EP0293286B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Gegenständen für magnetische Verwendung - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Gegenständen für magnetische Verwendung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0293286B1
EP0293286B1 EP88401220A EP88401220A EP0293286B1 EP 0293286 B1 EP0293286 B1 EP 0293286B1 EP 88401220 A EP88401220 A EP 88401220A EP 88401220 A EP88401220 A EP 88401220A EP 0293286 B1 EP0293286 B1 EP 0293286B1
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Prior art keywords
magnetic field
phase
strip
articles
heating
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French (fr)
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EP0293286A1 (de
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Georges Couderchon
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Imphy SA
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Imphy SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/04—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering with simultaneous application of supersonic waves, magnetic or electric fields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
    • H01F1/04—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/0206—Manufacturing of magnetic cores by mechanical means

Definitions

  • the subject of the invention is a method and an installation for producing metal parts for magnetic use and also covers the products obtained by the method and used for the production of such parts.
  • alloys are known having particular magnetic properties and used for the manufacture of usable parts, thanks to their magnetic properties, in the electrotechnical or electronic industry, for example for the manufacture of relays, counters, transducers, etc.
  • quaternary alloys based on Iron, Aluminum, Nickel, Cobalt are commonly used which have advantageous magnetic properties but which are advantageously replaced, in certain cases, by ternary alloys based on Iron, Cobalt, Chromium .
  • Such alloys in fact have the advantage of being able to be shaped by cutting or stamping the alloy which is in the form of elongated products such as continuous strips or wires, sheets or bars.
  • the magnetic properties of the alloys can be adjusted as required by playing on the one hand on the composition of the alloy and on the other hand on the heat treatments to which it is subjected.
  • the Fe, Co, Cr alloys comprising 26 to 32% of chromium and 9 to 25% of cobalt have the advantage of developing magnetic properties close to the quaternary alloys Fe, Al, Ni, Co and which can also be cut. and shaped, for example by stamping or forging. This is why we can call them formable magnets.
  • the heat treatments capable of developing the desired properties are quite complicated and include different heating, temperature maintenance or cooling operations with determined rates of temperature variation.
  • Document US-A-4,093,477 relates to the processing of magnetic alloys intended for the production of permanent magnets. After a solution treatment, at a temperature of 600 ° to 1,300 ° C, the alloy undergoes heating in the presence of a magnetic field at a temperature of 570 ° to 670 ° C, followed by an aging treatment by slow cooling down to a temperature of 200 ° C lower than the previous one.
  • the magnetic field is 4,000 Oe, that is to say 320,000 A / m.
  • Document BE-A-692.166 relates to the production of lamellae for electric transformer cores from a hot-rolled strip which undergoes an intermediate annealing treatment to recrystallize the metal, then an elongation in a rolling mill to the thickness desired, the laminated strip being subjected to a final annealing.
  • the subject of the invention is a new method of carrying out annealing under a magnetic field, making it possible in particular to avoid the use of an electromagnet because the magnetic field used is much weaker than in the methods known before.
  • the heat treatment is carried out in two phases separated from each other by a cooling phase, the elongated product being first subjected to a first heating phase in the presence of a magnetic field, then cooled rapidly, and subjected to cutting and forming operations in separate pieces, said pieces then being heated in an oven and then subjected to the second phase of treatment by cooling slow.
  • the first heating phase with magnetic field is carried out continuously by passing the strip or wire inside.
  • a tubular oven provided with means for producing a magnetic field preferably made up of a solenoid supplied with electric current and incorporated in the tubular oven.
  • the strip is put under tension during the first heating phase in the presence of a magnetic field.
  • the magnetic field applied during the first heating phase can be less than 80,000 A / m (1000 Oe).
  • the invention also covers the installation for carrying out the method comprising a tubular oven associated with means for producing a magnetic field and means for controlling the movement of the strip of alloy inside the oven.
  • the installation comprises two separate ovens, respectively a tubular furnace for carrying out the first heating phase in the presence of a magnetic field on the moving strip in continuous and a furnace for performing the second slow cooling phase on the cut pieces, the cutting and possibly forming installation for the pieces being placed between the two ovens.
  • the invention covers the product consisting of a continuous strip of alloy having undergone the first heating phase with magnetic field and which can subsequently be cut into separate pieces , these being finally subjected to the second slow cooling phase.
