1987-07-02
DE3776353D1 (de) 1992-03-05
UA12339A (uk) 1996-12-25
EP0357595A1 (fr) 1990-03-14
DE3545437C2 (fr) 1991-11-21
WO1988009865A1 (fr) 1988-12-15

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