EP0203272B1 - Crushing apparatus with a revolving rotor - Google Patents

Abstract

For the rapid replacement of an outlet grate in a crushing machine and for adapting the crushing operation to different types of materials, an outlet grate is located within the crushing machine housing extending generally horizontally between a pair of opposite walls. An opening is provided in at least one of the opposite walls in the region of the grate and the grate can be removed in whole or in part through the opening.

Description

The invention relates to a comminution machine with a well-provided housing, in the end walls of which a rotor equipped with comminution tools is rotatably mounted with a horizontal axis, and with an axially interchangeable outlet grate arranged below the rotor with axially parallel grate bars, in the region of its cross-sectional contour at least one of the end walls of the Housing has an opening.

Such a shredding machine is known from DE-C-2 523 746. However, this machine has the disadvantage that the grate or its two symmetrically formed grate halves must be completely replaced if necessary. In this known grate construction, complex holding elements for the grate are required and the grate can only be adapted to different types of feed material by replacing the entire grate.

US-A-2 450 492 shows and describes a comminution machine of the above type. The grinding grate essentially encloses the lower rotor half. For maintenance purposes, the grinding grid, which has axially parallel grate bars, can be moved halfway horizontally out of the housing on rails. In addition to the structurally complex and relatively expensive rail-guided construction of the grinding grate, the lateral, horizontal extension of the grate with respect to other subordinate units, such as feed and discharge devices, dedusting and viewing devices and their holding structures, brings with it considerable problems. Finally, with this known grate construction, it is not possible to adapt the grate to different types of feed

From DE-A-2 146 362 a shredder intended for processing household waste with a grate in the lower housing part is also known. A disadvantage of this known shredding machine is above all that for overhaul work or for grate exchange when changing factions or materials, it is first necessary to fold down the upper housing half of the horizontally divided housing and to remove the rotor mounted in the lower housing part before the grate is accessible and upwards can be excavated.

This shredding machine is therefore also a complicated and expensive construction. An essential, unfavorable factor is that only after several work steps - namely opening the housing, lifting the rotor and carrying out the associated safety measures - the grinding grate to be replaced is freely accessible . Adaptation to different types of feed is also not possible with this type of construction.

The disassembly of a sieve basket in a comminution machine known from US Pat. No. 4,129,260 is similarly complex. In this case, the screen basket can be pushed out axially from the housing. Before the sieve basket can be pushed out, however, a housing cover must be loosened, in which the rotor axis is also supported at the same time, so that when the cover is loosened, all bearing parts supporting the rotor axis must also be loosened. Here, too, the rotor must be dismantled. Only then is the sieve basket accessible for maintenance work. A disadvantage of this quite complex and non-adaptable construction is that the accessibility to maintenance of the shredding machine is severely restricted by the previously required removal of the rotor axis mounted in the housing cover.

The invention has for its object to provide a shredding machine of the type described above, which both allows a quick change of grate, as well as an individual adjustment of the machine to the different types of material to be shredded allows without a basic disassembly of the Crusher would be required. Proceeding from this, the object is achieved according to the invention in that, in the case of a loading grate constructed from individually interchangeable grate bars, the grate bars lie in the front opening of the housing end wall and are secured in the axial direction by stops (stepped extension piece, cover), and that each interchangeable individual grate bar is at least two the spacer cams determining the grate bar arrangement and / or at least on one side protruding from the housing extension pieces, which keep the individual grate bars at a distance from one another, the shape and width of the distance cams or extension pieces both the respective different grate gap widths and the different gap shapes, ie Impact angles (a and β) can be determined.

Since preferably the drive-free end face of the housing is easily accessible, the replacement of the outlet grate is possible in a surprisingly simple manner at this point. Depending on the type of material to be shredded, for example household waste, wood, bark waste, etc., the corresponding grate can be installed and removed either as a whole or as a part or some of its bars, the choice of the grate structure determining for manufacturing or economic reasons becomes. If it is necessary to replace the outlet grate, the storage of the grate in the end walls of the housing has a particularly favorable effect; this ensures direct access to the outlet grate, i.e. in other words, the grate is immediately freely accessible without having to carry out complex dismantling or dismantling of other machine components beforehand.

