EP0254173B1 - Grate for crushers - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a shredding machine, in particular for shredding waste and valuable materials as well as ores, stones, coals and the like, the housing of which is provided with at least one material inlet and at least one grate in the outlet area and carries a rotor with a horizontal axis which is equipped with shredding tools .

A crushing machine of the above type, but which is only intended for metal scrap, is described in DE-A-22 25 916. In this known shredding machine, the design in the area of the grate or the grate arranged in the outlet area has an indirect or direct influence on the shredding result. However, such machines are less well suited for the waste and valuable materials processing industries, because the specific requirements that are placed on the quality of the end product, for example with regard to different piece sizes or fineness levels and / or densities, can only be achieved by using different types of outlet grates with varying ones Grate openings are met, which would have to be exchanged for each other in accordance with the desired final reduction result. The downtime of the machine associated with each grate replacement and the resulting loss of production naturally have an uneconomical effect, because the downtimes can take on considerable proportions depending on the frequency of a necessary grate change, which is determined by the desired shredding result or by a special shredding treatment. As a further negative factor, in addition to the downtimes mentioned, the long run-out time of the rotor with a generally high mass, which must come to a standstill before the respective grate change, and the relatively high personnel costs associated with changing the grate or converting the machine.

The invention has for its object to mechanize the conversion of the machine in a comminution machine of the type described above, for which the feed material is not intended to be limited to metal scrap, however, in order to avoid the disadvantages described above.

According to the invention, this object is alternatively achieved in that the grate (s) is or are formed from a plurality of active elements which can be displaced relative to one another by changing the distance, or in that the grate (s) is formed from a plurality of active elements layers are mutually displaceable, and that the active elements are designed as interlocking male and female molds, or that the grating (s) is or are built up of several active element-forming, relatively mutually displaceable layers, and that the active elements are as a matrix or male-male structure and cover plate are formed.

From US-A-2 440 927 a hammer mill provided with an outlet grate is known, in which opening widths are changed by mutual displacement of two sieve elements which are constantly in contact with one another, whereby in any case a closed area should be avoided, since then the previously known device would not perform the task he requested.

The proposal according to US-A-1 523 614, which does not go beyond the previously cited prior art, is to be assessed in a similar way, since a shredder is known from this, in which an auxiliary grate can, but should, be displaceable relative to the main grate to change the opening cross section of the passage holes this displacement - no displacement - just not to be carried out until the holes are closed.

Finally, FR-A-2 527 477 discloses a shredding machine which has only a single-layer grate.

By means of a comminution machine designed according to the invention, a manipulation in the grate area or relative displacement of the layers forming the active elements can be used to produce a state by means of which material is shredded during operation, without replacement of the active elements or grate, both with the required piece size and also can be achieved with the required density. If the active elements are developed in a further development of the invention as an interlocking perforated die and patrix, the patrix can be displaced relative to the die in a particularly advantageous manner, depending on the required piece size or density, in such a way that an open, closed or protruded or penetrated die is created , which provides the desired final shredding or density result.

In an advantageous development of the invention, particularly diverse manipulation possibilities are offered by configurations according to the subclaims. The different initial designs of the die and / or patrix make it possible to set different embodiments of the active elements in the area of the grate. This measure or the possibility of designing the male or female in different geometries with appropriate adaptation of the male in this case can have the desired effect on the feed material, which delivers the required comminution result.

In an advantageous development of the invention, there is also the possibility of providing a cover plate covering the die instead of the patrix as an active element, as a result of which the manipulator tion possibilities of an open and closed die or such a grate exist. Furthermore, the active elements can also consist of adjustable layers with holes of different sizes, a different hole geometry also being possible. In the context of the invention, different hole geometries are understood in particular to mean both different geometrical designs of the holes, such as round or square holes, and various hole arrangements. Through these measures, an adjustment or relative displacement of the layers relative to one another leads to hole overlaps which, by appropriate manipulation, deliver the desired comminution result

The relative setting of the active elements to one another is preferably achieved in that the layers forming the active elements are either pivotally or displaceably mounted relative to one another. This measure ensures particularly practical handling and time-saving control of the adjustment of the active elements with respect to one another without machine downtime and disassembly, it being advisable to provide a step-by-step adjustment with impact.