  • Figure 1 shows very schematically and by way of example an installation for implementing the method according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a diagram of the heat treatment temperatures.
  • the invention results from a study carried out on ternary alloys, Iron, Chromium, Cobalt, produced in a vacuum furnace in which carbon deoxidation of a mixture of iron and cobalt is carried out successively, the addition of chromium then manganese, the shading, and the falling cast.
  • the ingots obtained undergo several hot transformation operations for the production of bars which, after cooling, are peeled.
  • a hot rolling of the bars is then carried out in order to obtain dishes or wires which are finally subjected to water quenching and, optionally to a work hardening operation.
  • the heat treatment to which the alloy is subjected can be defined as a phase transformation leading to magnetic hardening by spinodal decomposition of the ⁇ phase into two phases ⁇ 1 rich in cobalt and highly magnetic and ⁇ 2, rich in chromium and little or not magnetic.
  • the spinodal decomposition treatment is preferably preceded by a short-term recrystallization treatment carried out at around 900-950 ° C.
  • the alloy is then subjected to an annealing operation at around 600-650 ° C. which allows the spinodal decomposition to be carried out.
  • this treatment can be carried out in two phases separated from each other, respectively an initiation phase during which it is advantageous to apply to the alloy a magnetic field and a maturation phase which, however, does not require the application of the magnetic field.
  • the initiation phase allows to carry out a localized demixing leading to a periodic variation of the composition whose period is precisely regulated to have precipitates from the ⁇ 1 phase in the ⁇ 2 phase, the maturation phase making it possible to cause a concentration difference between the phases as high as possible.
  • This maturation treatment requires a fairly long temperature maintenance time, of the order of 10 to 20 hours, at a temperature below the initiation treatment temperature, while the first initiation phase can be carried out more quickly.
  • an installation for implementing the method will therefore comprise at least two separate heating chambers, respectively a first oven 1 for carrying out the first initiation phase and a second oven 2 for carrying out the maturation phase.
  • the alloy is in the form of a strip 3 which is unwound from a coil 31 to be wound on the drum 32.
  • the strip 3 thus travels in a longitudinal direction inside the furnace 1 of tubular shape . This is preferably preceded by an oven 11 inside which the recrystallization treatment is carried out at around 950 ° C.
  • a cutting device 4 which makes it possible to obtain, from the strip 3, separate pieces 33 having the desired shape and which, optionally after cooling, are directed to the oven 2 to undergo the treatment there. of maturation.
  • the tubular furnace 11 defines an elongated internal space 12 in which the strip 3 is passed.
  • the furnace 1 is provided with means for producing a magnetic field, for example a solenoid 13 connected to a current source. electric 14 and which is incorporated into the wall of the furnace 1 so as to completely surround the central space 12 inside which the magnetic field is thus produced by current flow.
  • the magnetic field is applied to a product of very great length compared to its thickness and therefore having a weak demagnetizing field, it is not necessary to produce in the oven 1 a very high magnetizing field to develop the desired magnetic properties.
  • the necessary magnetizing field which depends on the desired result and on the composition of the alloy, could even be less than 80,000 A / m (1000 Oe), whereas until now it was necessary to use a field of at least 160,000 A / m (2000 Oe for parts of small dimensions. We therefore avoid the use of an electromagnet always expensive.
  • the strip 3 passes in the cutting device 4, the cutting operation does not modify the developed magnetic structure.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram indicating the treatment temperature as a function of time.
  • the strip which is at ambient temperature and is unwound from the reel 31 first passes through the furnace 11 where its temperature rises to around 900 ° C, according to the OAB trace. From point B, the strip passes through the tubular furnace 1 in which its temperature drops to a temperature of the order of 630 ° C following the line BC which is therefore carried out in part in the presence of the magnetic field produced by the solenoid 13, the strip is then cooled rapidly according to the layout CD. Preferably, the parts 33 are cut cold. The pieces 33 are then directed into the furnace 2 where their temperature is maintained for the necessary time, for example from 10 to 20 hours, at a temperature decreasing regularly, preferably from 610 to 520 ° C.
  • the duration of the temperature maintenance will be adjusted by acting on the scrolling speed and as a function of the relative lengths of the tubular furnace 1 and the recrystallization furnace 11 , the recrystallization treatment being applied normally for 1/2 hour to 1 hour.
  • the strip could also be advanced at regular intervals by stationing in the furnace a portion of the strip of corresponding length for the time necessary.