The installation and removal of the grate bars, which may be quite heavy, can cause problems for the operator with regard to the handling or the possibility of manipulating the grate bars. Handling with the individual grate bars is made considerably easier by the possibility of attacking the attachment piece which preferably protrudes from the housing. In addition, due to this stepped extension piece, the rod is supported on the opening of the housing end wall possible, whereby the individual grate bars are then largely secured against axial thrust after assembly and during the operating state of the shredding machine.

Characterized in that in an advantageous development of the invention axially in the housing, preferably in the vertical plane containing the rotor axis, at least one web anchored in the end walls of the housing, it is avoided that when replacing a single grate bar, for example, all preceding, adjacent grate bars must be removed. Due to the division of the lower housing part into two halves or several partial sections by means of the web, far fewer rust bars have to be removed than in the case of an undivided housing in the event of an exchange. This web or these webs thus represent a support or fixation for groups of grate bars. The more webs are provided, the smaller the number of bars to be removed overall when individual grate bars are exchanged.

Handling of the individual grate bars is made considerably easier by the predetermined possibility of attack on the protruding attachment piece. In addition, due to this stepped extension piece, it is possible to support the rod against the opening of the housing end wall, as a result of which the individual grate rods are then largely secured against axial thrusts after the assembly and during the operating state of the comminution machine.

So that the protection against axial thrusts and the associated securing of the rods against falling out even with smooth grate bars, for example without an attachment piece and also with a complete outlet grate, is ensured according to an advantageous development of the invention, the opening provided for the replacement of the outlet grate by at least one cover locked.

The exemplary embodiment according to the invention offers considerably greater security against the possible falling out of individual grate bars, in which the cover projects into the opening in the end wall of the housing to limit the axial displacement by means of an extension piece that grips the grate bars.

In order to also rule out those force influences which, for example, result in the grate bars being raised (which can be triggered, for example, by the peripheral forces occurring on the rotor), in an advantageous development of the invention, in particular in the case of the smooth grate bars, each exchangeable grate bar has an engagement groove at least one of the ends, in which engages in the opening protruding into the opening of the end wall located on the cover.

Should the outlet grate be given a different grate gap width because certain circumstances, e.g. If a change in the nature of the material to be shredded or a change in the type of material or another desired fraction size is required, then according to a further exemplary embodiment according to the invention, all of the grate bars or only part of the grate bars can be replaced, because each exchangeable individual grate bar has at least two the grate bar arrangement has spacing cams which keep the individual grate bars at a distance from one another and which, due to their shape, both the respective different grate gap widths and the different gap shapes, ie determine the lay angle. The varying, shape-like design of the distance cams (size and shape) offers space for additional manipulation options and has a direct influence or effect on the grating gap width, the gap shape or on the relevant impact angles.

With increasing inclination of the individual grate bars, which abut or are supported on, for example, a chamfered spacer cam of the preceding grate bar, the lay angle drops below 90 ° and forms an acute angle, which in turn reduces the grate gap width accordingly. This possibility of manipulation by means of the distance cams or by the inclination of the grate bars can, on the one hand, achieve better comminution and a higher throughput rate with certain materials to be shredded, for example bark and wood, and on the other hand clog the outlet grate or grate bars in the case of moist materials be largely prevented.

This may occurring negative force influences are largely excluded, according to a further embodiment of the invention, the interchangeable grate bars are secured against rotation in the circumferential direction by at least one axially extending, fixedly fixed stop bar against which the individual grate bars connected are supported.

The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing.

