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  • C07C13/08—Monocyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof with a five-membered ring
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  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
  • C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
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  • C07C2601/10—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a five-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
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  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/02—Well-defined aliphatic compounds
  • C10M2203/0206—Well-defined aliphatic compounds used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/02—Well-defined aliphatic compounds
  • C10M2203/022—Well-defined aliphatic compounds saturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/02—Well-defined aliphatic compounds
  • C10M2203/024—Well-defined aliphatic compounds unsaturated
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/04—Well-defined cycloaliphatic compounds

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel hydrocarbyl- substituted cyclopentanes, hydrocarbyl-substituted cyclopentadienes, hydrocarbyl-substituted cyclopentenes, and mixtures thereof, and their use as lubricating compositions, and more particularly, this invention relates to novel hydrocarbyl cyclopentanes, hydrocarbyl cyclopentadienes, hydrocarbyl cyclopentenes, and mixtures thereof, novel methods for formation of the cyclopentadienes and their conversion to the cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes, and use of the cyclopentanes, cyclopentadienes, cyclopentenes and mixtures thereof as lubricating compositions.
• Cyclopentadiene, cyclopentene and cyclopentane and alkylated derivatives thereof are known in the art. Further, methods are known for preparation of alkylated cyclopentadienes and conversion of these materials to cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes. There is substantial interest in cyclopentadienes, cyclopentenes, and cyclopentanes since cyclopentadiene is characterized by the unique property of being the most acidic aliphatic hydrocarbon known, having a pKa of 18, and also because its reactions as a Diels-Alder diene are extremely facile.
• cyclopentadiene Because of the aromaticity of the cyclopentadiene anion (c-C 5 H 5 - ), cyclopentadiene is easily the most acidic of the simple hydrocarbons and in fact is comparable in acidity to alcohols. This means that substantial amounts of the anion can be generated with alkoxides and even concentrated solutions of hydroxide. Since it is uniquely stable, it can participate in the carbanion reactions of alkylation, acylation, carboxylation and the like.
• U. S. Patent 3,255,267 to Fritz et al discloses the alkylation of cyclopentadiene and monoalkyl- cyclopentadiene with a single primary or secondary alcohol in the presence of a highly alkaline catalyst, including the disclosure of trialkylated and tetralkylated products.
• Fritz et al do not appear to contemplate using mixed alcohols for alkylation and the alkylcyclopentadiene products disclosed cannot have more than two different alkyl groups, a single substituent derived from starting cyclopentadiene and the rest derived from the alcohol.
• the cyclopentadienes described by Fritz et al contain primary hy ⁇ rocarbon substituents of up to 11 carbon atoms and secondary hydrocarbons of structure R c R d CH, where R c is selected from "hydrocarbon radicals free of aliphatic unsaturation, including alkyl and aryl radicals, said radicals having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms;" and R d is "a hydrocarbon radical free of aliphatic unsaturation, including alkyl and aryl radicals, said radicals having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms,".
• n is an integer having a value of
• Fritz et al teach compositions in which no more than two different kinds of hydrocarbyl groups may be present, and in which no more than one hydrocarbyl group may occur more than once.
• the products which can be produced by Fritz et al are controlled by this disclosed alkylation reaction which uses only a single alcohol.
• Fritz et al teach that "Ethanol is by far the preferred primary alcohol since the yields obtained with this alcohol are much in excess of the yields obtained when employing other primary alcohols.”
• Fritz et al present two examples of alkylation with primary alcohols with the following yields based on cyclopentadiene:
• Example 26 2-Ethylbutanol plus cyclopentadiene - 1.6% yield.
• U. S. Patent 3,560,583 discloses cyclopentadiene compounds containing up to five substituents, which substituents can be independently hydrogen, alkyl , aryl or aralkyl. These compounds are prepared by reaction of a cyclopentadiene compound with benzyl halide or allyl halide, an alkali metal hydroxide and a quaternary ammonium salt catalyst.
