Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1691—Hydrocarbons petroleum waxes, mineral waxes; paraffines; alkylation products; Friedel-Crafts condensation products; petroleum resins; modified waxes (oxidised)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
  • C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
  • C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides

Definitions

• This invention relates to distillate fuel compositions containing a flow improver.
• Heating oils and other distillate petroleum fuels e.g. diesel fuels
• the lowest temperature at which the fuel will still flow is generally known as the pour point.
• Effective wax crystal modification (as measured by CFPP and other operability tests, as well as simulated and field performance) can be achieved by flow improvers, mostly ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) based, in distillates containing up to 4 wt%-n-alkanes at l0°C below cloud point, as determined by gravimetric or DSC methods. Additive response in these distillates is normally stimulated by the refiner adjusting ASTM D-86 distillation characteristics of the distillates to increase the tail 90% to Final Boiling Point to deltas between 20°C and 25°C.
• EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
• United States Patent 304069l proposes that the response of the same types of middle distillate to similar additives may be improved by the addition of a paraffinic distillate fraction containing normal alkanes higher than n-nexacosane and as high as n-tetracontane to provide from 0.l to 2 wt.% of normal alkanes of C24 and higher.
• a paraffinic distillate fraction containing normal alkanes higher than n-nexacosane and as high as n-tetracontane to provide from 0.l to 2 wt.% of normal alkanes of C24 and higher.
• a paraffinic distillate fraction containing normal alkanes higher than n-nexacosane and as high as n-tetracontane to provide from 0.l to 2 wt.% of normal alkanes of C24 and higher.
• the most difficult to treat are those fuels obtained from high wax crudes such as those from the crudes in Australia and the Far East where the total n alkane content of the distillate can be greater than 20%, the total content being C12 and higher n-alkanes as measured by Gas Liquid Chromatography.
• a middle distillate responsive to flow improvers may be obtained by adjusting the total wax content of the fuel to between 5.5 and l2 wt.%, preferably by blending of high and low wax content fuels.
• the wax content being that precipitated with methyl ethyl ketone from a l gram of the fuel at -20°C.
• a typical hard to treat distillate fuel containing 5 to l0 wt.% wax at l0°C below its cloud point and/or greater than 20 wt.% n-alkanes C 12+ has the following ASTM D-86 characteristics: Initial Boiling Point 2l2°C 5% 234°C l0% 243°C 20% 255°C 30% 263°C 40% 279°C 50% 288°C 60% 298°C 70% 303°C 80% 32l°C 90% 334°C 95% 343°C Final Boiling Point 36l°C
• a liquid fuel composition comprises a major proportion by weight of a distillate fuel containing between 4 and l0 wt.% wax at l0°C below cloud point and having a narrow n-alkane distribution, i.e. containing substantially no paraffins longer than n-triacontane (C30), a low temperature flow improver at 0.00l to 2.0 wt.% based on the weight of the distillate fuel and 0.00l to 2.0 wt.% of added n-alkanes where C24 and higher is greater than 0.35 wt.% of the fuel.
• Also according to this invention is the use as a cold flow improver for a distillate fuel containing between 4 and l0 wt.% of wax at l0°C below cloud point and having a narrow carbon distribution, i.e. containing substantially no paraffins longer than n-triacontane (C30) of mixture of a distillate fuel flow improver and added n-alkanes whose C24 and higher is greater than .35 wt.% of the weight of the fuel.
• n-triacontane C30
• the flow improvers that are employed in this invention may be any of those generally available although we prefer to use the type comprising copolymers of ethylene and at least one second unsaturated monomer.
• the second unsaturated monomer can be another mono­olefin, e.g. a C3 to C18 alpha-monoolefin or it can be an unsaturated ester, as for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl propionate, lauryl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate or the like.
• the second monomer can also be a mixture of an unsaturated mono or diester and a branched or straight chain alpha monoolefin.
• copolymers can also be used, as for example mixtures of a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate with an alkylated polystyrene or with an acylated polystyrene.
• Alternative materials are the amino succinic acid derivatives, esters such as polyacrylates and esterified maleic anhydride copolymers, polyalpha olefins, etc.
• the preferred distillate fuel flow improver useful in this invention consists of l to 40, and preferably l to 20, more preferably 3 to 20 molar proportions of ethylene per molar proportion of the ethylenically unsaturated monomer, which latter monomer can be a single monomer or a mixture of such monomers in any proportion, said polymer being oil soluble and having a number average molecular weight in the range of about l,000 to 50,000, preferably about l,000 to about 5,000.