The invention and the device according to the invention offer the possibility, in the view of the operating personnel, of showing or removing the comminution element required for the preparation of the material being driven during operation of the machine. In the processing of wood waste in forestry, for example, easily crushable bark is fed to the device according to the invention, which does not require any special measures for shredding; In the meantime, stronger branches and roots can be abandoned that cannot be easily shredded. In this case, the operating personnel can immediately switch the machine according to the invention to the changed operating situation during operation by showing the patrix, which then protrudes through the die openings, so that the branches or roots that have been subjected to an additional comminution effect, as a result of which Processing is significantly intensified.

Another field of application is the scrap processing industry. For example, the processing of so-called refrigerated scrap (high-density scrap, which is added towards the end of the melting process for batch calming and / or cooling) is particularly interesting for steelworks and foundries.

According to its use, there are three types of refrigerated waste, which are also subject to certain requirements with regard to density and / or dimensions:

Refrigerated scrap for the converter in blowing steel plants. This scrap should have a density of at least 1.0 to 1.3 tI _M ³ .

Refrigerated scrap for the ladle, which is fed in during the metallurgical finishing of the steel. This scrap must meet certain alloying requirements and be capable of being bunkered because it is fed in via automatic dosing and loading systems. The density should be 1.6 to 1.7 tI _M ³ .

Cooling scrap for the ladle. This scrap must have a density of approx. 7.0 tlm ^{3 in} order to be able to penetrate the liquid metal through the slag layer when the bath is calm. The dimensions should be approximately 15 to 20 mm in diameter and 100 mm in length.

With the device according to the invention, it is possible, by the relative displacement or adjustment of the layers of the active elements, to produce different hole dimensions or hole overlaps relative to one another, which delivers both the required density result and the desired dimensions.

Of course, further areas of application and processing cases for the device according to the invention are conceivable beyond the examples explained above.

• Fig.1 einen Querschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Zerkleinerungsmaschine mit im Bereich des Rostes geschlossenem unteren Gehäuseteil bzw. mit durch die Patrize geschlossener Matrize ;
• Fig. 2 die Zerkleinerungsmaschine gemäß Fig. 1 mit aus der Matrize ausgeschwenkter Patrize ;
• Fig. 3 die Zerkleinerungsmaschine gemäß Fig. 2 mit offenem unteren Gehäuseteil bzw. aus dem Arbeitsbereich ausgeschwenkter Matrize und Patrize ;
• Fig. 4 die Zerkleinerungsmaschine gemäß Fig. 1 mit verbundener und ausgeschwenkter Matrize und Patrize ;
• Fig. 5 eine alternativ Ausführungsform derZerkeinerungsmaschine in einer der Fig. 1 entsprechenden Darstellung mit im Bereich des Rostes geschlosseunteren Gehäuseteil bzw. mit durch die Patrize geschlossener Matrize ;
• Fig. 6 die Zerkleinerungsmaschine gemäß Fig. 5 mit durch die Matrize durchgeblendeter Patrize ;
• Fig. 7 einen vergroßerten Teilausschnitt einer alternativen Matrizenausführungsform ;
• Fig. 8 einen der Zerkleinerungsmaschine gemäß
• Fig. 5 entsprechenden vergrößerten Teilausschnitt der Matrize mit der alternativen Matrizengestaltung nach Fig. 7 ;
• Fig. 9 die Matrize gemäß Fig. 8 mit durchgeblendeter Patrize ;
• Fig. 10 einen Schnitt entlang der Linie X-X in Fig. 8;
• Fig. 11 eine perspektivische Teildarstellung der Matrize und Patrize mit nach oben abgeklappter Matrize ;
• Fig. 12 eine Lagerstelle einer austauschbaren schwenkbeweglich gelagerten Matrize und Patrize im Gehäuse ; und
• Fig. 13 verschiedene Ausführungsformen bzw. Gestaltungs- möglichkeiten einer durch eine Patrize durchblendeten Matrize.