• Fig. 1 einen Querschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Zerkleinerungsmaschine;
• Fig. 2 eine weitere Ausführungsform der Zerkleinerungsmaschine in einer der Fig. 1 entsprechenden Darstellung mit einem axial durch das Gehäuse, etwa in der Vertikalebene der Rotorachse, verlaufenden Steg;
• Fig. 3 eine Ansicht der Zerkleinerungsmaschine in Richtung des Pfeils 111 in Fig. 5;
• Fig. 4 einen Schnitt entlang der Linie IV-IV durch die Zerkleinerungsmaschine nach Fig. 1 mit einem an den Enden glatten Roststab und mit einer mit einem Deckel verschlossenen Auslaßöffnung;
• Fig. 5 eine weitere Ausführungsform der Zerkleinerungsmaschine in einer der Fig. 4 entsprechenden Darstellung mit einem an den Enden mit einem abgestuften Ansatzstück versehenen Roststab und mit einer mit einem Deckel verschlossenen Auslaßöffnung;
• Fig. 6 eine vergrößerte Darstellung des Ausschnittes VI in Fig. 5 ohne Deckel, mit entsprechender Draufsicht (Fig. 6a);
• Fig. 7a eine vergrößerte Darstellung des Ausschnittes Vlla in Fig. 4, mit einem an den Enden mit einer Eingriffsnut versehenen glatten Roststab;
• Fig. 7b eine vergrößerte Darstellung eines glatten Roststabes mit Deckel; und
• Fig. 8a bis 8c einen erfindungsgemäß ausgebildeten glatten Roststab in perspektivischer, vergrößerter Darstellung, in verschiedenen Ausführungsformen.

Show it:

• 1 shows a cross section through a comminution machine according to the invention;
• 2 shows a further embodiment of the comminution machine in a representation corresponding to FIG. 1 with a web running axially through the housing, for example in the vertical plane of the rotor axis;
• FIG. 3 shows a view of the comminution machine in the direction of arrow 111 in FIG. 5;
• 4 shows a section along the line IV-IV through the comminution machine according to FIG. 1 with a grate bar which is smooth at the ends and with an outlet opening closed with a lid;
• 5 shows a further embodiment of the comminution machine in a representation corresponding to FIG. 4 with a grate bar provided at the ends with a stepped extension piece and with an outlet opening closed with a cover;
• Fig. 6 is an enlarged view of section VI in Figure 5 without a lid, with a corresponding plan view (Fig. 6a).
• 7a is an enlarged view of the detail VIa in FIG. 4, with a smooth grate bar provided at the ends with an engagement groove;
• 7b is an enlarged view of a smooth grate bar with a lid; and
• 8a to 8c a smooth grate bar designed according to the invention in a perspective, enlarged view, in different embodiments.

The comminuting machine, designated overall by 1, has a housing 2. In the housing 2, a comminuting rotor 3 rotates in the direction of rotation R, the axis 4 of which is mounted on both sides in bearings 7, 8 fastened to bearing blocks 5, 6. The comminution rotor 3 consists of a plurality of rotor disks 9 lined up at a distance on the axis 4, between which comminution tools 10 are rotatably held on axles 11 which pass through the rotor disks 9 at a radial distance from the axis 4 parallel to the latter. Axis 4 is connected to a drive (not shown) via a coupling. Due to the special arrangement of the comminution tools shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, grate bars or an outlet grate 14 formed from them are evenly coated by the comminution tools 10, which, in addition to uniform comminution, also reduces wear and reduces downtimes between them Closing resulting, necessary rust changes.

In the housing 2, a good inlet 12 and a good outlet 13 is provided. The material inlet 12 is located on the upward-rotating side of the comminution rotor 3 above the rotor axis 4. The material outlet 13 is covered by the outlet grate 14 and an end flap 15 which adjoins the grate 14 on the upward-rotating side of the rotor 3. The end flap 15 serves to influence the possible additional piece size and to remove rust blockages and can alternatively be adjusted purely mechanically or hydraulically, in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, for example, by means of a ratchet pawl 16. The various positions of the end flap 15 can thus be fixed accordingly. The outlet grate 14, which consists of grate bars 17 which are mounted directly on the end wall (s), essentially encloses the lower rotor half. At least one of the end walls 18, 19 of the housing 2 has an opening 20 in the region of the cross-sectional contour of the outlet grate 14 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 (see FIGS. 2, 4 and 5) in which the grate or the grate bars are mounted is or are and through which the outlet grille 14 is completely or partially exchangeable in the axial direction. In the illustrated embodiment, the opening 20 has a sickle or ring segment shape.