• Polish patent 55,535 to Makosza, 1968 discloses indene compounds which contain alkyl substituents on the cyclopentadiene portion of the molecule. However, the working examples indicate that only a single alkyl group or two allyl groups are present.
• U. S. Patent 3,931,334 discloses lubricant compositions which comprise substituted indans, the indan molecule being substituted by methyl and styryl. In a thesis by Stephen S. Hirsch, University of
• Polish patent 55,571 to Makosza discloses cyclopentadienes and processes for preparation of monosubstituted cyclopentadienes by the use of phase- transfer alkylation. The patent is limited to monosubstituted compounds with short chain alkyl groups.
• alkyl cyclopentadienes and alkylated derivatives thereof are prepared by the vapor phase reaction of a cyclopentadiene derivative and an aliphatic lower alcohol in the presence of a basic catalyst. These cyclopentadienes and alkylated products are disclosed as being additives for synthetic rubbers, starting materials for resins and/or industrial chemicals.
• Lubrication Vol. 1, p. 201-219 (1985), there is disclosure of hydrocarbons which may be used in lubricant compositions. Specifically mentioned in this publication are cycloalkanes and in particular monoalkyl substituted cyclopentanes. This publication is a comparison of various hydrocarbon structures including normal alkanes, alkanes branched by one or more alkyl chains or by a ring, cycloalkanes and aromatics as base stocks for lubricants. In a publication by Rong et al, Acta Chemica
• U. S. Patents 3,004,384, 3,356,704, 3,358,008, 3,388,180, 3,391,209, 3,414,626, and 3,419,622 disclose polysubstituted cyclopentadienes and cyclopentanes but wherein the substituent is a short chain alkyl group or allyl group.
• U. S. Patents 3,751,500 and 3,636,176 disclose indene compounds which can contain short chain alkyl substituents which are useful as perfume compositions.
• a further object of the invention is to provide novel and useful cyclopentanes which are poly- hydrocarbyl substituted and which are prepared from the corresponding hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes.
• a still further object of the present invention is to provide lubricating compositions which contain hydrocarbyl-cyclopentanes as a lubricating component.
• novel intermediate compositions of matter which comprise hydrocarbyl- substituted cyclopentadienes and hydrocarbyl- substituted cyclopentenes, the cyclopentadienes and cyclopentenes also being useful as lubricating compositions.
• lubricating compositions which comprise novel poly-hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes and poly- hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentenes.
• lubricating compositions comprising mixtures of hydrocarbyl cyclopentanes, hydrocarbyl cyclopentenes, and/or hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes, optionally in admixture with a natural lubricant such as mineral oil or other synthetic lubricants as base fluids.
• a class of lubricating compositions which comprise one or more hydrocarbyl-substituted cyclopentanes.
• These hydrocarbyl-substituted cyclopentanes include the individual compounds and mixtures of the hydrocarbyl- substituted cyclopentane compounds.
• the compounds are of the following general formula:
• each R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbons
• each R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups containing about 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms
• z is 0, 1, 2 or 3
• x is an integer ranging from 1 to 6, preferably 2 to 6, more preferably 3 to 6, and x+z cannot be greater than 6.
• Preferred compounds within this group are those wherein each R 2 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups having about 8 to 24 carbon atoms, x is an integer of about 2 to 6, and more preferably is an integer ranging from 3 to 6, and the total number of carbon atoms in the R 2 groups should preferably not exceed about 80.
• novel cyclopentane compositions which are useful as lubricating compositions and which are of the following general formula:
• each R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbons
• each R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups having about 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably straight or branch chained alkyl groups
• z is 0, 1, 2 or 3
• y is an integer ranging from 2 to 6, preferably 3 to 6, provided that when at least 2 of the R 2 substituents contain alkyl groups of from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, then y must be an integer of at least 3 , y+z cannot be greater than 6.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the R 2 groups should preferably not exceed about 80.
