EP0351327B1 - Procédé de fabrication par coulée continue de produits métalliques thixotropes - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication par coulée continue de produits métalliques thixotropes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0351327B1 EP0351327B1 EP89420240A EP89420240A EP0351327B1 EP 0351327 B1 EP0351327 B1 EP 0351327B1 EP 89420240 A EP89420240 A EP 89420240A EP 89420240 A EP89420240 A EP 89420240A EP 0351327 B1 EP0351327 B1 EP 0351327B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cold zone
- zone
- cold
- wall
- axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims 8
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007850 degeneration Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000011299 Brassica oleracea var botrytis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000003259 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000002595 Solanum tuberosum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000061456 Solanum tuberosum Species 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002048 anodisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005499 meniscus Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012015 potatoes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
- B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
- B22D11/114—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means
- B22D11/115—Treating the molten metal by using agitating or vibrating means by using magnetic fields
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/04—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
- B22D11/059—Mould materials or platings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
- B22D11/11—Treating the molten metal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S164/00—Metal founding
- Y10S164/90—Rheo-casting
Definitions
- This invention relates to a process for the production by continuous casting of thixotropic metallic products according to the preamble of claim 1.
- metal products means any product of elongated shape having a circular or polyhedral section constituted by a metal such as aluminum for example or one of its alloys.
- thixotropic metal product is meant any metal composition having a non-dendritic primary solid phase and more particularly a phase with dendrites degenerated to such an extent that it is in the form of substantially spheroidal particles.
- thixotropic products provide significant advantages over conventional products during their shaping. This is how the energy required for this operation is much lower, the cooling time is shorter, the shrinkage formed has reduced dimensions and the erosive action of the metal with respect to the dies or shaping molds. is significantly reduced.
- the metal is poured liquid in a mold provided at one of its ends with a movable bottom and consisting of two adjacent parts of the same axis which, according to the direction of the pouring, form an upstream part called hot zone whose wall is made of a material insulating heat at least on its internal face and a downstream part called cold zone whose wall is made, at least partially, of a heat conducting material and where the external surface is cooled by a coolant so as to cause, by solidification within the liquid contained in said part, the appearance of crystals and the formation on contact with the internal surface of a solid crust sufficiently rigid to allow the gradual extraction of the product thus formed using of the movable bottom, this process being characterized in that a movement is imparted to the liquid in the course of solidification ensuring at least one transfer from the cold zone to the hot zone and vice versa of duration
- the invention consists in introducing a liquid metal into a mold composed of an upstream part constituted by a material having heat-insulating properties at least as regards its wall in contact with the metal.
- This material can be, for example, of the type of those which are commonly used in foundry for the manufacture of chutes or nozzles. Due to the reduced heat exchanges which take place in this part, the metal maintains itself normally, that is to say without any external disturbance, at a temperature sufficient for no crystallization to occur. Hence the designation of this part by the expression "hot zone".
- This upstream part is connected by means of a suitable joint to a downstream part which, unlike the previous one, is very good conductor of heat at least over a portion of its height located most downstream and which, because of its ability to easily evacuate the calories from the metal it contains to the outside is called the "cold zone".
- This part is the analog of the ingot mold in a conventional continuous casting and it is within it that the crystallization process is initiated and that from the wall cooled externally cooled by a coolant fluid a crystalline envelope sufficiently rigid to allow progressive extraction using the movable bottom of the cast product, while inside this envelope delimited by the "solidification front", surface having the general profile of a meniscus whose apex is oriented towards the 'downstream, a "swamp" is formed, consisting of a mixture of liquid and generally dendritic solid particles, particles which will gradually integrate into the solidification front and allow the solid part to develop and the flow to progress.
- the movement of the particles takes place in at least loops, the assembly of which generates a torus with an axis substantially coincident with the axis of the mold.
- These loops are located in meridian planes of the mold, that is to say passing through its axis, and each is entirely contained in the half-plane limited by said axis.
- the portion of the loop along which the liquid passes from the cold zone to the hot zone is closest to the axis, the portion corresponding to the return being close to the wall of the mold.
- two types of means are used: One of them is to pass a single-phase electric current of frequency less than or equal to the industrial frequency within the downstream part of the mold which is known to be made at least partially by an electrically conductive material .
- the wall of this part must have over its entire thickness and along at least one generator an insert of material insulating from electricity on either side of which are fixed current leads.