Further details of the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings. Show it :

• 1 shows a cross section through a comminution machine according to the invention with the lower housing part closed in the area of the grate or with the die closed by the male part;
• FIG. 2 shows the comminution machine according to FIG. 1 with the male part pivoted out of the female part;
• FIG. 3 shows the comminution machine according to FIG. 2 with the lower housing part open or the matrix and patrix pivoted out of the working area;
• FIG. 4 shows the comminution machine according to FIG. 1 with the die and male part connected and swung out;
• Fig. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of the shredding machine in a representation corresponding to Fig. 1 with the lower housing part closed in the area of the grate or with the die closed by the male part;
• FIG. 6 shows the comminution machine according to FIG. 5 with the male part blended through the female part;
• Figure 7 is an enlarged partial section of an alternative die embodiment;
• Fig. 8 one of the crushing machine according to
• 5 corresponding enlarged partial section of the die with the alternative die design according to FIG. 7;
• FIG. 9 shows the die according to FIG. 8 with the patrix blended through;
• FIG. 10 shows a section along the line XX in FIG. 8;
• 11 is a partial perspective view of the female and male with the female folded up;
• 12 shows a bearing point of an exchangeable pivotably mounted die and male in the housing; and
• 13 shows various embodiments or design options of a die blended through by a male.

The crushing machine, generally designated 1, has a housing 2, which stands on a base plate 3. In the housing 2, a comminuting rotor 4 rotates in the direction of rotation R, the shaft 5 of which is mounted on both sides in bearings (not shown) which are fastened to bearing blocks. The rotor 4 consists of a plurality of rotor disks 6 lined up at a distance from one another on the shaft 5, between which, in the exemplary embodiment shown according to FIG. 1, only indicated cutting tools 7 are rotatably mounted on axes 8, which parallel the rotor disks 6 at a radial distance from the shaft 5 to enforce the latter. The shaft 5 is connected to a drive via a clutch disc (not shown). In the housing 2, a good inlet 9 and good exits 10a and 10b are provided. The material inlet 9 is arranged on the downward rotating side of the comminution rotor 4 at the level of the horizontal plane H-H containing the rotor axis x. The lower edge of the material inlet opening 9 is part of a replaceable anvil 11.

Below the product outlet 10b, which is located approximately on the side of the housing 2 opposite the product pass 9, the part of the housing 2 above the comminution rotor 4 is formed as an impact chute 12 open at the top and bottom, the height of which, for example, approximately the diameter the crushing rotor 4 corresponds to the top of the baffle 12 is covered with a grating or outlet grate 13, which is provided with grate openings 14 and extends perpendicular to the axis of the baffle 12. The classification or Outlet grate 13 can be closed by a cover plate 15 which is pivotably mounted about an axis 16 by means of hydraulic cylinders (not shown). By appropriately opening or closing the cover plate 15, it is also possible to influence the desired comminution result and the final density. Above the cassette grate 13 there is a hood 17 on which the material which is thrown out of the grate openings when the flap 15 is open is deflected downward and then passes through an opening 18 to the outside. Any coarse parts that can be crushed in the housing 2 can be ejected through a flap 19 which can be pivoted about an axis 20 into the impact shaft 12.

The second outlet 10a, which is also rust-like and is arranged downstream of the material inlet 9 in the direction of rotation R of the rotor 4, is designed according to the invention as follows: The circular-shaped housing part (s) 21 containing the grate (s) is or are in the exemplary embodiment shown constructed in the radial direction from a plurality of layers forming active elements 22, the active elements 22 in the exemplary embodiment shown being designed as interlocking dies 23 and dies 24 and being displaceable or pivotable relative to one another. Preferred forms or designs of matrices or patrices according to the invention are described in more detail below. For the purposes of the invention, however, gratings designed according to the invention can be arranged and provided at all points on the machine housing, e.g. in the housing base (as shown) as a cover for an outlet grate lying above the rotor or as a side outlet grate, for example in all spatial positions.