• each R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• each R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups, preferably straight or branch chained alkyl or alkenyl groups of 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms
• z is 0, 1, 2 or 3
• y is an integer of from 2 to 6, preferably 3 or 4 to 6, and y+z cannot be greater than 6, provided that when up to four of the R 2 groups contain from 4 to 11 carbon atoms, then y must be an integer of at least 5.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the R 2 groups should preferably not exceed about 80.
• novel intermediate compounds are also included in a group of novel lubricating compositions.
• polyhydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes of the following formula are useful as lubricating compositions:
• each R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• each R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups containing about 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms
• z is 0, 1, 2 or 3
• x is an integer ranging from about 1 to 6, preferably 2 to 6, more preferably 3 or 4 to 6, and x+z cannot be greater than 6.
• Preferred compounds within this group are those wherein each R 2 is individually and independently selected from alkyl or alkenyl groups having about 8 to 24 carbon atoms and x is an integer of about 2 to 5, and the total number of carbon atoms in the R 2 groups should preferably not exceed about 80.
• the cyclopentadienes of this formula may also be used as intermediates for hydrogenation to the cyclopentene and cyclopentane lubricants of the invention.
• lubricating compositions which are partially synthetic lubricants and partially natural lubricants.
• These lubricating compositions comprise the hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentanes, or the hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadienes, or the hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentenes, or any mixture thereof, in any proportions with a natural lubricant base such as mineral oil.
• a natural lubricant base such as mineral oil.
• mixtures of any or all of the synthetic lubricants of the present invention alone or in admixture with other synthetic lubricants, or with natural lubricants.
• cyclopentadiene or substituted cyclopentadiene is reacted with a molar excess of a primary or secondary alcohol or mixture of such alcohols of the formula R 2 OH wherein R 2 is as described above in the presence of a basic catalyst at elevated temperatures, and with removal of water as it is formed, and recovering the product.
• Figure 1 is the 13 C nmr spectrum of alkylcyclo- pentadiene
• FFiigguurree 2 is the 13 C nmr spectrum of alkylcyclo- pentene
• FFiiegure 3 is the 13 C nmr spectrum of alkylcyclo- pentane .
• the present invention is broadly concerned with lubricating compos itions which comprise certain hydrocarbyl cyclopentanes , hydrocarbyl cyclopentadienes, hydrocarbyl cyclopentenes , or mixtures thereof, and methods of preparation.
• the invention is also concerned with a class of novel cyclopentanes and co r res pond ing cyclopentadiene and cyclopentene intermed iates , methods for their preparation and methods for conversion of the cyclopentadienes to the cyclopentane lubricants.
• novel synthetic fluids which are lubricating compositions comprise a group of polyhydrocarbyl-substituted cyclopentanes of the following formula :
• each R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of l to 4 carbon atoms
• each R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups containing from about 4 to about 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms; and preferably is a straight or branch chained alkyl group of 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms
• z is 0, 1, 2 or 3
• x is an integer ranging from 2 to 6 , preferably 3 to 6, and x+z cannot be greater than 6.
• R 2 hydrocarbon groups can be straight or branch- chained, can be of the same or different chain length, and can contain alicyclic rings of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cycloalkyl. Since the cyclopentanes are produced by hydrogenation, little if any unsaturation, except possibly for aromatic double bonds, will remain in the hydrocarbon substituents.
• alkyl groups may be the same or different and straight or branch-chained.
• These hydrocarbon substituted cyclopentanes have been found to provide excellent lubricating characteristics which make them useful as lubricants in internal combustion engines and in other areas where good lubricity is a requirement.
• the lubricants may comprise individual hydrocarbyl-substituted cyclopentanes or mixtures thereof.
• the compounds provide the appropriate specific gravity, refractive indices, viscosities, and low and high temperature characteristics which are required for an outstanding lubricant.