- this part plays the role of whorl and the current which crosses it generates a magnetic field which develops electromagnetic forces generating the desired movement.
- the internal wall of this part must be covered with an electrically insulating film so that there is no electrical continuity between said metal part and the cast metal because if this were the case it would cause a short circuit and would prevent the development of the magnetic field conducive to movement.
- the electromagnetic forces being a function of the intensity of the current flowing in the turn, preferably used for making the downstream part of metals of low electrical resistivity but mechanical strength nevertheless compatible with the cast metal. It can be, for example, copper or aluminum and their alloys in the case where aluminum is poured.
- the insulating film may consist of an oxide layer obtained by anodization in the case of aluminum or an enamel, or even a fluorocarbon resin for example.
- the thickness of this film is a function of the electrical voltage under which the wall is located relative to the cast metal. We can use an oxide thickness of 1 ⁇ m for a voltage of 100 volts.
- the downstream parts thus formed can be fitted on their internal face with a graphite ring a few millimeters thick which plays the role of lubricant with respect to the cast metal and can amplify the role of a lubricating agent with which it is sometimes necessary to coat the inner wall of the downstream part to facilitate the casting of certain metals.
- This ring can be divided according to its generators in at least two sectors to avoid not only any Joule effect in the zone where on the contrary it is desired to cool, but also a reduction in energy which would limit the movement of the metal.
- the other means of producing the movement of the liquid within the mold consists in placing at the outside of the downstream part of the mold at least one metal coil of axis substantially parallel to the axis of the mold and having it pass through by a single-phase current of frequency less than or equal to the industrial frequency.
- This turn electrically insulated from the wall of said part in fact creates a magnetic field parallel to the axis of the mold which develops electromagnetic forces generating the desired movement.
- this movement is more or less wide and a function of the intensity admitted in the turn, but it also depends on other factors such as the composition of the material constituting the wall of the cold zone or the structure of said wall.
- a material having a resistivity greater than 5 ⁇ .cm it is preferable to use a material having a resistivity greater than 5 ⁇ .cm. It may for example be a non-magnetic stainless steel or titanium or else a ceramic provided that it has sufficient thermal conductivity.
- the best solution not to break with the habits of the profession is to use aluminum but in the form of an alloy containing by weight about 1.8% Mn; 0.25% Cr; 0.2% Ti and 0.1% V whose resistivity is equal to 9.3 ⁇ .cm instead of less than 3 ⁇ .cm for conventional alloys.
- This resistivity can however be increased by adding Mg up to 5% in which case, values are reached from 11 to 12 ⁇ .cm.
- the addition of Li up to 1% or Zr up to 0.15% is also favorable.
- the wall of the cold zone is divided along its generators into at least two sectors separated from each other by an electrical insulator such as mica, said sectors being kept assembled together by means of stainless steel pins and insulating dowels.
- All these types of embodiment of the downstream part can also be lined on their internal wall and in the vicinity of the hot zone with a coaxial graphite ring preferably shared along its generatrices in at least two sections, all these particularities always having the aim to improve the efficiency of the electric current in its transformation into electromagnetic forces generating movement.
- All the turns which surround the downstream part of the mold are designed and mounted so as to be able to adapt to any form of downstream part and to best respond to obtaining both optimum current-force performance. and a distribution of force within the metal which ensures movement of the liquid over the entire section and the entire height of the mold in order to cause the greatest possible degeneration of the dendrites on the greatest possible number of crystals.
- the cold zone may be surrounded by magnetic yoke elements formed from metal sheets electrically isolated from one another and situated in planes passing through it. mold axis.
- the cooling of the cold zone is obtained as is known either by means of fluid boxes integrated into the external wall of said zone or by direct application of a peripheral fluid blade on said wall.
- the fluid is adjusted in flow and / or in temperature while modifying in the case of direct cooling the impact surfaces of the fluid blade.
- the hot zone or at least its part closest to the cold zone can be surrounded by a sheath in which circulates a gas under pressure and chemically inert with respect to the cast metal because under these conditions it is found that the cast product then presents a better surface appearance.
- FIG. 1 represents a vertical half-section passing through the axis of a mold applicable to the invention.
- an upstream part 1 made of a heat insulating material which encloses the liquid metal 2 and forms the hot zone
- a downstream part 3 made of heat conducting material fitted internally with a graphite ring 4 and cooled externally by a film 5 of water from a supply box 6 which forms the cold zone.