When the outlet grate 14 is divided into individual interchangeable grate bars 21, a web 22 anchored in the end walls 18, 19 of the housing can be arranged axially in the housing 2, approximately in the vertical plane 1 - 1 of the rotor axis 4, according to FIG. 2. This ensures that when replacing a single grate bar 21, not all of the previous grate bars 21 need to be replaced. By dividing or halving the housing 2 by the web 22, the number of grate bars 21 to be removed is considerably reduced when replacement is required and can be further reduced if further webs are arranged.

The individual, interchangeable grate bars 21 can be provided with a stepped extension 23 protruding from the housing 2 on at least one of their ends, in particular on the side on which the grate bars are exchanged, so that the stepped surface 24 is limited the axial mobility of each grate bar 21 against the inner surface 25 of the end wall 18, 19 of the housing 2, as shown in Fig. 5, 6 and 6a. The removal and installation of the individual interchangeable grate bars 21 can additionally be simplified in that a tool recess in the form of a groove 23a, for example an elongated hole, is provided in the extension piece 23 of each grate bar 21, which is expanded in the middle by a bore , as it shows the top view of FIG. 6a. As a result, in addition to the problem-free handling of the grate bars 21, which is given in any case due to the extension 23, with the aid of an appropriately designed, for example T-shaped key, which is guided through the groove 23a and locked or engaged by twisting to lift and replace the individual grate bars 21. For additional support or stabilization of the individual grate bars 21, two support blocks or a support bar 26 are provided on the inner surface 25 of the end wall 18, 19 of the housing.

In order to protect the grate bars 21 from undesirable effects of additional forces, which may be caused by the upward rotating rotor 2 and which can trigger a movement or displacement of the individual grate bars 21 in the circumferential direction of the rotor, at least one cover can additionally secure the grate bars 21 27 are attached to the outer end wall 18, 19 of the housing 2, which, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5, presses against the outwardly protruding, stepped extension piece 23 and thus holds the individual grate bars 21 in position. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3, three covers 27 are provided instead of one cover 27. However, it would also be conceivable for a different embodiment of the cover 27 than the cover 27, which smoothly closes with its contact surface with the opening or end wall 18, 19, for example a cover could also be used for the stepped grate bars, as described below is explained in more detail and is shown in Figures 4 and 7a to another embodiment.

Another embodiment of an exchangeable grate bar 21 is shown in FIGS. 4 and 7a and b. This grate bar 28, which is smooth at the ends, can be secured against axial displacement by a simple cover 29 fastened to the outer surface of the end wall 18, 19 of the housing 2, as is shown, for example, in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 4. Here, however, the cover 29 does not necessarily have to be provided, as in the exemplary embodiment shown, with an extension piece 30 which extends over the grate bars and which extends into the opening 20 in the end wall which is then graduated 18, 19 of the housing protrudes, but the cover can optionally close or align with its contact surface also with the outer surface of the end wall 18, 19, as shown in Fig. 7b, so that the opening 20 is closed and the grate bar 28 to immediately reaches up to the cover, which then also provides appropriate security against axial displacement. In order to secure the individual smooth grate bars 28 against other forces, for example, to avoid lifting the grate bars from their seat, each exchangeable smooth grate bar can have an engagement groove 31 at at least one of its ends, into which the opening 20 of the End wall 18, 19 protruding projection 30 located on cover 29 engages. In the case of individual grate bars, an axially running, fixedly fixed stop bar 32 alternatively protects against displacements in the circumferential direction, as is shown and attached to the grate ends in FIG. 1, for example. Against this stop bar 32, the grate bars 21, which are spaced apart from each other, are supported.

Each exchangeable grate bar 21 can be provided with at least two, depending on the machine size or the length of the grate bar 21, but also with a plurality of spacer cams 21 a which determine the grate bar arrangement, as shown in FIGS. 8 a and b. But there is also the possibility of providing a spacer cam 21 a, which is not shown and which is rectangular in cross section, which is then not beveled. The individual interchangeable grate bars 21 are kept at a distance from one another by the spacer cams 21 a. The upper dimension - b - of the distance cam 21 a is decisive for the distance between the individual grate bars. By manipulation with this dimension - b - or with the corresponding, thereby fixed individual grate bars, any desired grate gap width - c - can be easily generated. Different shapes of the distance cams 21 a can also be used to produce a wide variety of gap shapes and lay angles a and β. There is the possibility, by inclining the grids and the spacing cams 21 a, as shown in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 8 a, to change the impact angle β or to set it to an acute angle below 90 ° in such a way that different gap shapes a and Adjust or result in grate gap widths - c. Thereby, on the one hand, an influence on the degree of comminution is possible and, on the other hand, a more favorable section modulus is opposed to the material which strikes the oblique grate bars oriented at an acute angle in the direction of impact S.