  • We could also proceed in the same way on an elongated product in the form of sheets or separate bars but having a fairly large length relative to their transverse dimensions so that the magnetic treatment can be carried out under a relatively weak field.
  • the sheets or bars would then follow one another in the oven, stationing there the time necessary for the first phase of treatment, the pieces then being cut to undergo the second phase.
  • the magnetic field created by the solenoid 13 inside the furnace 1 will be between 8000 and 120,000 A / m (100 to 1,500 Oe). example 48,000 A / m (600 Oe).
  • the magnetic structure obtained after the first initiation phase is permanent and, therefore, the cutting operation and the second maturing phase of the treatment can be performed some time after the completion of the first phase. It is therefore possible to first treat the alloy strip by subjecting it to the first initiation phase possibly preceded by a recrystallization treatment and to deliver it to the user who will cut the parts and submit them to a second maturation phase, which can be carried out in a fairly simple manner since it is applied to parts of small sizes and without magnetic field.
  • An ingot of composition by weight Co 10.2%, Cr 28%, Mn 0.5%, Fe remains, and the usual impurities due to the manufacturing processes are prepared by conventional methods of production and casting under vacuum.
  • the ingot is then hot rolled around 1200 - 1250 ° C and rapidly cooled.
  • a strip 0.75 mm thick is produced with the hot-rolled product by cold rolling.
  • the cold-rolled strip is then treated on passing through the system of ovens shown in FIG. 1, so that in the first oven 11 the temperature of the strip reaches 950 ° C. for approximately 30 minutes.
  • the distance between the furnace 11 and the furnace 1 as well as the thermal insulation are such that from about 700 ° C. the strip cools to about 100 ° C./h and enters the furnace 1 in which a magnetic field is applied to at least 650 ° C.
  • the temperature of oven 1 is set at 630 ° C and the axial magnetic field is 64,000 A / m (800 Oe) the running time in oven 1 is at least 30 min.
  • the strip is rapidly cooled and wound up.
  • the magnetic properties obtained are as follows and illustrate the advantage of the process.
  • Example No. 1 The same strip is used as in Example No. 1, but before proceeding to the process at the parade in ovens 11 and 1, this strip is subjected to a treatment at 950 ° C. for one hour under hydrogen and rapidly cooled at the end. of treatment.
  • This pretreated strip is then treated in the process in the ovens shown in Figure 1. During this process in the process the strip is subjected to uniaxial traction in the direction of the length of about 10 kg mm ⁇ 2.
  • the temperature of the oven 11 is 700 ° C and the strip enters the oven 1 at 650 ° C.
  • the temperature of oven 1 is set at 630 ° C and the axial magnetic field is 64,000 A / m (800 Oe).
  • the running time in oven 1 is 40 min. At the outlet of the furnace 1 the strip is rapidly cooled and wound up.
  • Pieces are cut from the strip thus treated under magnetic field and under tension. These parts then undergo the maturation treatment in a conventional oven where the temperature gradually drops from 620 ° C to 500 ° C in 20 hours. A complementary treatment at 500 ° C for 24 hours is beneficial.
  • the properties obtained are as follows:
  • the strip is then subjected to a 1/2 hour treatment at 1050 ° C. under hydrogen. This treatment ends with rapid cooling.
  • the strip is then sheared to the width necessary for the application and cut into sections of 1.5 meters. These sections are then assembled into bundles of small diameter and placed in the furnace 1.
  • the temperature of oven 1 is brought quickly to 700 ° C and then allowed to cool to 620 ° C at a speed of about 100 ° C / h. From 650 ° C the magnetic field of 64,000 A / m (800 Oe) is applied. The duration of maintenance at 620 ° C is one hour. At the end of this treatment at 620 ° C. the bundles of strips are rapidly cooled.
  • the pieces for measurement and use are cut from the strips and then treated in an oven whose temperature drops from 620 ° C to 520 ° C in 20 hours. A further 24 hour treatment at 500 ° C further improves the magnetic properties.
  • the invention is not limited to the details of the embodiment which has just been described and which could be subject to variants without departing from the protective framework defined by the claims.
  • the processing temperatures have been indicated for an alloy comprising substantially 10% of cobalt but could be modified as a function of the desired properties and of the composition of the alloy.
  • it would be possible to carry out more complex heat treatments including in particular different temperature stages possibly separated by more or less rapid cooling phases.
  • the ovens can be placed one after the other, separating them by heat-insulated zones to achieve the various desired temperatures.