- the metal solidifies along the front 7 to give the product 8 cast.
- a coil 9 supplied with alternating current surrounds the cold zone and creates a magnetic field which induces electromagnetic forces so that the liquid metal moves along arrow 10 parallel to the axis of the mold towards the hot zone and returns to the cold zone along the wall of the mold according to arrow 11 causing in its movement the particles 12.
- the invention can be illustrated using the following application examples:
- An alloy 2124 (according to the standards of the Aluminum Association) was cast in the form of a billet with a diameter of 400 mm according to the method described.
- the overall design of the tool was similar to that described in the previous example, with the exception of the current flow; in this case, it was operated through a whorl independent of the downstream part.
- the casting speed was 40 mm / min, which is conventionally used for this billet diameter. After micrographic examination, it was found that with the exception of a peripheral zone of the order of 15 mm, the structure of the grains was particularly rounded, practically without dendrite arms and of very fine size, from the 'around 70 ⁇ m.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Mold Materials And Core Materials (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT89420240T ATE72527T1 (de) | 1988-07-07 | 1989-07-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung von thixotropen metallischen produkten mittels strangguss. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8809616A FR2634677B1 (fr) | 1988-07-07 | 1988-07-07 | Procede de fabrication par coulee continue de produits metalliques thixotropes |
FR8809616 | 1988-07-07 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0351327A1 EP0351327A1 (fr) | 1990-01-17 |
EP0351327B1 true EP0351327B1 (fr) | 1992-02-12 |
Family
ID=9368462
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89420240A Expired - Lifetime EP0351327B1 (fr) | 1988-07-07 | 1989-07-05 | Procédé de fabrication par coulée continue de produits métalliques thixotropes |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4964455A (no) |
EP (1) | EP0351327B1 (no) |
JP (1) | JPH0255650A (no) |
AT (1) | ATE72527T1 (no) |
AU (1) | AU609690B2 (no) |
CA (1) | CA1334474C (no) |
DE (1) | DE68900825D1 (no) |
ES (1) | ES2029382T3 (no) |
FR (1) | FR2634677B1 (no) |
GR (1) | GR3003797T3 (no) |
NO (1) | NO170796C (no) |
NZ (1) | NZ229804A (no) |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2656552B1 (fr) * | 1990-01-04 | 1995-01-13 | Pechiney Aluminium | Procede de fabrication de produits metalliques thixotropes par coulee continue avec brassage electromagnetique en courant polyphase. |
JP2772765B2 (ja) * | 1994-10-14 | 1998-07-09 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | チクソキャスティング用鋳造材料の加熱方法 |
US5571346A (en) * | 1995-04-14 | 1996-11-05 | Northwest Aluminum Company | Casting, thermal transforming and semi-solid forming aluminum alloys |
US5911843A (en) * | 1995-04-14 | 1999-06-15 | Northwest Aluminum Company | Casting, thermal transforming and semi-solid forming aluminum alloys |
US5968292A (en) * | 1995-04-14 | 1999-10-19 | Northwest Aluminum | Casting thermal transforming and semi-solid forming aluminum alloys |
FR2746414B1 (fr) * | 1996-03-20 | 1998-04-30 | Pechiney Aluminium | Alliage thixotrope aluminium-silicium-cuivre pour mise en forme a l'etat semi-solide |
US5881796A (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 1999-03-16 | Semi-Solid Technologies Inc. | Apparatus and method for integrated semi-solid material production and casting |
US5887640A (en) * | 1996-10-04 | 1999-03-30 | Semi-Solid Technologies Inc. | Apparatus and method for semi-solid material production |
FR2761624B1 (fr) * | 1997-04-07 | 1999-06-25 | Charles Vives | Procede magnetomecanique d'affinage par effet de cavitation de la structure cristalline des metaux et alliages coules en charge par la technique "hot-top" |
FR2758101B1 (fr) * | 1997-01-09 | 1999-03-26 | Charles Vives | Procede d'affinage par effet de cavitation electromagnetique de la microstructure des metaux et alliages coules en charge par la technique "hot top" |