• the lubricants exhibit specific gravities ranging from about 0.835 to about 0.860; refractive indices ranging from about 1.450 to 1.40; viscosities at 100oC. (cSt) ranging from 2.0 to 20.0, at 40o C. (cST) ranging from 6.0 to 350, at 0o C. (cP) ranging from 200 to 13,000, and at -40oC. (cP), ranging from 1500 to 600,000.
• the viscosity index ranges from 45 to 200.
• the compositions also provide excellent low temperature pour points. Flash points range from 400 to 600o F. and fire points range from 450 to 650°F with minimum loss to evaporation at these temperatures.
• hydrocarbon substituted cyclopentane compositions described above some compounds of the above formula which contain a single methyl group substituent provide lubricants which have a lowered pour point as compared to otherwise comparable cyclopentanes. This causes the cyclopentanes to be particularly useful in certain lubricating environments.
• a preferred group of hydrocarbon substituted cyclopentane lubricants are those wherein x is an integer of 3 to 5, R 1 is methyl and z is 0 or 1, and R 2 is an alkyl group of 8 to 24 carbon atoms, and wherein x is an integer of 2 to 4, R 1 is methyl and z is 0 or 1, and R 2 is an alkyl group of 13 to 24 carbon atoms.
• the intermediate hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentadienes and hydrocarbon substituted cyclopentenes are also provided as lubricating compositions. These compounds have lubricating characteristics including viscosities and pour points which make them useful In a variety of areas.
• lubricating compositions which comprise cyclopentadienes are of the following formula:
• cyclopentene compositions which are useful as synthetic lubricants. These cyclopentenes may be described by the following general formula:
• compositions in which the hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentanes, the hydrocarbon- substituted cyclopentenes, or the hydrocarbon- substituted cyclopentadienes, used either alone or in admixture, are mixed with a natural base fluid such as mineral oil to form the lubricant.
• a natural base fluid such as mineral oil
• Compositions of this type may contain about 10 to 90% of any of the synthetic lubricants of this invention mixed with 90 to 10% of a mineral oil base fluid.
• Compositions of this type show enhanced lubricant properties.
• mixtures of the hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentanes, the hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentenes, or the hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentadienes, used either alone or in admixture may be mixed with other synthetic lubricants such as poly-alpha-olefin, esters and polyol esters. These mixtures may include 10 to 90% of the synthetic hydrocarbon substituted cyclopentanes, cyclopentenes, and/or cyclopentadienes of this invention, mixed with 90 to 10% of any other compatible synthetic lubricant.
• lubricating compositions which comprise mixtures of the hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentanes, hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentenes, and hydrocarbon- substituted cyclopentadienes of this invention, the mixtures being in varying and all proportions. Mixtures of this type arise from incomplete hydrogenation in production of the cyclopentanes from the cyclopentadienes as described hereinafter. This hydrogenated mixture will comprise mixtures of these compounds which can be used as such as a lubricating composition.
• Preferred lubricating compositions according to the invention are those cyclopentanes, cyclopentenes and cyclopentadienes which contain a plurality of R 2 hydrocarbyl groups, i.e., wherein x is 3 to 6. Even more preferred are those compounds wherein the R 2 substituents are hydrocarbyl groups of different carbon chain length.
• R 2 substituents are hydrocarbyl groups of different carbon chain length.
• a group of novel hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentanes which are of the following formula:
• R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups of 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms, and more preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms, and preferably are straight or branch chained alkyl groups containing 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 24 carbon atoms, which can contain alicyclic rings of 3 to 7 carbon atoms, such as cycloalkyl
• z is 0, 1, 2 or 3
• y is an integer of from 2 to 6, provided that when at least two of the R 2 groups are carbon chains of from about 4 to 10 carbon atoms, then the integer y must be at least 3, and y+z cannot be greater than 6.
• the hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentanes of the present invention are prepared by hydrogenation of the corresponding hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentadienes by conventional hydrogenation techniques.