  • the invention also covers the use of any elongated product, such as a continuous wire or sheets or bars, the product being able, in section transverse, be adapted to the shape of the parts. Similarly, after their cutting, they can undergo various shaping operations, for example by forging.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Cores, Coils, And Magnets (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Magnetic Ceramics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Steel Electrode Plates (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gegenständen für magnetische Verwendung, bestehend aus einer Metalllegierung in Form eines gestreckten Erzeugnisses (3), aus dem die Teile (33) ausgestanzt werden, wobei die Legierung in an sich bekannter Weise einer Wärmebehandlung mit Erhitzung in Gegenwart eines Magnetfeldes und langsamer Abkühlung unterzogen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bei dem eine im Verhältnis zu seiner Stärke sehr grosse Länge aufweisende gestreckte Erzeugnis (3) die Wärmebehandlung in zwei durch eine Abkühlungsphase von einander getrennten Phasen erfolgt, wobei das Erzeugnis zuerst eine erste Erhitzungphase in Gegenwart eines Magnetfeldes, dann eine rasche Abkühlung, und dann Arbeitsgänge zum Ausstanzen und Umformen in getrennte Teile (33) durchläuft, wobei diese Teile (33) dann in einem Ofen erhitzt werden und dann in der zweiten Behandlungsphase eine langsame Abkühlung erfolgt.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem das gestreckte Erzeugnis (3) ein kontinuierliches von einer Rolle ablaufbares Band oder Draht ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Erhitzungsphase in Gegenwart eines Magnetfeldes bei kontinuierlichem Durchlauf vom Band oder Draht (3) entlang eines Mittel (13) zur Magnetfelderzeugung aufweisenden Rohrofens (4) erfolgt.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Erhitzungsphase in Gegenwart eines Magnetfeldes in einem Mittel (13) zur Magnetfelderzeugung aufweisenden Rohrofen (4) grosser Länge erfolgt, in dem mindestens ein Teil entsprechender Länge des Erzeugnisses während der zur Durchführung der ersten Behandlungsphase erforderlichen Zeit verweilt,
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 2 und 3, dass die Magnetfelderzeugung durch den Stromdurchfluss in einer in dem Rohrofen (1) eingebauten Leitung (13) erfolgt.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Band (3) während der Durchführung der Erhitzungsphase mit einem Magnetfeld unter Spannung steht.
  6. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Metalllegierung eine Magnetlegierung aus Eisen, Kobalt und Chrom ist.
  7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das während der ersten Erhitzungsphase der Behandlung angelegte Magnetfeld unter 80.000 A/m (1000 Oe) liegen kann.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Erhitzungsphase mit dem Magnetfeld bei einer Termperatur zwischen 600 und 650° C durchgeführt wird, und dass die Durchführung der zweiten langsamen Abkühlungsphase bei einer Temperatur zwischen 500 und 600° C erfolgt.
  9. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor der Durchführung der ersten Erhitzungsphase mit dem Magnetfeld das Legierungsband (3) einer Rekristallisationsbehandlung bei einer Temperatur zwischen 900 und 950° C während 30 Minuten bis 1 Stunde unterzogen wird.
  10. Erzeugnis zum Herstellen von Gegenständen (33) für magnetische Verwendung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es aus einem gestreckten Metallband bzw. -draht (3) besteht, bei dem eine erste Erhitzungsphase mit dem Magnetfeld nach dem Verfahren gemäss einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche durchgeführt wurde, und aus dem nachträglich Gegenstände (33) ausgestanzt und einer zweiten langsamen Abkühlungsphase unterzogen werden können.
  11. Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Gegenständen für magnetische Verwendung aus einem gestreckten Erzeugnis (3) aus einer Metalllegierung, in dem die Teile ausgestanzt werden, wobei diese Legierung einer Wärmebehandlung in Gegenwart eines Magnetfeldes unterzogen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie einen Rohrofen (1) mit zugehörigen Mitteln (13) zur Magnetfelderzeugung und zugehörigen Mitteln (31, 32) zur Durchlaufsteuerung des Erzeugnisses (3) in dem Rohrofen (1) umfasst, wobei letzterem Mittel zur Regelung der Erzeugnisdurchlaufzeit, der Temperatur und des Magnetfeldes zur Durchführung einer ersten Erhitzungsphase der Behandlung mit dem Magnetfeld während des Durchlaufes des Legierungsbandes zugeordnet sind, wobei die Wärmebehandlung eine zweite langsame Abkühlungsphase der in dem Band ausgestanzten Teile umfasst, di nach der ersten Erhitzungsphase ohne Magnetfeld erfolgt
  12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie zwei getrennte Öfen (1) und (2) zur Durchführung der beiden Behandlungsphasen, jeweils für das gestreckte Erzeugnis (3) und für die ausgestanzten Teile (33) umfasst, sowie eine zwischen den beiden Öfen (1) und (2) angeordnete Stanzvorrichtung (4) der Teile (33).
  13. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Magnetfeld-Erzeugungsmittel aus einem in der Wand des Rohrofens (1) eingebauten, mit Strom versorgten Solenoïd (13) besteht.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Solenoïd (13) mit Wechselstrom versorgt wird.
  15. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 11 bis 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass, wobei das gestreckte Erzeugnis (3) aus einem kontinuierlichen auf einer Rolle (31) aufgewickkelten Band bzw. Draht besteht, die Vorrichtung Steuermittel zur Abwicklung der Rolle (31) und zum Durchlauf der Erzeugnisses (3) im Ofeninneren aufweist.
  16. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 11 und 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem Ofen Mittel zur Unterspannungssetzung des Erzeugnisses (3) im Ofeninneren zugeordnet sind.
EP88401220A 1987-05-25 1988-05-19 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Gegenständen für magnetische Verwendung Expired - Lifetime EP0293286B1 (de)