MXPA01000508A (es) | 1998-07-24 | 2002-11-29 | Gibbs Die Casting Aluminum | Aparato y metodo para la fundicion de metales semisolidos. |
US6428636B2 (en) | 1999-07-26 | 2002-08-06 | Alcan International, Ltd. | Semi-solid concentration processing of metallic alloys |
US6269537B1 (en) | 1999-07-28 | 2001-08-07 | Methode Electronics, Inc. | Method of assembling a peripheral device printed circuit board package |
US6964199B2 (en) * | 2001-11-02 | 2005-11-15 | Cantocor, Inc. | Methods and compositions for enhanced protein expression and/or growth of cultured cells using co-transcription of a Bcl2 encoding nucleic acid |
US20050126737A1 (en) * | 2003-12-04 | 2005-06-16 | Yurko James A. | Process for casting a semi-solid metal alloy |
US20070227688A1 (en) * | 2004-06-15 | 2007-10-04 | Tosoh Smd, Inc. | Continuous Casting of Copper to Form Sputter Targets |
US7822522B2 (en) * | 2006-05-31 | 2010-10-26 | Techno-Sciences, Inc. (corporation) | Adaptive energy absorption system for a vehicle seat |
JP4907248B2 (ja) * | 2006-07-14 | 2012-03-28 | 三協マテリアル株式会社 | Al−Si系アルミニウム合金の連続鋳造方法 |
US8139364B2 (en) | 2007-01-31 | 2012-03-20 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Electronic control module assembly |
JP5360591B2 (ja) * | 2009-01-08 | 2013-12-04 | 日本軽金属株式会社 | アルミニウム合金鋳塊およびその製造方法 |
JP6105312B2 (ja) * | 2013-02-13 | 2017-03-29 | リンテック株式会社 | 支持装置及びデータ管理方法 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB705762A (en) * | 1951-10-15 | 1954-03-17 | Skf Svenska Kullagerfab Ab | Improvements relating to the continuous casting of metals |
NL7700977A (nl) * | 1976-02-24 | 1977-08-26 | Alusuisse | Werkwijze en inrichting voor het continu gieten van een metaalsmelt in gietvormen. |
SE8001285L (sv) * | 1979-02-26 | 1980-08-27 | Itt | Anordning for framstellning av tixotropa metalluppslamningar |
US4482012A (en) * | 1982-06-01 | 1984-11-13 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Process and apparatus for continuous slurry casting |
JPS6143146A (ja) * | 1984-07-30 | 1986-03-01 | ミネソタ マイニング アンド マニユフアクチユアリング コンパニー | 1,2‐アミノアルコール類の製造法 |
JPS6143137A (ja) * | 1984-08-08 | 1986-03-01 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | ノルボルネン類のカルボニル化方法 |
US4577676A (en) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-03-25 | Olin Corporation | Method and apparatus for casting ingot with refined grain structure |
-
1988
- 1988-07-07 FR FR8809616A patent/FR2634677B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-06-06 US US07/362,317 patent/US4964455A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-04 NZ NZ229804A patent/NZ229804A/en unknown
- 1989-07-04 AU AU37835/89A patent/AU609690B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-07-05 ES ES198989420240T patent/ES2029382T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-05 DE DE8989420240T patent/DE68900825D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-05 AT AT89420240T patent/ATE72527T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-07-05 EP EP89420240A patent/EP0351327B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-07-06 NO NO892807A patent/NO170796C/no unknown
- 1989-07-06 CA CA000604726A patent/CA1334474C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-07-07 JP JP1176968A patent/JPH0255650A/ja active Granted
-
1992
- 1992-02-13 GR GR910402020T patent/GR3003797T3/el unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA1334474C (fr) | 1995-02-21 |
AU3783589A (en) | 1990-01-11 |
NO170796C (no) | 1992-12-09 |
NO170796B (no) | 1992-08-31 |
NO892807L (no) | 1990-01-08 |
NO892807D0 (no) | 1989-07-06 |
ES2029382T3 (es) | 1992-08-01 |
NZ229804A (en) | 1992-04-28 |
FR2634677A1 (fr) | 1990-02-02 |
FR2634677B1 (fr) | 1990-09-21 |
GR3003797T3 (no) | 1993-03-16 |
JPH0255650A (ja) | 1990-02-26 |
US4964455A (en) | 1990-10-23 |
ATE72527T1 (de) | 1992-02-15 |
JPH0338019B2 (no) | 1991-06-07 |
AU609690B2 (en) | 1991-05-02 |
DE68900825D1 (de) | 1992-03-26 |
EP0351327A1 (fr) | 1990-01-17 |
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