• the hydrogenation reactions of this type are known in the art and generally comprise reaction of the hydrocarbon- substituted cyclopentadiene intermediate or mixture of intermediates in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst such as Raney nickel or palladium and in the presence or absence of an organic solvent such as an aliphatic hydrocarbon.
• a hydrogenation catalyst such as Raney nickel or palladium
• an organic solvent such as an aliphatic hydrocarbon
• hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentadienes which serve as precursors, many of which are also novel compounds, may be characterized by the following general formula:
• R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbon substituents of 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms, and more preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably straight or branch-chained alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, or alkynyl groups having from 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 24 carbon atoms, which can contain alicyclic rings of 3 to 7 carbons such as cycloalkyl and/or aromatic rings of 6 to 12 carbon atoms
• z is 0, 1, 2, or 3 x+z cannot be greater than 6
• x is an integer ranging from 1 to 6. It is preferred that at least two of the R 2 groups contain from 8 to 13 carbon atoms, and that x be an integer of 3 to 5.
• a novel group of cyclopentadiene compounds are those of the formula:
• each R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• each R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbyl groups of 8 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms, attached to the ring through a primary carbon, z is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and y is an integer of from 2 to 6, y+z cannot be greater than 6, and provided that when up to four of the R 2 groups contain 4 to 11 carbon atoms, then y must be an integer of at least 5.
• An important aspect of the alkylated cyclopentadiene compounds is that the R 2 substituents are attached to the cyclopentane ring through a primary carbon.
• R 1 is individually and independently selected from alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms
• R 2 is individually and independently selected from hydrocarbon substituents of 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 12 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably straight or branch-chained alkyl groups having from 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 24 carbon atoms, which can contain alicyclic rings of 3 to 7 carbons such as cycloalkyl, and/or aromatic rings of 6 to 12 carbons
• z is 0, 1, 2 or 3
• x is an integer ranging from 1 to 6, and x+z cannot be greater than 6. It is preferred that at least two of the R groups contain from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, and that x be an integer of 3 to 5.
• a preferred group of compounds includes those wherein the R 2 groups contain from 8 to 12 carbon atoms and x is 3 to 5.
• a novel group of cyclopentene compounds are those of the formula:
• y is an integer of 2 to 6, provided that when at least two of the R 2 groups contain from 4 to 10 carbon atoms then y is an integer of at least 3.
• R 2 is an alkyl group which contains from 4 to 10 carbon atoms
• the integer x is 3, 4 or 5, the latter particularly representing a group of novel cyclopentene intermediates.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the R 2 substituents should preferably not exceed about 80.
• Preferred compounds or mixtures of compounds according to the invention include cyclopentane, cyclopentadiene, and cyclopentene lubricants which, with reference to Formulae I, II, and III, may be defined as follows:
• Tri-n-octyl cyclopentane Tetra-n-octyl cyclopentane Penta-n-octyl cyclopentane Tri-n-nonyl cyclopentane
• Tri-n-octyl cyclopentene Tetra-n-octyl cyclopentene Penta-n-octyl cyclopentene Tri-n-nonyl cyclopentene Tetra-n-nonyl cyclopentene Penta-n-nonyl cyclopentene Tri-n-decyl cyclopentene Tetra-n-decyl cyclopentene Penta-n-decyl cyclopentene Tri-n-undecyl cyclopentene Tetra-n-undecyl cyclopentene Penta-n-undecyl cyclopentene Tri-n-dodecyl cyclopentene Tetra-n-dodecyl cyclopentene Penta-n-dodecyl cyclopentene Tri-2-ethylhexyl cyclopentene Tetra-2-ethylhexyl cyclopenten
• the hydrocarbyl substituted cyclopentadiene intermediates of the invention are prepared using a hydrocarbylating or phase transfer preparation method or an alcohol preparation method.
• phase transfer method cyclopentadiene or substituted cyclopentadiene and an alkylating agent such as alkyl halide or mixture of alkyl halides are added to a reaction vessel containing an alkaline aqueous solution and further containing a phase transfer catalytic agent.