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AT88401220T ATE102386T1 (de) 1987-05-25 1988-05-19 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen von gegenstaenden fuer magnetische verwendung.

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FR878707343A FR2616004B1 (fr) 1987-05-25 1987-05-25 Procede et installation de realisation de pieces a usage magnetique
FR8707343 1987-05-25

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EP0293286A1 EP0293286A1 (de) 1988-11-30
EP0293286B1 true EP0293286B1 (de) 1994-03-02

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US (1) US4950335A (de)
EP (1) EP0293286B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2547383B2 (de)
KR (1) KR0134813B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE102386T1 (de)
DE (1) DE3888020T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2049754T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2616004B1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA883498B (de)

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FR2653265B1 (fr) * 1989-10-13 1992-02-07 Centre Nat Rech Scient Procede de preparation de materiaux magnetiques de tres haute qualite.
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KR101399429B1 (ko) * 2012-11-08 2014-05-27 이상민 연자성체 스트립 가공장치

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JP2547383B2 (ja) 1996-10-23
US4950335A (en) 1990-08-21
ATE102386T1 (de) 1994-03-15
EP0293286A1 (de) 1988-11-30
DE3888020T2 (de) 1994-09-29
FR2616004A1 (fr) 1988-12-02
DE3888020D1 (de) 1994-04-07
ES2049754T3 (es) 1994-05-01
FR2616004B1 (fr) 1994-08-05
ZA883498B (en) 1988-11-22
JPS644422A (en) 1989-01-09
KR880014600A (ko) 1988-12-24
KR0134813B1 (ko) 1998-05-15

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