• Molecular weights can be measured by cryoscopic methods or by vapor phase osmometry, for example by using a Mechrolab Vapor Phase OsmometerModel 3l0A.
• the unsaturated monomers which may be homopolymerised or copolymerised with ethylene or with each other include unsaturated acids, acid anhydrides, and mono and diesters of the general formula: wherein R1 is hydrogen or methyl; R3 is a -OOCR4 or -COOR4 group wherein R4 is hydrogen or a C1 to C16, preferably C1 to C4 straight or branched chain alkyl group and R3 is hydrogen or -COOR4.
• the monomer, when R1 to R3 are hydrogen and R2 is -OOCR4 includes vinyl alcohol esters of C2 to C17 monocarboxylic acids.
• esters examples include vinyl acetate, vinyl isobutyrate, vinyl laurate, vinyl myristate, vinyl palmitate, etc.
• R2 is -COOR4
• esters include C8 oxo alcohol acrylate, methyl-acrylate, methyl methacrylate, lauryl acrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, palmityl alcohol ester of alpha-methacylic acid, C13 oxo alcohol esters of methacrylic acid, etc.
• Examples of monomers wherein R1 is hydrogen and R2 and R3 are-OOCR4 groups include mono C12 oxo alcohol fumarate, di-isopropyl maleate; di-lauryl fumarate; ethyl methyl fumarate; fumaric acid, maleic acid, etc.
• R2 is H and R1 is COOR4 and R3 is CG2 COOR4 such as the itaconates.
• unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with ethylene to prepare pour point depressants or flow improvers useful in this invention include C3 to C16 branched chain or straight-chain alpha monoolefins, as for example, propylene, n-octene-l, 2-ethyl decene-l, n-decene-l, etc.
• a copolymers of 3 to 40 moles of ethylene with one mole of a mixture of 30 to 99 mole percent of unsaturated ester and 70 to l mole percent of olefin could be used.
• copolymers that are formed are random copolymers consisting primarily of an ethylene polymer backbone along which are distributed side chains of hydrocarbon or oxy-substituted hydrocarbon.
• the alcohols used in preparing the esters mentioned above are isomeric mixtures of branched chain aliphatic primary alcohols prepared from olefins, such as polymers and copolymers of C3 to C4 monoolefins, reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a cobalt-containing catalyst such as cobalt carbonyl, at temperatures of about 300°F to 400°F, under pressures of about l,000 to 3,000 p.s.i. to form aldehydes.
• the resulting aldehyde product is then hydrogenated to form the alcohol, the latter being recovered by distillation from the hydrogenated product.
• the copolymers have a low degree of side chain branching; particularly they contain less than l0 preferably less than 8 methyl terminating side chains (other than the ester groups) per l00 methyl groups as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, particularly 500 megaherz proton NMR analysis.
• the flow improver is used in a concentration in the range of from about 0.00l to about 2 wt.%, preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.2 percent by weight, based on the weight of the distillate fuel being treated.
• the second additive provides the n-alkanes greater than C24 and is preferably a wax having a carbon number distribution from about 20 to about 40.
• the wax consist predominantly of linear alkanes although it may also contain a small amount of branched hydrocarbons.
• the wax may be added as a pure wax or as a refinery stream such as a heavy atmospheric gas oil, vacuum gas oil or heavy cracked gas oil which contains the defined amount of waxes having carbon numbers in the required range. It is believed that the wax nucleates the crystallisation of the n-alkanes in the fuel and also co-crystallises with the first n-alkanes to precipitate from the fuel.
• the preferred n-alkane distribution of the added wax therefore depends upon the particular fuel. Whilst the C24 and higher n alkane component should be greater than 0.35 wt.% based on the fuel we prefer that it be greater than 0.5 wt.%.
• additives may also be used to give further improvements in low temperature properties, for example a diamide or preferably a half amide, half amine salt of a dicarboxylic acid or anhydride such as phthalic anhydride, and a secondary amine, the alkyl groups preferably containing l2 to 20 carbon atoms may be added.
• a particularly preferred compound is the half amide, half amine salt of phthalic acid and dihydrogenated tallow amine - Armeen 2HT (approx. 4 wt.% n-C14 alkyl, 30 wt.% n-C16 alkyl, 60 wt.% n-C18 alkyl, the remainder being unsaturated).
• the amount of diamide or half amide, half amine salt which is added is usually 0.00l to 2 wt.%, preferably 0.005 to 0.2 wt.%, based on the weight of distillate fuel.
• glycol esters such as those defined in our European Patent 0 06l 895B the esters and amines of maleic anhydide copolymers such as those defined in European Publication No 02l4786.
• the cold flow properties of the distillate fuel can be further improved by adding thereto a wax-naphthalene condensate.
• a typical condensate is prepared by chlorinating a wax containing n- and branched C18 to C39 paraffins (C26 average) to obtain a chlorinated wax containing about l5 weight % chlorine.
• the chlorowax thus obtained is polymerised with naphthalene via an alkylation reaction to give a condensate using containing alternating wax and naphthalene units.