• the alkylating agent is used in a molar excess depending on the amount of alkyl substitution desired.
• the preferred alkylating agent is an alkyl halide of the formula, R 2 Y wherein R 2 is as described above and Y is a leaving group, preferably Cl or Br, and the process is described herein with reference to this reaction. It is preferred that about 3 to 6 moles of alkyl halide should be used per mole of cyclopentadiene.
• the alkaline aqueous solution will comprise sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in preferred embodiments.
• the mixture of cyclopentadiene, alkyl halide, catalyst and alkali is permitted to react in aqueous solution with vigorous stirring for a period of from about 1/2 to 10 hours.
• two phases will form, an organic phase and a water phase.
• the product will be contained in the organic phase and may be recovered by conventional methods as by separation of phases and recovery.
• the organic layer is removed and any excess alkyl halide and/or solvent removed to provide the alkylated cyclopentadiene which can be used for conversion to the cyclopentane without further purification. This is a single step reaction which provides good yields of the substituted cyclopentadiene.
• the preferred temperature range is from about -20 to 120oC with a residence time or reaction time of from 1/2 hour up to 3 days.
• the molar ratio of alkyl halide to cyclopentadiene should range from about 1:1 up to about 20:1.
• the ratio of alkali metal hydroxide to cyclopentadiene reactant in this reaction may range from 1:1 up to 50:1.
• Suitable phase transfer catalysts include n-alkyl
• an alcohol or mixture of alcohols of the formula R 2 OH wherein R 2 is as described above is combined with a basic catalyst such as an alkali metal hydroxide or alkoxide in a reaction vessel.
• the alcohol reactant or mixture of alcohols is a primary or secondary alcohol and is used in sufficient amounts to provide a molar excess of about 3 to 6 moles. It is preferred to use a mixture of alcohols as the reactant since alkylated compounds of different side chain length can be produced.
• the use of mixtures of alcohols to alkylate cyclopenta- dienes greatly enhances the utility of the process.
• properties of products produced by alkylation of cyclopentadienes with a mixture of two or more alcohols can be continuously and conveniently varied between those of the products produced by the separate alkylation of cyclopentadienes with each of the two pure alcohols.
• the cyclopentadiene or hydrocarbon-substituted cyclopentadiene is then added to the reaction vessel at room temperature or a temperature as high as the reflux temperature of the mixture, which would be at about the boiling temperature of the alcohol(s) being used.
• a portion of the cyclopentadiene may be mixed with the alcohol and alkali in the reactor and the remaining cyclopentadiene added to the reaction mixture over a period of time as the reaction proceeds.
• an inert solvent may also be included if necessary depending on the alcohol reactants. Further, the reaction may be carried out in a closed container so that higher temperatures in excess of 180o , and up to 260oC. can be reached using lower boiling alcohols. As the reaction proceeds, water will be produced and is removed as it is formed. This is an important feature of the invention since it appears to drive the reaction to completion and increase yields substantially.
• the mixture On completion of the reaction, the mixture is allowed to cool and then mixed with water or poured onto ice and two layers allowed to separate. The organic and aqueous layers are separated using an organic solvent to aid the separation if necessary. After removal of excess alcohol and any solvent from the organic layer, the polyalkyl cyclopentadiene is recovered.
• the reaction mixture may be filtered.
• the alcohol may be separated by distillation before or after filtration. It was unexpected that high yields of polyalkylated products from alcohols, including long chain alcohols, could be obtained from this reaction without the use of high pressure.
• minor side products may be formed.
• the acid corresponding to the alcohol and a dimeric alcohol may also be formed.
• the careful exclusion of oxygen and careful adjustment of the alcohol to base ratios aid in suppression of the formation of these byproducts. If secondary alcohols are used, the byproducts are less significant.