The die 23 and the patrix 24 are mounted so as to be pivotable about a common pivot axis 25. Two hydraulic cylinders 26 - which are fastened on the one hand to the male part 24 and on the other hand to the housing 2 of the comminution machine 1 via articulated connections 27a and 27b - are used for opening, closing and / or blending, i.e. Projecting through or reaching through and pivoting the male 24 and / or female 23 into the various desired positions, each of which is required to adapt to the required piece size or fineness and / or density. In order to be able to also move or pivot the die 23 with the possibility of pivoting the male part 24, corresponding coupling elements 28 are provided in the exemplary embodiment shown, for example a screw connection shown in FIGS. 8 and 9, which connects the female part 23 and male part 24 to one another. As an alternative to this, there are further technical options for carrying out the pivoting movement of the die 23, for example via two additional hydraulic cylinders which also control the die 23 independently of the pivoting movement of the die 24. An additional coupling element, as is required in the case explained above, is then superfluous.

The individual working or end and exchange positions of the die 23 and / or patrix 24 are adjusted or locked by corresponding holding elements, for example locking bolts 29. Figures 1 to 6 represent only some of the various manipulation possibilities in the area of the housing part 21 containing the grate at the material outlet 10a, which are possible by means of the layers forming the active elements 22, in the exemplary embodiment shown by means of a die 23 and a die 24. In the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1, the housing base forms 30 or the die 23, the housing part 21 of the comminution machine 1 containing the grate. The die 24 is in the pivoted-in state and engages in the die 23. In this way, a closed housing base 30 is created. By appropriate manipulation of the upper grate 13 or with the cover plate 15 in the area of the product outlet 10b, ie by opening or closing this grate 13, it is possible to influence the active elements 22 in the area of the lower area Rust on piece sizes and densities etc. also has additional effects. The possibility of manipulation with the upper grate 13 is, however, only one of many possibilities and is not absolutely necessary for the functioning of the grinding machine 1 described. If the male part 24 is swung out of the functional area of the female part 23, as shown in FIG. 2, the now open male part openings 23a result in a corresponding classifying effect, which has corresponding effects on the piece size and / or density or the degree of fineness of the material to be shredded Has.

In the position according to FIG. 3, the active elements 22, here die 23 and / or male 24, can be exchanged relatively easily for other active elements 22. For this purpose, first of all - also FIG. 12 - the fastening elements 31 securing the swivel axis 25 and screwed to the die 23 and the fastening elements 32 by means of which the head 33 of the swivel axis 25 is fastened to the housing 2 are released. Then the pivot axis 25 can be pulled axially outwards to the recess 34 in the housing 2, so that the die 23 can be freely exchanged downwards.

The male part 24 is screwed onto a frame 24a, so that it can also be replaced at any time with any other male part without great effort, only by loosening the fastening elements or the screws 35 shown in FIG. 11, for example.

FIG. 4 shows, for example, a position of the active elements 22 in which maintenance work on the comminution machine can be carried out particularly well and possible material blockages can also be removed. If the male part 36 is designed in such a way that, as shown in FIG. 6, its protrusions extend or are pushed through the female part 37 and protrude beyond the inner surface 30 of the male part, then, for example, a grinding or tearing effect occurs with certain materials. or in the case of scrap, for example, a so-called "mattress effect", which protects the housing base 30 against wear. In addition, the die holes 37a could be cleaned if the raised portions of the male part 36 were briefly pierced by the female part 37 and / or blockages were removed from easily clogged materials.

Fig. 7 shows an alternative die 39, in which the die holes 39a act as a stop by a corresponding design - preferably an essentially L-shaped longitudinal section. In order to keep the male part 38 at a distance from the female part 39 at the desired closed housing part or housing base 30, so that the male part 38 or its elevations projecting into the female part are flush with the female part holes 39a (see also FIG. 5 ), e.g. a spacer 42 is arranged on a threaded bolt 40 which is guided through the male part 39 and is provided with a rotary lock 41. The spacer 42 is, as can be seen from FIG. 8, adjusted and locked in elongated holes 43, 44 arranged in the male frame 38a, crosswise (see FIG. 10) and having different depths, by lifting and twisting. If, on the other hand, a different piece size or density of the end material is desired, the spacer is countersunk in the lower elongated hole 43 by correspondingly turning the screw cap 41 and thus the spacer 42, as a result of which the die 39 is lowered accordingly and the die 38 is pushed through the die holes 39a as shown in FIG. 9.