• the amount of condensate added is usually 0.00005 to 0.l wt.% based on the weight of the distillate fuel.
• the additives of the present invention are frequently supplied as concentrates for incorporation into the bulk fuel and this invention further provides a concentrate comprising a solution containing from 30 to 70 wt.% preferably, 40 to 60 wt.% of a mixture of copolymer of ethylene and an other ethylenically unsaturated monomer and a hydrocarbon wax.
• Additive l 63 wt.% solution of a mixture of two ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, marketed by Exxon Chemicals as ECA 8400.
• Additive 2 Additive l plus l0 wt.% of a wax naphthalene condensate.
• Additive 3 a mixture of (l) an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (2 parts by weight), (2) a wax-napthalene condensate and (3) l part by weight of a half amide-half amine salt of phthalic acid and dihydrogenated tallow amine (Armeen 2HT).
• the amount of wax-napthalene condensate was 5 weight per cent of the total weight of copolymer (l) and half amide-half amine salt (2).
• Additive 4 A 45 wt.% solution of a high branched ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer of molecular weight about 2000 and vinyl acetate content about 30 wt.% prepared according to French Patent l46l008.
• Additive 5 A blend of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers and fumarate vinyl acetate copolymers marketed by Exxon as Paraflow 206.
• Additive 6 A concentrate in an aromatic diluent of about 50 wt.% of a mixture of two ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers in a ratio of about 75 wt.% of wax growth arrestor and about 25 wt.% of nucleator.
• the wax growth arrestor consists of ethylene and about 38 wt.% vinyl acetate, and has a number average molecular weight of about 25-35.
• the nucleator consists of ethylene and about l6 wt.% vinyl acetate and has a number average molecular weight of about 3000 (VPO). It is identified in UK Patent l37405l as copolymer H.
• CFPPT cold filter plugging point test
• Stretched across the mouth of the funnel is a 350 mesh screen having an area of about 0.45 square inches.
• the periodic tests are each initiated by applying a vacuum to the upper end of the pipette whereby oil is drawn through the screen up into the pipette to a mark indicating 20 ml. of oil.
• the test is repeated with each one degree drop in temperature until the oil fails to fill the pipette to a mark indicating 20 ml. of oil
• the test is repeated with each one degree drop in temperature until the oil fails to fill the pipette within 60 seconds.
• the temperature at which the last filtration commenced is recorded and reported as the cold filter plugging point.
• the value for the untreated fuel and the fuel containing l500 ppm of the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer solution as sole additive was -l°C.
• Varying amounts of the following commercially available waxes were then added to the fuel containing the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer.
• the n-alkane distributions of the fuel and the vacuum gas oil were
• the base fuel contained 23.40 wt.% of n-alkanes of C12 and higher.
• VGO vacuum gas oil
• n-alkane 33 a Heavy Cracked Distillate of cloud point +35°C, (max n-alkane 33)
• base fuel of cloud point + 3°C produced from Australian Bass Strait crude, having a 8.8 wt.% wax content as measured by wax precipation to a temperature l0°C below the cloud point.
• composition of the components was:
• the base fuel contained 27.3 wt.% of alkanes C12 and higher.
• the components were as follows:
• the base fuel contained 32 wt.% of alkanes C12 and higher.
• This example illustrates the improvement in response to flow improvers by replacing heavy atmospheric gas oil (HGO) with heavy cracked gas oil (HCO), Base Fuel l had a cloud point of -l°C and Base Fuel 2 of -2°C.
• HGO heavy atmospheric gas oil
• HCO heavy cracked gas oil
• the Components used were as follows:
• the Base Fuel l contained 22.8 wt.% n-alkanes C12 and higher and Base Fuel 2 27.6 wt.%.
• This example shows the effects of the addition of wax to a base of cloud point +5°C distillate fuel obtained from a chinese crude .
• the D-86 distillation of the distillate was:.
• the n-alkane distribution of the fuel and the added waxes were as follows:
• the base fuel contained 30.l wt.% n-alkanes of C12 and higher.

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• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

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• 1986
  • 1986-07-29 GB GB868618397A patent/GB8618397D0/en active Pending
• 1987
  • 1987-07-24 IN IN630/DEL/87A patent/IN168378B/en unknown
  • 1987-07-25 KR KR1019870008117A patent/KR950014389B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1987-07-28 ES ES87306670T patent/ES2052569T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1987-07-28 DE DE8787306670T patent/DE3782773T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1987-07-28 EP EP87306670A patent/EP0255345B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1987-07-29 CN CN87106411A patent/CN1020631C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1987-07-29 JP JP62189970A patent/JP2541993B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related

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