• the alcohol alkylation is preferably carried out in the temperature range of 180-300oC for a reaction time which may range from 10 minutes to 3 days.
• the mole ratio of alcohol to cyclopentadiene may range from 1:1 up to 50:1 and the ratio of alkali metal hydroxide or alkoxide to cyclopentadiene reactant may range from 0.1:1 up to 10:1.
• the precursor cyclopentadienes to be reacted by the phase transfer method or alcohol method are preferably those set forth in Formula V above except that in such case, x can be 0, and x+z must be 0, 1, 2,
• the cyclopentene intermediates of this invention are produced by partial or incomplete hydrogenation of the cyclopentadienes when preparing the cyclopentanes.
• This hydrogenation reaction if carried to completion will produce the cyclopentanes described above.
• incomplete hydrogenation will result in production of at least some cyclopentenes and usually a mixture of the hydrocarbon substituted cyclopentenes and cyclopentanes.
• Some starting cyclopentadienes which are not hydrogenated may also remain in the mixture.
• the hydrogenation reaction can produce a variety of mixtures of products as well as the cyclopentenes and the cyclopentanes of the invention.
• the mixture was stirred for an additional 3 hours, while warming to room temperature.
• the layers were separated, water and pentane being added to facilitate workup, and the organic phase was washed with water until neutral.
• the organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 and the pentane removed in vacuo, affording 372g crude yield.
• Example 3 Preparation of Isodecylcyclopentanes (Alcohol method) Isodecanol ( 420g , 2. 65 moles ) and solid potassium hydroxide ( 87% , 10. 3g, 0.16 moles KOH) were mixed in a 1-l iter reaction flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer, a dropping funnel , a Dean-Stark trap with condenser , a thermometer and a serum capped sampling p o r t .
• the aqueous layer was acidified with hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether. The layers were separated and the organic layer washed with water until neutral. The organics were dried over MgSO 4 and the solvent removed in vacuo, affording isodecanoic acid (23.4g, 0.136 moles). Of the 2.65 moles of isodecanol used, 2.52 moles (95%) are accounted for.
• Alkylcyclopentanes - Mass spectra are very similar to other saturated hydrocarbons except that the parent is C n H 2n .
• Alkylcyclopentadienes In addition to the resonance of alkylcyclopentanes due to the alkyl groups, unsaturation leads to resonances at 5.80 and
• the tri- and tetrasubstituted alkyl cyclopentadienes (a mixture of n-octyl and n-decyl alkyl groups) were mildly hydrogenated over Pd/C at ambient temperature.
• the alkylcyclopentadienes (350 g), 10% Pd/C catalyst (3.0 g) and light hydrocarbon solvent (500 mL) were placed in a 4-liter autoclave. After purging with hydrogen, the system was pressurized to 600 psig hydrogen. The system was stirred for 8 hours at room temperature after which time the pressure dropped to 510 psig.
• the solution was filtered through a bed of Celite to remove the catalyst and the solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 347 g of a yellowish oil.
• Alkyl cyclopentenes produced by mild hydrogenation can be distinguished spectroscopically from the alkylcyclopentanes and alkylcyclopentadienes in the following ways: 1. Ultraviolet Spectra - Alkylcyclopentadienes are characterized by an intense absorption at about 260 nm. This band disappears upon hydrogenation to alkylcyclopentanes, and another band, near 220 nm, appears. Upon further hydrogenation of the product alkylcyclopentenes, the 220 nm band disappears as the alkylcyclopentenes are converted into the UV transparent alkylcyclopentanes.
• aAlkylcyclopentad ienes 1 and 2 are different products prepared by the alkylation of cyclopentadiene with a mixture of n-octanol and n-decanol ;
• Alkylcyclopentad iene 3 was prepared by alkylation of cyclopentadiene with 2-ethylhexanol .
• the invent i on ha s been d esc ribed herein with reference to certain preferred embodiments . However , as obvious variations thereon will become apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not to be considered as limited thereto.

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