By correspondingly different arrangement or alignment and / or dimensions of the male elevations 24, 36, 38, which engage in the female holes 23a, 37a, 39a (see FIG. 13), it is possible to achieve differently shaped active female passages, which in turn have different effects or effects on the material to be processed. Other, different configurations of the patrix, for example as a tearing element, friction element, etc., make it possible to influence the degree of comminution.

13 shows only a few of the diverse design options for the male elevations 24, 36, 39 which engage in the female holes 23a, 37a, 39a.

There is also the possibility, with a correspondingly reproductive design, to replace the patrix with a metal sheet which does not show the drawing, and which covers the die holes 23a, 37a, 39a, so that a closed die or lower housing base - based on the preceding exemplary embodiments - and optionally a die with open die holes, with which, for example, a normal rust effect can be achieved, is created. In addition, the male parts 24, 36, 38 can protrude into the housing 2 both in the hammer impact planes and between the hammer impact planes.

The die and patrix shown in the exemplary embodiments need not be made in one piece, but can also be divided radially, for example, in two parts within the scope of the invention be designed to enable the manipulation possibilities previously described in the one-piece construction with the arrangement of corresponding additional adjustment drives.

Claims (14)

1. A comminuting machine (1), particularly for comminuting waste and valuable materials and also ores, stone, coal and the like, of which the body (2) has at least one material inlet (9) and at least one grate in the outlet region, and houses a rotor (6) mounted on a horizontal axis (5) and fitted with comminuting tools (7), characterised in that the grate or grates is or are made up of a plurality of layers that form operating elements (22) and are displaceable relative to one another with change in their distance apart.

2. A comminuting machine (1), particularly for comminuting waste and valuable materials and also ores, stone, coal and the like, of which the body (2) has at least one material inlet (9) and at least one grate in the outlet region, and houses a rotor (6) mounted on a horizontal axis (5) and fitted with comminuting tools (7), characterised in that the grate or grates is or are made up of a plurality of layers that form operating elements (22) and are displaceable relative to one another and that the operating elements (22) are formed as interengaging punches (24, 36, 38) and dies (23, 37, 39).

3. A comminuting machine (1), particularly for comminuting waste and valuable materials and also ores, stone, coal and the like, of which the body (2) has at least one material inlet (9) and at least one grate in the outlet region, and houses a rotor (6) mounted on a horizontal axis (5) and fitted with comminuting tools (7), characterised in that the grate or grates is or are made up of a plurality of layers that form operating elements (22) and are displaceable relative to one another and that the operating elements (22) are formed as dies (23, 37, 39) or a die-punch assembly and a cover sheet.

4. A comminuting machine according to claim 1, characterised in that the operating elements (22) are formed as interengaging punches (24, 36, 38) and perforated dies (23, 37, 39).

5. A comminuting machine according to claim 2 and claim 4, characterised in that the respective dies (23, 37, 39) and punches (24, 36, 38) forming a grate are arranged as corresponding grids and that the dimensional relationships of their raised parts and corresponding openings are variable.

6. A comminuting machine according to any one or more of claims 2, 4 and 5, characterised in that when the dies (23) and punches (24) are engaged raised parts of the punches close and fill the cross-section of the die openings (23a).

7. A comminuting machine according to any one or more of claims 2 and 4 to 6, characterised in that the height of the raised parts of the punches (24) is greater than the depth of the die openings.

8. A comminuting machine according to any one or more of claims 2 and 4 to 7, characterised in that the die openings (39a) and the raised parts of the punches (38) have an L-shaped longitudinal section.

9. A comminuting machine according to any one or more of claims 2 and 4 to 8, characterised in that the cross-section of the raised parts of the punches only partly fills the corresponding die openings.

10. A comminuting machine according to claim 1, characterised in that the operating elements comprise positionally adjustable layers with holes of different sizes therein.

11. A comminuting machine according to claim 10, characterised by different hole geometries.

12. A comminuting machine according to any one or more of claims 1 to 11, characterised in that the layers forming the operating elements (22) are pivotably mounted.

13. A comminuting machine according to any one or more of claims 1 to 12, characterised in that the layers forming the operating elements (22) are translatably mounted.

14. A comminuting machine according to any one or more of claims 1 to 13, characterised in that the layers forming the operating elements (22) can be positionally adjusted stepwise relative to one another.

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