Fig. 8c shows a further embodiment in which rectangular extensions 23 are attached to the end faces of the grate bars 21 in such a way - either, as shown, welded or screwed - that they hold the grate bars 21 at the desired distance by mutual abutment. Here too, a groove 23a which facilitates manipulation can be provided in each attachment piece (only one shown in the drawing). The screw connection of the end pieces offers a very simple possibility of exchanging them for those of other dimensions, so that this not only gives a quick exchange but also an excellent possibility for changing the grate bar distances.

Due to the possible rapid exchange of the individual grate bars with one another, the opening cross-sections and shapes of the outlet grate can be manipulated to influence the size and / or density of the material to be shredded. Whether the material turns out to be more or less dense and smaller or larger is determined by the correspondingly selected grating gap width - c - and grating gap shape or by the spacing of the individual grate bars from one another or by the upper dimension - b - of the distance cam 21 a. The dash-dotted embodiment of the spacer cam 21 a shown in Fig. 8b, the free end face of which is set back relative to that of the adjacent rod, offers the advantage that the spacer cams 21 a are largely protected from wear and tear, which is caused by the on the outlet grate or the Rust bars impacting good is caused.

In the interchangeable grate bar 21 with stepped extension 23 there is also the possibility, instead of the spacer cam 21 a, of widening or lengthening the extension 23 beyond the grate bar cross-section to the extent that the individual grate bars 21 are thereby kept at a distance from one another.

Claims (7)

1. A crushing machine (1) including a housing (2) having a material inlet (12), in the end walls (18, 19) of which a rotor (3) fitted with crushing tools (10) is rotatably mounted on a horizontal axis (4), and including, beneath the rotor (3), an axially exchangeable outlet grate (14) having grate rods (17) parallel to the axis, at least one of the end walls (18, 19) of the housing having an opening (20) in the region of the cross-sectional contour of the grate, characterised in that in the case of an outlet grate (14) made up of individually exchangeable grate rods the grate rods (21, 28) bear on the end wall (18, 19) of the housing in the opening (20) and are secured in the axial direction by stops (stepped projection part 23, cover 27 and 29), and that each exchangealbe individual grate rod (21, 28) has at least two spacer lugs (21 a) determining the arrangement of the grate rods and/or, at least at one side, projection parts (23) projecting from the housing which hold the individual grate rods (21, 28) spaced a distance (b) apart from one another, whereby both the respective different grate gap widths (c) and the different gap shapes, i.e. impact angles (a and _ß), are determined by the shape and width of the spacer lugs.

2. A crushing machine according to claim 1 characterised by at least one web (22) extending axially in the housing (2) anchored in the end walls (18, 19) of the housing (2), preferably in the vertical plane (I-I) containing the axis of the rotor.

3. A crushing machine according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the exchangeable grate rods (21) are secured against rotation in the circumferential direction by at least one securely fixed stop bar (32) extending axially in the housing (2) against which the spaced, mutually abutting grate rods (21) bear.

4. A crushing machine according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the opening (20) provided for exchanging the outlet grate (14) can be closed by at least one cover (27, 29).

5. A crushing machine according to claim 4, characterised in that, in order to limit the axial displacement of the grate rods (28), a projecting part (30) of the cover projects into the opening (20) in the end wall (18, 19) of the housing (2) and overlaps them.

6. A crushing machine according to claim 5, characterised in that each exchangeable grate rod (28) has an engagement groove (31) on at least one of its ends into which the projecting part (30) on the cover (29) projecting into the opening (20) in the end wall (18, 19) engages.

7. A crushing machine according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterised by a tool recess (23a), preferably in the form of a groove or an elongated hole, in the projection part (23) of each grate rod (21

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